Nekilnojamojo turto rinkos tyrimai yra svarbūs žemės reformos metu privatizuojant valstybinę žemę, nekilnojamojo turto apmokestinimui, sudarant nekilnojamojo turto sandorius, nustatant realią turto vertę. Skirtingos rūšies nekilnojamasis turtas savo fizinėmis bei teisinėmis savybėmis skiriasi, todėl, atliekant nekilnojamojo turto analizę, būtina žinoti vertinamojo turto rūšį ir ją apibūdinančias savybes. Pagal vieną metodiką sistemą ir skalę įvertintą nekilnojamąjį turtą galima tarpusavyje palyginti. Turėdami nekilnojamojo turto įvertinimą, išreikštą tam tikrais jo naudingumą vaizduojančiais skaičiais (balais), žinosime kiek kartų, keliais procentais ir balais vienos kokybės, vienodų teisinių ir techninių charakteristikų nekilnojamasis turtas yra geresnis ar blogesnis už kitos kokybės nekilnojamąjį turtą. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, kad didžiausią reikšmę individualių gyvenamųjų namų vertei turi pastatų įvertinimo veiksniai, sklypo teritorinis išsidėstymas, rinkos konjunktūra, mažiausią reikšmę - sklypo patrauklumas, oro, aplinkos užterštumo, triukšmo lygis. Galima prognozuoti, kad artimiausius kelerius metus viso nekilnojamojo turto kainos kasmet mažės nuo 5 iki 10 %. Alytaus rajone didžiausia individualių gyvenamųjų namų pasiūla yra balandžio - rugpjūčio mėnesiais, o mažiausia lapkričio - vasario mėnesiais. 2003 - 2004 metais nekilnojamojo turto kainos didėjo. Pasiūlos kainos šiek tiek aukštesnės nei kainos, gautos atlikus daugiakriterinį nekilnojamojo turto vertinimą taip... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Investigations of the real property market are very important while privatising state-owned land during the land reform as well as for the real property taxation, while making real property agreements and defining the real property value. The real property of different types differs in its physical and legal characteristics, therefore, while carrying out the analysis of the real property, the type of the valuated property and characteristics defining it should be known. The evaluated real property could be compared according to one method, system and scale as well as between them. Having the evaluation of the real property, expressed in particular numbers (points) representing its usefulness, we will be aware of how many times, in how many percents or points the real property of the same quality, the same legal and technical characteristics is better or worse than that of other quality. After the investigation it has been determined that the biggest influence on the value of individual dwelling-houses has building evaluation criterion, territorial distribution of parcels, market conjuncture, and the smallest one has attractiveness of parcel, air and environmental pollution, noise level. One can prognosticate that the real property prices at an early date will increase from 5 to 10%. The biggest supply of individual dwelling-houses in Alytus district is during the period of April - August, and the smallest one - during the period of November - February. During the period of 20... [to full text]

Darbe remiamasi metodiniais teoriniais G.Allport, B.G.Ananjev‘o, E.Aronson‘o, M.Betensky, L.I.Božovič, U.Džeims‘o, A.Maslow, D.G.Myers, V.V.Stolin‘o savęs vertinimo ir Dž.Allan‘o, R.Buckland, S.Ignatjev‘o, K.G.Jung‘o, M.Kiseliov‘os, A.Kopytin‘o, L.Lebedev‘os, A.Piličiausko, N.O.Sučkov‘os ir A.Vaitkevičienės dailės terapijos pagrindais. Savęs vertinimo mokslinės literatūros analizė parodė, jog dėl paauglystę lydinčių fizinių ir emocinių organizmo pasikeitimų kyla įvairių psichologinių problemų, tarp jų - savęs vertinimo sutrikimų. Savęs vertinimas tuo metu yra ne iki galo suvoktas ir labai prieštaringas. Jį sąlygoja savo, kaip mokinio, veiklos ir rezultatų suvokimas bei aplinkinių vertinimas. Kadangi didžiąją laiko dalį paaugliai praleidžia grupėje, savęs vertinimui daug reikšmės turi ir socialinis statusas klasėje. Dėl šių priežasčių specialiųjų ugdymo(si) poreikių turintys mokiniai, kurie nuolat patiria mokymosi problemų ir socialinę atskirtį klasėje, dažnai vertina save neadekvačiai ar turi žemą savęs vertinimą. Tiriant, kaip dailės terapija veikia 5-6 klasių mokinių, turinčių specialiųjų ugdymo(si) poreikių, savęs vertinimą, buvo atlikti kiekybinis ir kokybinis tyrimai. Kiekybinio tyrimo metu nustatytas 5-6 klasių mokinių globalaus, diferencijuoto bei konkrečių veiksmų lygių požiūrio į save ir savęs vertinimo laipsnių vidurkiai. Po to jie palyginti su atitinkamais dailės terapijos grupės narių požiūrio į save bei savęs vertinimo parametrais. Taikant įvairius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The work is based on methodical theoretical ideas of self-appraisal by G.Allporty, B.G.Ananjev, E.Aronson, M.Betensky, L.I.Božovič, U.Džeims, A.Maslow, D.G.Myers, V.V.Stolin and on the art therapy‘s background by Dž.Allan, R.Buckland, S.Ignatjev, K,G.Jung, M.Kiseliov, A.Kopytin, L.Lebedev, A.Piličiausko, N.O.Sučkov, A.Vaitkevičienės. The analysis of the scientific literature of the self-esteem elicited a fact that physical and emotional changes at the age of adolescence cause the variety of psycological problems including the self-appraisal‘s disbalance. The sense of the self-appraisal at that period of life is not completely recognised and is quite controversial. It is conditioned by the self-evaluating his/her success being a student and the evaluation of their results and abilities by their associates.( the assessment made by adults and by children of his/her own age ) Seeing that teenagers spend most time in a group, the social status in the class plays the major role in the self-assesment. For these reasons the students with special needs, that permanently experience learning problems and feel socially isolated, often evaluate themselves unequal or have the low sense of self-esteem. To find how the art therapy affects the self-esteem of the students with special needs in year 5-6 there was carried out the qualitative and quantitative research. During the quantitative research fulfilled with the students in year 5-6 there were measured the averages of a global and... [to full text]

Participation of farmers in plant breeding programmes has been reported to increase breeding efficiency. Farmers’ participation bridges the gap between variety development and dissemination and provides an opportunity for farmers to select varieties they prefer. The breeders on the others hand learn more about the farmers’ preferences and the environment in which the new varieties will be grown. However, the advantages of participatory breeding can best be realized when farmers’ indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) and experience complement the breeder’s scientific knowledge and skills. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a clonally propagated crop grown in diverse environments by small scale farmers for subsistence. Information on the roles of farmers and breeders at various stages of breeding and their ability to effectively participate in breeding programmes is limited. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) cassava farmers’ preferences, production constraints and systems; (2) farmers’ selection criteria of cassava varieties; (3) genetic inheritance of farmer preferred traits; (4) how farmers and breeders complement each other at all stages and activities of cassava breeding. Participatory rural appraisal was conducted in three purposefully sampled districts of western Kenya based on ethnicity and agro-ecology. The results reveal that cassava is predominantly grown by small scale farmers with mean land size of 1.6 ha mainly under mixed cropping system for subsistence. The storage roots are eaten either after boiling or processing to flour. The majority of farmers (over 60%) are aware of the improved varieties but adoption rate is low (18% in some districts). The effects of pests and diseases, and the lack of high yielding varieties, capital, land, and disease free planting material are the most important constraints to cassava production. Farmers prefer tall, high yielding varieties that are resistant to diseases and pests, early maturing and long underground storability of harvestable storage roots. The districts surveyed significantly differed in popularity of utilization methods, traits preferences and relative ranking of the production constraints indicative of differences in ethnicity and agro-ecology. Three farmer groups from the three districts selected in western Kenya were used to study farmers’ variety selection criteria based on their own indigenous technical knowledge (ITK). The groups evaluated 15 (10 landraces and five improved) popular cassava varieties with concealed identities on their farms. The results revealed that farmers have effective methods of selecting varieties for most of their preferred traits. However, ITK alone cannot be used to evaluate all the important traits, such as cyanide content. The genetic inheritance of farmer preferred traits was determined through a genetic study. Six landraces and four improved varieties popular in western Kenya were crossed using the North Carolina mating design II to generate 24 full-sib families. The 24 families, represented by 40 siblings each, were evaluated at two sites, Kakamega and Alupe research station farms, in a 24 x 40 a-lattice design. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares were significant (P<0.05) for all traits evaluated except dry matter content and cyanide content. However, non-additive gene action predominated over additive gene for cassava mosaic disease (CMD) resistance, height to first branching, total number of storage roots per plant and fresh storage root yield in all environments. The best crosses were not necessarily obtained from parents with high general combining ability confirming the presence of non-additive gene action. The best performing parents per se did not necessarily have high GCA effects implying that selection based on the per se performance of parents may not always lead to development of superior hybrids. The clonal evaluation trial (CET) was established at Alupe research station and evaluated by the breeder and farmers from two districts independently. Three selection criteria were tested to determine the most appropriate approach to selection of varieties that meet both farmers’ and breeder’s preferences. The selection criteria were; farmers’ independent selection index (SI) derived from farmers’ selection criteria from each district, breeder’s negative selection and independent SI, and a participatory SI which combines farmers’ and breeder’s selection criteria. There was 14% overlap among the top 100 varieties selected by farmers from all districts and the breeder when independent SI were used. However, there was 49% overlap among the top 100 varieties selected by farmers using participatory SI and the breeder’s SI. The farmers and the breeder have a role to play in the variety development process. Varieties with traits preferred by both the farmers and the breeder are likely to enhance breeding efficiency and effectiveness. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

由於2004至2013年在不動產多頭走勢及賣方市場背景下，商用不動產採用拍賣方式銷售，得標價格屢創新高，使商用不動產採用拍賣銷售交易比例逐漸提高，然而得標者為何願以高於標售底價甚多的價格競標？以及，投標者多為專業法人機構，依法需委託不動產估價師估價，競標時估價金額與得標價格卻不一致，為何如此？而賣方訂定的標售底價，是委託不動產估價師評估之市場價值，或賣方評估拍賣標的物之市場價值，為何估價金額與標售底價有所差異？由於得標價格公開，常被視為不動產市場前景指標，故了解得標價格、估價金額與標售底價間關係，有其必要性。 因此，本研究以台北市辦公室標售個案為研究對象，以拍賣理論、特徵價格理論為基礎，建構複迴歸分析模型，探討影響得標價格、估價金額及標售底價間差異之因素，以供投標者出價決策、賣方訂定底價與不動產估價師估價時之參酌。本研究實證結果顯示，得標價格、估價金額皆高於標售底價，但得標價格不一定高於估價金額。投標者、賣方、不動產估價師對價格認知存有差異，賣方、投標者及不動產估價師會依據其所蒐集的資訊、個人的知識與專業、自身經驗法則及決策參考因素，對價格形成因素存有不同詮釋。此外，不動產估價師僅是協助投標者評估可獲利的合理價格，但無法保證其獲利，致投標者認知之投資價值與不動產估價追求的真實價值相異。

Performance management is a process through which employees‟ performance is evaluated in order to reward such performance that meets the required standards, and to develop employees who fail to attain the required expectations. The overall organisational performance hinges on the effectiveness with which a performance management system is developed and implemented. The current study focuses on the extent to which performance management is effectively developed and implemented at the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality and the correlation that this has with service delivery. To achieve this objective a number of research questions and objectives were posed and formulated in chapter one. The hypotheses for the study are: a well-designed performance management system with well thought out practices and procedures can improve the delivery of services in the City of Johannesburg; and a well-designed performance management system with well thought out practices and procedures cannot improve the delivery of services in the City of Johannesburg. In order to validate the hypotheses, the structured questionnaires on the performance management system and service delivery were compiled. A questionnaire for employees consisted of close-ended questionnaire statements and open-ended questions. Another questionnaire with only close-ended questionnaire statements was issued to residents to elicit responses on service delivery by the City of Johannesburg. Frequency analysis, which lends itself to correlation analysis, of employees‟ responses and residents‟ feedback was conducted. The correlation analysis between employees‟ responses to performance management system and residents‟ responses to service delivery was conducted using the Pearson Correlation. The findings of the study are: Growth and Development Strategy and the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) are not adhered to in the daily operations in the municipality. Managers and subordinates set objectives jointly but are, however, not participants in the evaluation of the municipality’s performance. The employees of the municipality are aware of the existence of the performance management system but it is applied only to more senior officials. Employees and managers are not involved in the evaluation of the municipality‟s performance. Training does not capacitate employees to work effectively with the Balanced Scorecard. The information technology architecture is not supportive of the implementation of the performance management system. Key performance areas were found to lack uniformity in the municipality and therefore created „silos‟ in the municipality. The key performance indicators are developed without the involvement of the communities, including employees, especially at the lower level of management. The critical success factors are understood by employees and are linked to major tasks and job responsibilities. Tax and rates accounts are issued in time. Tax and rates accounts are inaccurate. The municipality does not maintain street lights regularly. The municipality does not maintain sewage systems regularly. There is no relationship between the performance management system and service delivery. The recommendations for improving the performance management system were made and the researcher developed an appropriate model of performance that is oriented to effective service delivery. / Thesis (PhD (Public Management and Governance))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

This research program represents the first systematic exploration of the subjective experience of alogia, anhedonia, attention problems, avolition, and emotional blunting, and its relation to other objective and subjective factors in schizophrenia. Using a combined rational-empirical approach, a vulnerability-stress-coping model of adjustment to the 5 negative symptoms was developed and tested. Three aspects of appraisal were examined, the primary appraisals of symptom severity and distress, and the secondary appraisal of control. The dimensions of coping with individual symptoms were initially examined using a rational approach, and then empirically using exploratory factor analyses. The Appraisal and Coping with Negative Symptoms Interview Schedule (ACNSIS) was developed for use in Study 1. Both qualitative and quantitative appraisal and coping data were examined for 20 people with negative symptoms. Responses to the ACNSIS demonstrated that appraisals and coping responses varied across participants and individual negative symptoms. Previously employed categorisations of coping behaviour were used to examine and quantify coping. Negative symptom-specific differences were found in awareness of negative symptom presence, degree of agreement with objective ratings, appraisals, reliance on different types of coping, and relations with participant characteristics. Participant coping responses from Study 1 were used to construct the self-report measure used in subsequent studies. Study 2 involved the development, administration, and evaluation of the self-report Appraisal and Coping with Negative Symptoms Questionnaire (ACNSQ). Both an electronic and paper version of the ACNSQ were developed. The ACNSQ was administered to 120 people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Participants were required to make severity, distress and control appraisals for each negative symptom they believed they were suffering from. Following symptom appraisals, a number of symptom-specific and general coping items were presented for each negative symptom. In Study 2A, the multidimensionality of coping responses and the nature of empirically derived subscales were explored individually for each negative symptom. Factor analyses of data from 119 participants resulted in 3 underlying coping dimensions for each symptom. These dimensions, which formed the basis of the ACNSQ coping subscales, were labelled as active, emotional, or avoidant forms of coping. Coping subscales were found to be moderately similar across symptoms. The subscales were shown to be internally consistent and largely independent within symptoms. It was found that the degree of reliance on particular coping subscales was negative symptom-specific, although participant coping was related across symptoms. In Study 2B, the nature of negative symptom appraisals and the psychometric properties of the ACNSQ were examined. There was evidence that the nature of appraisals varied according to negative symptom. Retest reliability analyses indicated that overall, ACNSQ appraisals had a low to moderate degree of reliability while coping subscales demonstrated a moderate to high degree of reliability. Differential associations between appraisal and coping and a range of theoretically related variables provided evidence of the construct validity of the ACNSQ. Study 3 used exploratory techniques to conduct cross-sectional tests of a vulnerability-stress-coping model of adjustment to individual negative symptoms based on the data of the 119 participants. Associations between the objective indicator of negative symptom stressor level, and the subjective experience variables of insight, appraisal and coping were examined in relation to adjustment using a multidimensional approach. Two models of the relations between negative symptom predictors and 3 separate domains of adjustment were investigated. Study 3A provided moderate support for a direct effects model for each of the 5 negative symptoms. Objective negative symptom level, insight, primary appraisals and coping subscales all had significant direct effects on one or more domains of adjustment. In general, higher objective negative symptom levels, higher severity and distress appraisals, and greater reliance on avoidant forms of coping were associated with poorer adjustment. The direct effects of active and emotional forms of coping were less consistent and varied across symptoms and adjustment domains. Study 3B extended these findings by providing a limited amount of support for a mediated effects model. Appraisal and coping were found to act as mediators in some of the relations between objective indicators and subjective experience variables for alogia, attention problems and avolition. There was evidence that the impact of insight on coping was partly mediated by control appraisals. Coping partly mediated the relation between stress and adjustment, and appraisal and adjustment. Overall, this series of exploratory studies make a unique contribution to understanding the subjective experience of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The proposed vulnerability-stress-coping model demonstrated utility in identifying variables important in the prediction of adjustment to individual negative symptoms, and in delineating the nature of associations between variables. Further research is required to improve the psychometric properties of the ACNSQ. However, it offers promise as an instrument with which to assess negative symptom appraisals and coping responses, in both clinical and research settings. The present findings have important theoretical and clinical implications concerning the role of subjective and objective factors involved in adjustment to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. This research program provides a valuable foundation for future research to test the vulnerability-stress-coping model in its entirety.

Studien syftar till att undersöka medarbetarsamtal utifrån ett chefsperspektiv och studien intresserar sig för vilka effekter cheferna upplever att samtalet generar i verksamheten och hur de använder sig av samtalet i utveckling av verksamheten. Metoden är kvalitativ och utgörs av åtta stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer, där individer med personalansvar fick möjlighet att berätta sina upplevelser och erfarenheter av samtalet samt reflektera runt dess betydelse utifrån deras position i organisationen. Resultatet visar att medarbetarsamtalet är en tids- och energikrävande insats för cheferna som ibland måste ställa sin fritid till förfogande. Dialog och social kompetens lyfts fram som nyckelfaktorer för ett bra samtal och deltagarna i studien förlitar sig på sin upparbetade erfarenhet och känner en trygghet i sin yrkesroll vid genomförandet av samtalet. Denna studie bidrar till djupare kunskap om chefernas upplevelse av medarbetarsamtalet och dess potential som styrverktyg inom organisationer och kan medverka till framtida forskning som ett komplement till studier rörande medarbetarnas upplevelse. Studien visar att det även kan vara av intresse att via observationer av samtalet undersöka hur väl det praktiska genomförandet stämmer överens med chefens intentioner om verksamhetsutveckling. / This study aims to examine employee review, based on a manager perspective with an interest in what effects leaders' experience it is generating, and how they use the employee review in the development of their organization. The method used in this study is qualitative and comprises eight semi-structured interviews, in which individuals with personnel responsibility where given the opportunity to share their comprehension off and experience from the phenomenon employee review, and its importance based on their position in the organization. The result shows that the employee review is a time and energy-intensive effort for the managers who sometimes have to make their spare time available for the task.Dialogue and social skills are highlighted as key factors for a good conversation, and the participants in the study relies on their self-generated experience and feel confident in their professional role in the implementation of employee review. This study contributes to deeper knowledge of the managers' experience regarding the employee review and its potential as an organizational management tool, and can contribute to future research as a complement to studies regarding the employees' experience. The results shows that it may also be of interest to study employee reviews through observations of the interview, how well the practical implementation is in line with the manager's intentions on business development.

Nos últimos anos, com a aceleração da globalização, tem-se intensificado a atividade de análise e avaliação de investimentos. Dentre as diversas técnicas de mensuração de valor e risco, mereceu especial destaque as ferramentas de avaliação de empresas, em razão da significativa profusão de negociações de e entre empresas, que inclui grande número de fusões aquisições e parcerias. Em diferentes segmentos empresas privadas de capital fechado, passam a ser alvo de grandes companhias ou vislumbram vir a ser, o que traz a necessidade ao empresariado de saber qual o valor do seu negócio, qual o valor mínimo aceitável em uma negociação, seja de venda ou de compra de investimentos. Estas necessidades justificam a busca de ferramenta de valoração. Diante disto, este trabalho visa identificar, e discutir os principais aspectos relacionados à valoração de empresas. No levantamento bibliográfico foram identificados os principais modelos de valoração onde foram criticados, apontando limitações ou desvantagens; procurou-se identificar, dentre eles, o que se adaptaria para avaliar uma empresa de capital fechado dada a limitação de informações possíveis de serem levantadas na empresa, que fosse mais referendado pelos estudiosos e o mais utilizado neste momento. Optou-se então pelos modelos de Fluxo de Caixa Descontado (FCD) e Valor Econômico, comparando-os ao Valor Patrimonial Contábil. apresentando-se à empresa e acionistas um preço de referência para que possam iniciar negociações de compra ou venda de parte ou todo do negócio. No segmento supermercadista, nos últimos anos, houve grandes negociações, passando para um nível de concentração das 5 maiores redes de 61% do mercado nacional. No estudo de caso, realizado em uma empresa do ramo de supermercados, foi feito o levantamento dos dados históricos dos últimos 5 anos, e feitas as projeções para os próximos seis exercícios, sendo calculados ou estimados, também: o beta do setor, o ROIC, o WACC, o CAPM, o Capital Operacional Investido, o Spread e a composição do capital atual. Após aplicação das premissas e cálculo do período de projeção, foi calculado o valor da perpetuidade, adicionando-o aos dois modelos de avaliação, e com isso chegou-se a um mesmo valor de valoração da empresa, que confirmaram as afirmações encontradas na bibliografia. Após comparou-se o resultado da avaliação pelo FCD e pelo Valor Econômico com o valor Patrimonial Contábil sem ajustes, apresentando assim para a empresa uma ferramenta para avaliações ou projeções de cenários e a discrepância entre os valores contábeis e econômicos da empresa. / In the last years, due to the acceleration on globalization, the activity of analysis and evaluation of investments has been intensified. Among several techniques of measurement of value and risk, the tools for firm evaluation has got special notice for the reason that it has been a meaningful profusion and partnerships. In different segments, private owned companies become or are willing to become the target of big companies and so the entrepreneurs have the necessity to know the minimum value of their businesses in transactions of buying or selling investments. That necessity justifies the search for business valuation resources. Thus, this paper aims at identify and discuss the main aspects related to business valuation. In the bibliographic search the main models of business valuation resources were identified and passed judgment on their limitations or disadvantages. An attempt on identifying one among those resources which would adapt for evaluating a privately owned company and which would be referenced by scholars and most used at the moment was made. The difficulty found was due to limitation of possible information gathering from firms. The chosen alternative was the Discounted Cash Flow models – DCF – and Economic Value in comparison to Accounting Patrimonial Value to show the company and shareholders a referential price to start transactions of buying and selling of part or the whole business. In the supermarket segment, in the last years, there were huge negotiations ending up in a concentration of five big chains which represent 61% of Brazilian market. A case study carried in a supermarket gathered historical data from the last 5 years and from those, projections for the next 6 ones were made calculating the sector beta, ROIC, WACC, CAPM and the Operational Capital invested, Spread e the composition of updated capital. After applying the predictions and calculating the projection period, perpetual value was calculated by adding that to two models of appraisal and then getting to the same value of assessment which confirm the statements in the review of bibliography. Afterwards the result of the assessment was compared to DCF and to Economic Value with Accounting Patrimonial Value without adjustments featuring an evaluating or projecting scenarios and the discrepancy between accounting values and economic values within firms.

Human resources are the most important assets of any health system. In recent years it has been increasingly recognised that improving the performance of health personnel should be at the core of any sustainable solution to health system performance. However, it is widely acknowledged that health systems are not producing the desired output of health interventions due to factors such as insufficient skilled and experienced health personnel, demotivated health personnel, lack of management skills, poor working conditions and environment, and inadequate remuneration. This study explores the factors that affect performance of nurses in Namibia with the aim of providing a management framework for improving the performance of professional nurses. The study followed a quantitative research approach using an explorative descriptive design. A survey method using questionnaires was applied. The reaction to the study was positive as a response rate of 75.8% was obtained. Data analysis included identifying and comparing existence or absence of factors using the SSPS package. The target population included all professional nurses in Oshana, Otjozondjupa and Khomas regions. Baseline results revealed various factors which affect performance. The study revealed that hospitals currently have deficiencies in human resource management aspects such as recognition of employees who perform well, working conditions, implementation of performance appraisal systems, feedback on performance outcomes and management skills. These aspects are strongly associated with level of performance of health personnel. Based on the results, a management framework was proposed. The framework consists of activities for enhancing the nursing profession; strengthening knowledge and expertise, including management skills; improving performance; and generating knowledge through research. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil.(Health Studies)

L'importance du phénomène entrepreneurial, et plus largement de la place des TPE, dans le développement durable des économies, conduit à s'interroger sur les éléments qui peuvent amener un individu à créer une entreprise. Les recherches indiquent clairement que certaines personnes réussissent mieux que d’autres à identifier et à exploiter des opportunités d’affaires qui se présentent. De nombreuses explications sont avancées : la perception que les individus peuvent avoir des ressources disponibles, l’accessibilité des ressources, la valeur attendue de l’exploitation des ressources, les coûts d’opportunité associés à différents choix, l’optimisme, l’orientation vers l’action et une grande variété de dispositions personnelles comme la tolérance à l’ambiguïté ou le besoin d’accomplissement. De ce foisonnement d’études, deux principaux ensembles d’explications permettent de comprendre l’acte d’entreprendre : d’une part, la création d’entreprise répond à des logiques individuelles qui s’organisent autour du concept central de motivation ; d’autre part, les dynamiques personnelles s’inscrivent dans des environnements particuliers, qui peuvent faciliter ou parfois limiter les actions des porteurs de projet. La recherche que nous nous proposons de mener a pour but de montrer que la motivation entrepreneuriale a pour origine un ensemble de besoins dont l'intensité varie d'un entrepreneur à un autre. L'intensité du besoin s'explique par des antécédents personnels et professionnels. Le modèle d'affaires à la base du projet (innovation, reproduction, etc.) est en partie déterminé par les caractéristiques de la motivation entrepreneuriale. La thèse s'appuie sur une grande variété de références bibliographiques afin de repérer les besoins à l'origine de la motivation entrepreneuriale, les antécédents et l'impact de ces variables sur les caractéristiques du modèle d'affaires du porteur de projet. Notre intention est de tester les relations à partir d'un échantillon d'entrepreneurs présents au Sénégal et au Mali, et de confronter nos résultats aux études antérieures sur le sujet. / The importance of entrepreneurial phenomena and, more generally, of the place occupied by VSBs in the sustainable development of economies, leads us to consider the factors that lead an individual to create a business. Research clearly illustrates that some people are more successful than others when it comes to identifying and exploiting the business opportunities that present themselves. Many explanations have been put forward for this: the way individuals may perceive the resources available, the accessibility of these resources, the value expected from exploiting these resources, the opportunity costs related to the various choices made, optimism, the move towards action and the level of personal propensity towards factors such as tolerating ambiguity or the need for accomplishment. This profusion of studies has brought two main sets of explanations to light that help us better understand the act of creating business: first of all, creating a business is based on individual considerations, organized around the core concept of motivation; secondly, personal dynamics fall within specific environments, which may make the actions of project owners easier or, may occasionally limit them.The aim of the research that we propose to undertake is to illustrate that the origin of entrepreneurial motivation is a range of needs with an intensity that varies from one entrepreneur to another. This intensity is explained through personal and professional antecedents. The business model established as the base of the project (innovation, reproduction, etc.) is determined in part by entrepreneurial motivation characteristics. The argument is supported by a wide range of bibliographic references, used to identify the needs that underlie this entrepreneurial motivation, the antecedents and the impact of these variables on the specificities of the project owner’s business model. We wish to test the links (relationships) from a sample group of entrepreneurs located in Senegal and Mali, and to compare our results with previous studies on the subject.