Objectif prioritaire du ministère de l’éducation nationale, la prévention du décrochage scolaire fait l’objet d’une prescription abondante en France. Le repérage du risque de décrochage ainsi que la mise en œuvre de réponses adaptées pose aux enseignants des problèmes professionnels nouveaux. Le propos est ici d’étudier l’impact de la prise en compte des élèves à risque de décrochage au sein des cours disciplinaires sur l’activité de travail des enseignants, à travers une intervention-recherche menée avec un collectif de professeurs de collège dans une classe de sixième, selon le cadre théorique et méthodologique de la clinique de l’activité et de l’ergonomie de l’activité enseignante. Nous tentons ici de comprendre le travail pour le transformer, mais aussi de transformer le travail pour le comprendre, à la demande des professionnels et avec leur concours. Nous cherchons donc à provoquer puis à étudier le développement professionnel des participants, notamment à partir de questions problématiques, soulevées par les acteurs eux-mêmes et en nous appuyant sur la méthodologie de l’autoconfrontation simple et croisée.Cette alliance entre une chercheure et un collectif de travailleurs enseignants aboutit pour ces derniers à un développement du pouvoir d’agir dans l’identification et la prévention du risque de décrochage chez leurs élèves, et offre des perspectives d’actions innovantes et de production de ressources pour la formation dans ce domaine. Sur le plan épistémique, elle ouvre des pistes vers une production d’invariants du développement du pouvoir d’agir et vers un certain nombre de conditions pouvant favoriser ce développement. / Priority of the national education ministry, dropout prevention is the subject of a lot of prescription in France. The identification of dropout risk and implementation of appropriate responses poses new professional problems.The purpose is to study the impact of the inclusion of students at risk of dropping out within disciplinary courses on teachers' working activity through an action-research conducted with a group of college professors in a sixth class, according to the theoretical and methodological framework of clinical activity and the ergonomics of the teaching activity. Here we try to understand work to transform it, but also transform work to understand, at the request of professionals and with their assistance. So we look to cause and study the professional development of participants, especially from problematic issues raised by the actors themselves and building on the methodology of simple and crossed self-confrontation.This alliance between a researcher and a group of teachers for these workers leads to a development of the power to act in identifying and preventing the risk of dropout students, and offers prospects for innovative actions and production resources for training in this area. On the epistemological level, it opens the way towards the production of invariants of the development of power to act and to a number of conditions that can promote this development.

This thesis explores young people's interaction with different individuals through a variety of media. Three girls and three boys aged 16–18, from an urban school, a rural school and a suburban school, were each observed for a week, at school, at home and during leisure activities. The data analysed consist of field notes, video and audio recordings, and texts written by the participants. The aim of the study is to investigate how young people’s use of language varies in relation to different contexts. Questions are asked about what activities they participate in, what media they use and how they use them, and how they express themselves orally and in writing in different contexts and through different media. The study is based in sociolinguistic theory and activity type theory. Data were collected using ethnographical methods, and analytical tools were drawn from a broadly defined field of discourse analysis. The investigation sheds light on the relationship between what young people are doing socially in any given situation and how they interact. Variation in linguistic styles is made visible by a study of the same individuals involved in different communicative activities. Young people are shown to be a heterogeneous group who engage in different sets of activities. The study questions prevailing definitions and categorisations of adolescents’ linguistic styles and use of electronic media. The outcome is a complex description of everyday interaction, which is found to be shaped by the frames for communicative activities, the technical characteristics of the media employed, and individual factors. In conversational turns, Internet chat messages and text messages, young people select resources from their individual linguistic repertoires in order to achieve specific goals or construct particular roles through their interaction.

Nuotolinio mokymo technologijos įgauna pagreitį visame pasaulyje. Technologijos trūkumai ir silpnosios vietos tampa matomesnės, nei bet kada anksčiau. Siekiant patobulinti mokymo procesą ir sumažinti kurso nebaigiančių studentų dalį, vis svarbesnėmis tampa studentų aktyvumo skatinimo ir mokymosi paramos sistemos. Šio darbo tikslai – apžvelgti esamus studentų aktyvumo analizės ir valdymo metodus naudojamus nuotoliniame mokyme. Taip pat, pagerinti esamus arba pasiūlyti gaires naujų kūrimui. Literatūros analizė parodė duomenų gavybos metodų potencialą mokymo valdymo sistemose. Pasiūlytas studentų aktyvumo skatinimo modelis pagrįstas šiais metodais. Naujasis modelis paremtas automatiškai besireguliuojančia sistema, kuri analizuotų besimokančiųjų mokymosi įpročius. Analizės duomenys būtų naudojami sukurti ir siųsti personalizuotus priminimus ir pranešimus apie mokymosi sistemos įvykius. Ta pati sistema galėtų informuoti kurso vedėją apie neįprastus studentų veiklos pokyčius, padidėjusią nesėkmingo kurso baigimo tikimybę. Atliktas tyrimas patvirtinantis modelio kūrimui pasirinktas prielaidas ir jo reikalingumą. / Distance education technology is gaining momentum all around the world. Weaknesses and limitations in the technology are exposed more than ever. Activities, such as, stimulation of students’ activity and development of support systems are becoming important in attempts to lower student dropout rates and improve quality of education. This thesis has goals to review existing methodology of analyzing and encouraging student activity in higher education courses based on online technology. As well as to enhance current methods and set guidelines for development of the new ones. Literature analysis has highlighted the astonishing potential of data mining methods in Learning Management Systems. Based on these methods a new model of students’ activity stimulation has been suggested. The new model is based on automatic self tuning system which would analyze the behavior patterns of course users. The results of this analysis would be used to compose and send notifications of course events which are relevant for and desired by the individual user while respecting their learning patterns. Same system could inform instructor of any abnormalities in student learning behavior, unfavorable odds to successfully complete the course or even drop out. A study has been made, which confirmed the initial assumptions and potential usefulness of the proposed model.

La thèse, réalisée en France, porte sur le transfert de la biotechnologie Plantes à Traire® (brevet Université de Lorraine – INPL-INRA-ENSAIA), de la France vers le Brésil par le Programme International de Sauvegarde de l'Amazonie, Mata Atlântica et des Amérindiens pour le Développement Durable (PISAD). Cette organisation non gouvernementale scientifique à but non lucratif intervient dans le tiers secteur : l'économie sociale et solidaire. Elle allie un projet économique de co-développement durable à une finalité sociale : a) l'offre de principes actifs naturels utiles à la recherche médicale et à l'innovation des industries du secteur pharmaceutique, nutraceutique, et cosmétique ; b) la sauvegarde de la biodiversité des forêts d'Amazonie et Mata Atlântica et des Peuples autochtones Índios, qui en sont de grands connaisseurs. Cette ONG est le maître d'ouvrage et le maître d'œuvre du projet Herb'Içana©, qu'elle réalise en partenariat avec une communauté Índios Baniwa de l'État d'Amazonas, des institutions gouvernementales, des centres d'excellence brésiliens et français, pour la valorisation équitable de la biodiversité et des savoirs traditionnels Índios sur les plantes médicinales, par le biais des biotechnologies vertes, du bioengineering et bioprocess de production d'extraits aux principes actifs naturels thérapeutiques et cosmétiques (Meyer, 2003, 2004a et b, 2005, 2007).Dans ce contexte, la construction de formations ad hoc est liée aux enjeux d'implantation de ce dispositif technique, d'implémentation des technologies et biotechnologies Plantes à Traire®, et d'apprentissage des techniques et des savoirs relatifs au travail de bioproduction d'extraits végétaux pharmacologiques hautement purifiés par des membres des tribus Índios. La recherche en formation est engagée selon une approche d'anthropologie de l'activité humaine, envisagée comme l'expression du couplage entre un acteur et son environnement (Maturana & Varela, 1987 ; Varela, Thompson & Roch, 1993 ; Theureau 1999, 2004, 2006 ; Durand, 2006, 2008), pour la conception d'outils innovants favorisant l'apprentissage et le développement individuel et collectif, utiles à des intervenants variés (scientifiques, techniciens occidentaux brésiliens et français ; medicine-men Índios ; professeurs des écoles bilingues interculturelle et formateurs des organisations indigènes), amenés à agir de concert en situation interculturelle de travail de formation. Elle s'inscrit dans un empan temporel long, et comme une contribution à un programme anthropotechnologique de l'activité humaine et de conception de formations sous l'hypothèse de l'enaction, développé par Durand (2008).Les objectifs de l'étude conduite sur le terrain de l'entreprise française Plant Advanced Technologies, détentrice des droits de licence mondiaux d'exploitation du brevet Plantes à Traire®, sont : la compréhension du travail, de l'organisation de l'activité et de la culture en action des professionnels engagés dans des pratiques de recherche et développement de principes actifs naturels et de leur bioproduction semi-industrielle.Les résultats des analyses présentées dans la thèse alimentent la conception de formations accompagnant le transfert de technologies réalisé par le PISAD à partir de 2015. La thèse ouvre des perspectives de recherche s'intéressant aux relations entre transfert de technologies et culture d'action, expériences fictionnelles mimétiques et construction de connaissances entre scientifiques et Peuples premiers d'Amazonie dans une visée d'ergonomie de la formation. / The thesis, realised in France, is on the subject of the transfer of the biotechnology « Plant milking technology » “Plantes à Traire” (patented by the University of Lorraine – INPL – INRA – ENSAIA) from France towards Brazil by the International Programme of the Safeguard of Amazônia, Mata Atlântica and the Amerindians for Sustainable Development (PISAD). This scientific, non-governmental, non-profit–making organisation intervenes in the third sector: solidary and responsible economy. It unites an economical project with a social objective: a) the proposal of natural active principles, useful for medical research, and the innovation of industries in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic sectors; b) the safeguard of the biodiversity of the forests of Amazônia and Mata Atlântica and the native Índios, who are experts in the matter (these techniques). This non-governmental organisation is the maître d'ouvrage and the maître d'oeuvre of the project “Herb'Içana©” realised in partnership with the Indian community “Índios Baniwa” of the state of Amazonas, government institutions, Brazilian and French centres of excellence for the equitable valorisation of the biodiversity and the Índios's traditional knowledge of medicinal plants, through green biotechnology, bioengineering and the bioprocess for production of extracts containing natural therapeutic and cosmetic active principles (Meyer, 2003, 2004,a et b 2005, 2007).In this context, the construction of training ad hoc courses is linked with the stakes of the implantation of these technical tools, the implementation of the plant milking technologies and biotechnologies, and the apprenticeship of the techniques and of the knowledge related to the bioproduction of highly purified pharmacological plant extracts by the Índios tribes. The research in training is undertaken according to an anthropological approach of human activity, considered as the expression of a coupling between an actor and his environment (Maturana & Varda 1987, Varela, Thompson & Roch, 1993; Theureau 1999, 2004, 2006, Durand 2006, 2008), for the conception of innovative tools favouring individual and collective apprenticeship and development, useful for various intervening participants (Brazilian and French technicians and scientists, Índios medicine-men, teachers in cross-cultural bilingual schools and instructors from indigenous organizations cooperating in an intercultural context of training. It is part of a long time span, and is a contribution to an anthropotechnological programme of human activity and conception of training under the hypothesis of enaction developed by Durand (2008).The objectives of the study conducted in situ of the French company Plant Advanced Technologies, holder of the world patent license for the plant milking technology are: the comprehension of the work, the organisation of the activities and the “culture in action” of the professionals engaged in the practices of research and development of natural active ingredients and their semi-industrial bioproduction.The results of the analysis presented in the thesis supports the conception of training accompanying the transfer of technologies realized by PISAD from 2015. The thesis opens new research perspectives on the relationship between the transfer of technologies and the “culture of action”, “mimetic fictional experiences” and the construction of knowledge between Scientist and Native people of Amazônia in the perspective of ergonomics and training.

abstract: Today's world is seeing a rapid technological advancement in various fields, having access to faster computers and better sensing devices. With such advancements, the task of recognizing human activities has been acknowledged as an important problem, with a wide range of applications such as surveillance, health monitoring and animation. Traditional approaches to dynamical modeling have included linear and nonlinear methods with their respective drawbacks. An alternative idea I propose is the use of descriptors of the shape of the dynamical attractor as a feature representation for quantification of nature of dynamics. The framework has two main advantages over traditional approaches: a) representation of the dynamical system is derived directly from the observational data, without any inherent assumptions, and b) the proposed features show stability under different time-series lengths where traditional dynamical invariants fail. Approximately 1\% of the total world population are stroke survivors, making it the most common neurological disorder. This increasing demand for rehabilitation facilities has been seen as a significant healthcare problem worldwide. The laborious and expensive process of visual monitoring by physical therapists has motivated my research to invent novel strategies to supplement therapy received in hospital in a home-setting. In this direction, I propose a general framework for tuning component-level kinematic features using therapists’ overall impressions of movement quality, in the context of a Home-based Adaptive Mixed Reality Rehabilitation (HAMRR) system. The rapid technological advancements in computing and sensing has resulted in large amounts of data which requires powerful tools to analyze. In the recent past, topological data analysis methods have been investigated in various communities, and the work by Carlsson establishes that persistent homology can be used as a powerful topological data analysis approach for effectively analyzing large datasets. I have explored suitable topological data analysis methods and propose a framework for human activity analysis utilizing the same for applications such as action recognition. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5497.pdf: 10407694 bytes, checksum: db6127b4369c7514344d60d66a7e3612 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-30 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This research aimed to develop a perceptual assistant device for citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) Greening´s scouts, which are workers responsible for symptomatic diseased plants identification by visual inspections on field. The methodology used has as starting point the Ergonomics Work Analysis (EWA) of HLB´s scouts, proceeded by Gonçalves (2011). The inspection´ EWA is articulated with Engineering Project methods for device development from the Activity standpoint. From EWA problem structuring, the device concept was defined as a lens which provides perceptual aid to HLB scouts by color contrast enhancement of mottling leaves, facilitating yellow bunch identification during visual inspection, but without any restriction to additional symptoms identification. Based on efficiency and productivity perspective, confronted against health and wellbeing perspective, it was used a method of data acquisition for quantitative analysis by statistical analysis of variance, related to inspection activity efficiency, and qualitative analysis, by semi-structured interviews related to user perception about wearing the perceptual assistant device. Results show that, in one hand, wearing the device helps to relief some cognitive constraints related to inspection activity, such as lightness, sun light reflection, shadows over the leaves, sun light direction variation, and also enhances symptomatic mottled leaves visualization. On the other hand, related to inspection efficiency, wearing the device does not resulted in higher or lower HLB identification on field. Therefore, the perceptual assistant device utilization for health improvement in the workplace and how is done mobilization and coordination between different social actors around the device development and evaluation, stays in this research as a reference about a way to create innovation. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver um dispositivo de ajuda perceptiva para os inspetores de Huanglongbing (HLB) Greening da citricultura, trabalhadores cuja função é detectar plantas doentes em campo por meio de inspeções visuais. A metodologia utilizada tem como ponto de partida a Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET) dos inspetores de HLB realizada por Gonçalves (2011). A AET do trabalho de inspeção é articulada com o Projeto de Engenharia para o desenvolvimento do dispositivo sob o ponto de vista da atividade. A partir da estruturação do problema pela AET, definiu-se o conceito do dispositivo como uma lente que proporciona ajuda perceptiva aos inspetores pela intensificação do contraste entre as cores do mosqueado das folhas, facilitando a detecção do ramo amarelo durante as inspeções, sem restringir a identificação dos demais sintomas. Balizado na confrontação entre a perspectiva de eficiência e produtividade com a perspectiva de bem-estar e saúde, a análise dos dados coletados foi direcionada de forma quantitativa por análise estatística de variância, relaciona a eficiência da atividade de inspeção, e qualitativa, por entrevistas semi-estruturadas relacionadas à percepção dos usuários quanto à utilização do dispositivo de ajuda perceptiva. Os resultados demonstram, por um lado, que a utilização do dispositivo ajuda a minimizar alguns constrangimentos cognitivos relacionados à atividade de inspeção quanto à claridade, reflexo dos raios solares, sombra sobre as folhas, variação de direção dos raios solares e também melhora a visualização dos sintomas de mosqueamento das folhas. Por outro lado, quanto à eficiência de inspeção, a utilização do dispositivo não acarretou em maior ou menor identificação de HLB em campo. Portanto, a utilização do dispositivo de ajuda perceptiva para melhoria da saúde no trabalho e o modo de mobilização e coordenação entre os diferentes atores sociais em torno do desenvolvimento e avaliação do dispositivo, ficam nesta pesquisa como referência de uma forma de criar inovação.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6168.pdf: 5441066 bytes, checksum: 1fbcc2f25e02c22ea440b83bbd72289f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-03 / In the product development process, user-related issues have achieved increasingly more relevance as they are progressively being perceived as strategies for innovation and competitiveness. In defining product specifications, designers strive to meet user needs. However, in real-use situations, a number of variability factors will result in gaps between what was anticipated by designers and actual user activity (DANIELLOU, 2002). This research was deployed during a laundry machine development process. The aim was to understand the existing gap between the designer model and the user model with regard to laundry activity, as well as user strategies to circumvent these gaps. Starting from the assumptions in Situated Ergonomics, we applied the activity analysis method. The results presented multi-determinants of the design process, such as: market needs; user knowledge; deadlines; financial resources; and project team member expertise. These determinants influenced the drafting of usage requirements, which, in real-use situations, reflected some gaps between designer and user models. Field research uncovered user strategies, such as: resorting to other information sources; creating new ways of use in line with user habits or interaction conditioned by their environment; and ignoring product functions they did not understand. This study's contributions relate to the importance of activity analysis in the design process and the role of the ergonomist in product design. / No desenvolvimento de produtos, as questões relacionadas ao usuário tem tornado-se cada vez mais relevantes, pois são percebidas como estratégias de inovação e competitividade. Neste processo busca-se concretizar as necessidades dos usuários por meio das especificações elaboradas pelos projetistas. No entanto, a situação real apresenta diversos fatores de variabilidade que irão conduzir aos distanciamentos entre o que foi previsto pelos projetistas e a atividade desempenhada pelos usuários (DANIELLOU, 2002). Esta pesquisa ocorreu inserida no processo de desenvolvimento de uma lavadora de roupas. O objetivo do estudo foi compreender os distanciamentos existentes entre o modelo do projetista e o modelo do usuário em relação à atividade de lavar roupas. Bem como, conhecer as estratégias dos usuários para contornar estes distanciamentos. Partindo dos pressupostos da Ergonomia Situada, aplicou-se o método de análise da atividade. Os resultados apresentaram as multideterminações do processo de projeto, como: as necessidades do mercado; os conhecimentos sobre usuários; prazos; recursos financeiros; e, experiência dos membros da equipe de projeto. Tais determinantes influenciaram a elaboração das prescrições de uso, que em situação real, evidenciaram alguns distanciamentos entre o modelo do projetista e do usuário. Achados em campo demonstraram as estratégias dos usuários, que são: recorrer à outras fontes de informação; criar novas formas de uso de acordo com seus hábitos ou condições do ambiente de interação; e, não utilizar funções do produto que não compreendem. As contribuições deste estudo versam sobre a importância da análise da atividade para os processos de concepção e o papel do ergonomista no Design de produtos.

L’objet de cette thèse est de présenter quelques éléments caractéristiques d’une étude conduite en Tunisie afin d’améliorer la compréhension du processus d’acquisition de compétences dans la conception et la représentation des solutions technologiques en génie mécanique. L’enseignement de la conception mécanique s’appuie largement sur la manipulation d’objets en trois dimensions. Pour autant, les objets ou mécanismes ainsi représentés restent limités à de simples outils de présentation ; leur utilisation, dans le cadre de nouvelles approches de situations d’apprentissage fondées sur la résolution de problèmes, est plutôt limitée. Ces possibilités permettraient de développer des stratégies d’apprentissage plus ouvertes, encourageant la recherche et permettant à l’élève de s’auto-évaluer tout en réduisant le guidage procédural de l’enseignant et son rôle d’évaluateur normatif. Le modeleur 3D pourrait ainsi jouer un rôle particulier avec un changement de statut passant de celui d’outil organisant l’activité pédagogique de l’enseignant à celui d’instrument utilisé par l’élève pour résoudre le problème qui lui est posé. De fait, l’enseignant limitait son investigation et donc sa créativité. La créativité et le nombre de solutions à un problème posé en génie mécanique reposent sur l’exploitation du modeleur 3D qui fait passer l’objet d’un simple outil à un instrument et qui donne à l’élève une autonomie pendant son apprentissage et pendant l’évaluation de sa production. Les résultats obtenus lors de l’étude semblent encourageants tant pour la recherche que pour l’évolution de la discipline. / The purpose of this thesis is to present some characteristic elements of a study conducted in Tunisia. The study was conducted to better understand the acquisition process of competencies in the design and representations of technological solutions in mechanical engineering. The teaching of mechanical engineering to fourth graders, technical branches in Tunisia, takes place in technological laboratories with about 10 computer workstations. The 3D modelling software could thus play a special role with a change of status from that of a tool used by the teacher to organize his teaching activities to an instrument used by the learner to solve a situation problem. The use of 3D modelling software to represent 3D objects gives learners the ability to conceive a range of new solutions. The learner can assess himself without resorting to his teacher, who seems to be so far, the only person who is able to evaluate his work and lead him to the expected solution. In fact, the teacher hinders his investigation and creativity. Creativity and the number of solutions to a problem in mechanical engineering depend heavily on the exploitation of a 3D modelling software that changes the use of a simple tool into an instrument that makes the learner autonomous and able to evaluate his own production. The results obtained in the study are encouraging not only for research but also for the development of mechanical engineering. It will be necessary, however, to check the degree of commitment of the teachers who are in favour of this new teaching-learning tool. It will also be wise to analyse the competencies required by the companies in the field and by the labour market in general.

Les innovations technologiques et le déploiement du numérique se mettent au service de la santé et engagent les formations vers la simulation haute fidélité.La recherche effectuée dans le domaine de la maïeutique a pour but de mieux comprendre comment, dans un environnement simulé complexe, l'introduction d'outils informatiques perfectionnés agit sur les modalités de transmission de différents savoirs « scientifiques », « technologiques » et « professionnels ». Elle analyse l'activité déployée par une enseignante sage-femme lors de l'utilisation d'un « nouvel outil », un simulateur d'accouchement interactif et virtuel, pour des séances pédagogiques à destination d'étudiants en maïeutique de troisième année. L'objectif est de repérer les effets de cette innovation sur ses pratiques de formation, et de mesurer la nature de son développement professionnel avec le simulateur.La méthodologie utilisée est celle de l'analyse clinique. La recherche s'appuie sur les courants de la didactique professionnelle et de la théorie instrumentale. Elle intègre les concepts d'« imprévu » et de « gestes professionnels d'ajustement » visant à rendre compte des différents niveaux d'imbrication de l'activité de formation de l'enseignante, et elle est destinée à éclairer sa pratique dans la conceptualisation des situations de travail.Les résultats montrent que les pratiques se transforment au fil des séances faisant apparaître de nouvelles dynamiques d'apprentissage. Les premiers savoirs professionnels observés permettent d'identifier un répertoire de gestes professionnels utiles à l'enseignement avec ce simulateur d'accouchement interactif. Les conclusions débouchent sur des visées d'utilisation du simulateur non prévues par les concepteurs de l'outil et sur une proposition d'un dispositif de formation de formateurs adapté à l'enseignement avec ce simulateur. Ces quelques pistes, non exhaustives, sont une invitation à réfléchir sur de nouvelles modalités d'enseignement avec du matériel de simulation haute fidélité. / Technological innovations and the spread of digital technology help out public health and commit training towards high-fidelity simulation.The research made in the field of midwifery aims at a better understanding of how in a complex simulated environment the introduction of sophisticated computing tools plays on the modalities of transmission of various « scientific », « technological » and «professional » knowledge. It analyzes the activity displayed by a midwife teacher while using a « new tool », an interactive and virtual birth simulator, for educational sessions aimed at third-year students in midwifery. The objective is to spot the effects of this innovation on her practices of training, and to measure the nature of her professional development with the simulator.The methodology which is used is clinical analysis. The research is based on professional didactics and instrumental theory trends. It integrates the concepts of « the unpredictable » and of « professional gestures of adjustment » to report the various levels of interweaving of the teacher's activity in training, and it aims at clarifying her practice in the conceptualization of the working situations.The results show that the practices are transformed in the course of the sessions revealing new dynamics of learning. The first professional knowledge observed helps to identify a record of professional gestures that are useful for teaching with this interactive birth simulator. From the conclusions it turns out that the simulator is not used as it was planned by the designers of the tool and it leads to offer a device for trainers' training adapted to the teaching with this simulator. These few non-exhaustive tracks are an invitation to think about new modalities of teaching with high-fidelity of simulation devices.

Cette recherche porte sur l’activité de travail des tuteurs à distance et ses opportunités de développement. S’inscrivant dans le champ de l’analyse de l’activité, elle combine uneapproche clinique (Clot, 1999) et une approche holistique (Engeström, 2000), au croisement de la psychologie du travail, de l’ergonomie et de la théorie de l’activité de troisième génération. L’analyse se centre sur l’activité de six tutrices à distance d’une entreprise privée de formation à distance. Après une enquête exploratoire, le recueil de données est composé d’entretiens d’instruction au sosie et d’autoconfrontation simple et croisée, complétés par des données ethnographiques, des données relatives à l’appareil prescriptif (guide du tuteur et entretien de formation), des traces de l’activité des tutrices à distance et des apprenants. Les résultats, qui mettent en évidence des écarts entre le prescrit et le réel de l’activité, révèlent plusieurs difficultés que les tutrices à distance rencontrent dans le cadre de leur travail. Celles-ci se manifestent par un certain nombre de contradictions notamment autour des règles qui régissent le système, entre prescription « infinie » et « sous-prescription ». Les outils associés à l’activité, tantôt source d’empêchement, tantôt à l’origine de processus développementaux, se révèlent aussi être au cœur de multiples contradictions. De la même manière, les résultats mettent en exergue le caractère nodal de l’activité alors même que les conditions organisationnelles semblent répondre à une logique industrielle. A ce niveau, l’absence d’échanges entre pairs notamment, interroge les opportunités de développement de l’activité de travail des tutrices à distance qui, à certains égards, semble participer au travail de « recréation » du genre professionnel « formateur » / This research focuses on the work of distance learning tutors and its development opportunities. The analysis of activity combines a clinical approach (Clot, 1999) and a holistic approach (Engeström, 2000) at the crossing of work psychology, ergonomics and third-generation Cultural Historical Activity Theory. It focuses on the activity of six distance learning tutors from a distance learning company. After an exploratory investigation, the data collection is composed of interviews “to a double”, simple self-confrontation and crossed self-confrontation interviews. At the same time, other data enrich the analysis: ethnographic data, prescriptive data, and traces data about distance learning tutors and e-learners. The results show differences between prescribed work and real work. They also reveal several contradictions and obstacles to the development mainly related to the rigidity of the prescriptive framework. Likewise, the major role of tools in developmental processes is highlighted. Then, the results underline the nodal nature of the activity even though organizational conditions seem to respond to an industrial logic. In this regard, the absence of peer-to-peer exchanges, in particular, questions the work development opportunities. This is all the more important given that distance learning tutors activity appears to contribute to the "recreation" of a specific professional genre:"trainer".