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Taiwan administration district division and politic landscape began to appear significant combination and revolution since the issuance of the amendment of¡§ Law of Local Politics¡¨ on Feb. 3, 2010. The Kaohsiung county and Kaohsiung city has been combined to a totally new political structure which will have a significant impact on the reorganization of township governments. Therefore the issues such as the governance interrelationship among local government organizations and their own governance relationship, the combination method of township regions, and the revolution of organization structure are important and deserve for further investigation. The study takes the Hunei Township of Kaohsiung County as an example. The township local leaders, focus groups and other important interested parties are interviewed. Through the deep interview method and the SWOT analysis, this study constructs the problems and investigates possible solutions related to the development of township government after the combination of the county and the city, in order to reduce the obstruction of organization reform. Therefore, the main aims of the study are the followings: (1) discuss the rationality and justness of an administrative area combination; (2) discuss the supporting measures that are necessary for increasing organizational effectiveness after the combination; (3) discuss the local fiscal division issues after the combination; and (4) analyze simplified personnel and taxation efficiency. The study aims at providing suggestions for the future sustainable development of Hunei township government after the combination of Kaohsiung district, which will be helpful for the development of other villages and towns.

This thesis seeks to examine the political and administrative organisations of al-Andalus during the period of the Almohads. It employs close analysis of the sources in order to explore how the Almohad government system worked and to identify the extent of the development and the efficiency of its structures during the period. Each chapter focuses on a specific part of this system. Chapter I examines the founding of the political organs established by the founder of the Almohad movement, Ibn Tūmart, and the reforms made by his successor, the founder of the empire, ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. Chapter II discusses the administrative political system of al-Andalus, especially the administrative divisions of the provinces, and the political structure of the government, represented by the governors and the kuṭṭāb. Chapter III examines the financial institutions and its structures, such as the ʿāmil, the mushrif, and the ṣāḥib al-aʿmāl, in addition to the Almohad sikka and its development. Chapter IV, the final chapter, studies the judicial system and highlights its religious functions.

本研究旨在分析並歸納出目前台灣地區鄉鎮圖書館的行政隸屬、組織、人力與經費的機制；瞭解各鄉鎮圖書館在人力及經費的需求與現狀之間的差距以及各鄉鎮圖書館期許的行政體制和實際狀況的差距，並針對目前台灣地區的鄉鎮圖書館行政體制提出建議，作為政府及相關單位在規畫全國圖書館事業時的參考。 為達成研究目的，首先收集國內外文獻，分析鄉鎮圖書館行政體制相關資料；並針對16縣309鄉鎮之337所鄉鎮圖書館，以分層隨機抽樣方式抽出155所鄉鎮圖書館進行問卷調查，以瞭解鄉鎮圖書館的行政體制現況、問題及其對行政隸屬模式的看法；最後以立意抽樣方式挑選台北縣、宜蘭縣與桃園縣的文化局圖書資訊課以及由文化局圖書資訊課所推薦縣內營運較有規模之鄉鎮圖書館，共計16所圖書館進行深度訪談。 研究結果發現，就制度面而言：鄉鎮圖書館的行政隸屬有三種情況、鄉鎮圖書館之發展仰賴鄉鎮（市）長之重視、公共圖書館輔導體系有責無權、鄉鎮圖書館之發展缺乏統籌規劃、行政隸屬模式需重新規劃、法規不合時宜，鄉鎮圖書館之編制缺乏擴充空間；就人力資源面而言：人員數量現況與需求的差距大，目前鄉鎮圖書館的編制遠低於圖書館實際運作之人力需求、鄉鎮圖書館的館員普遍缺乏專業訓練、鄉鎮圖書館之人員流動率偏高；就經費資源面而言：鄉鎮圖書館之經費現況與需求之間差距大、鄉鎮圖書館之經費來源仍以鄉鎮（市）公所為主。 本研究提出以下建議作為政府及相關單位在規畫全國圖書館事業時之參考。1.鄉鎮圖書館之行政及輔導機關合一。2.整體規劃公共圖書館事業之發展。3.重視鄉鎮圖書館人員遴用與專業訓練。4.落實圖書館法之專業領導之相關規定。5.重新檢討鄉鎮圖書館組織結構及人員編制。6.立法保障文化建設之基本預算比例。7.積極研擬公共圖書館營運基準。8.儘速修訂鄉鎮圖書館經營之相關法令。

My work contains a classification of a single editorial systems, possibly used during the Advertisement and the Auction system. There is a resolution of creation of the Advertisement and the Auction system, which should be used by the VUT in Brno city. The system is proposed to keep up design of the official internet pages of VUT Brno. A part of this document is generator of the administrative systems, able to generate the internet web pages to repair the small and middle MySQL databases.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to develop quality and efficiency improvements in the health care administration system of Mauritius. The aim of the study is to describe how the health care services of Mauritius could be improved based on the results obtained during this investigation. Methodology: The health care executives, board members, search firm executives, and health administration managers, as well as several patients, were selected by stratified sampling 1802 participants (quantitative) and by purposive sampling method nine focus groups of nine participants each (qualitative). The population for the qualitative research was comprised of patients and health care professionals selected by the purposive sampling technique. The population was comprised of patients and health care professionals for quantitative phase selected by stratified and the health care professionals for qualitative part selected through purposive sampling technique. Findings: The participants showed a preference for Patients’ Satisfactions, ISO Quality Standards Compliance, workforce efficiency, infrastructure fitness, and adaptability principally experience a better quality of care. Moreover, there was no statistical difference between financial cost and quality of health care was depicted. The outcome of the study: A common aspect, recognised empirically, is the approach regarding enhanced external pressure on the healthcare administrators in their work. Higher administration decisions, patient pressure and judgments made by policymakers have impacted and established the choices prepared by health care managers regarding where to concentrate attempts of growth. In the context of practical implications, health care administrators must properly make new management control systems so that they help healthcare systems in their work. Implications for the healthcare leader’s perceptions are that knowledge from the environment is normally complicated and not easy to define and also transmitted from particular stakeholders. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

醫院屬於非營利性機構，不以追求最大利潤為其績效標準，故醫院管理與一般企業管理在本質上便有所不同。在長期觀察醫院的經營情況中，醫院內部長久以來存在於醫療體系與行政體系之間的衝突，成為當今醫院內部重要的管理問題。因此，本研究擬根據醫療體系與行政體系之間的互動情形，歸納出醫院類型的區分構面，希望對於醫院的經營與管理能提供正面而積極的建議。此外，全民健康保險已於民國84年3月1日起正式實施，此一政策對於醫療院所的影響極為深遠，造成台灣醫療生態環境以及醫院管理方式大幅度的改變，並使得業者殷切期盼新的醫院管理之道。 本研究以醫院評鑑等級在地區教學醫院（含）以上的醫院為研究對象。首先透過個案研究，尋找醫院內部互動類型的適當分類構面以及控制機制的選用情形，並提出研究假設。接著再以實證方式，驗證研究假設。經篩選醫院名單後，合格樣本數為112家，回收有效問卷為47份，而檢定結果支持大部分的假設。本研究的具體發現分述如下： 1.醫院可以根據「專業取向」與「行政取向」兩個分類構面，將醫院區分成專業取向較高的「專業取向型」、行政取向較高的「行政取向型」、以及兩者皆高的「互動協調型」三類。 2.互動關係偏向專業取向的「專業取向型」，在全民健康保險實施前，其選用的控制機制，由最高至最低依次為官僚控制機制、文化控制機制、市場控制機制。然而專業取向型醫院在三種控制機制選用之間並無顯著差異，但與其他類型醫院比較，其選用控制機制的絕對值均小於互動協調型。在全民健康保險實施後，其選用的控制機制，由最高至最低依次為官僚控制機制、市場控制機制、文化控制機制。然而專業取向型醫院在三種控制機制選用之間並無顯著差異，但與其他類型醫院比較，其選用控制機制的絕對值亦均小於互動協調型。 3.互動關係最複雜的「互動協調型」，在全民健康保險實施前，其選用的控制機制，由最高至最低依次為官僚控制機制、文化控制機制、市場控制機制，且三種控制機制之間有顯著差異。在全民健康保險實施後，其選用的控制機制，由最高至最低依次為官僚控制機制、市場控制機制、文化控制機制，且三種控制機制之間亦有顯著差異。 4.互動關係偏向行政取向的「行政取向型」，在全民健康保險實施前，其選用的控制機制，以市場控制機制與官僚控制機制同高，其次為文化控制機制，且三種控制機制之間有顯著差異。在全民健康保險實施後，其選用的控制機制，由最高至最低依次為市場控制機制、官僚控制機制、文化控制機制，且三種控制機制之間亦有顯著差異。 由上述研究結果可知，醫院混合採用不同的控制機制。當醫院內部互動關係偏向專業取向時，醫院使用的三種控制機制雖有差異，然其三種控制機制之間的差異並未達顯著水準。當醫院內部互動類型偏向互動協調型時，醫院相對地高度使用標準化的規定與程序，所以互動協調型醫院在官僚控制機制的選用程度上最高。當醫院內部互動類型偏向行政取向時，醫院相對地高度使用可明確衡量的產出，所以行政取向型醫院在市場控制機制的選用程度上最高。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機 第二節 研究問題與研究目的 第三節 研究假定與研究限制 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 醫院概論 第二節 醫院內部互動類型 第三節 控制機制 第四節 醫院內部互動類型與控制機制間的關係 第五節 醫療政策與全民健康保險 第三章 個案分析 第一節 個案研究方法說明 第二節 個案一：甲醫院 第三節 個案二：乙醫院 第四節 個案三：丙醫院 第五節 個案比較分析 第四章 研究方法 第一節 研究架構的建立 第二節 研究變數定義與衡量 第三節 研究假設 第四節 樣本選擇與資料蒐集 第五節 資料分析方法 第六節 問卷的效度與信度 第五章 結果與討論 第一節 樣本描述 第二節 醫院內部互動類型 第三節 醫院內部控制機制 第四節 醫院內部互動類型與控制機制間的關係 第五節 全民健保實施的影響 第六節 假設驗證 第六章 結論與建議 第一節 研究結論 第二節 理論與實務涵義 第三節 後續研究建議 參考文獻 一、中文部份 二、英文部份 附錄 附錄一：醫院起源 附錄二：醫院產品 附錄三：醫院通路 附錄四：醫療品質 附錄五：傳統的醫院分類方法 附錄六：策略觀點的醫院分類方法 附錄七：研究問卷 附錄八：互動類型與權屬別、評鑑等級的關係 附錄九：互動類型與醫院產出的關係 附錄十：控制機制的因素分析 附錄十一：控制機制組合的變化 附錄十二：控制機制的其他影響因素 附錄十三：問卷個別項目分析結果 / Applying control theory, this paper examines the relationship between types of interaction and adoption of control mechanism. After investigating 47 hospitals in Taiwan, we found that there exists strong relationship as described by four hypotheses. Based on “professional orientation” and “administrative orientation”, the hospitals can be classified into three types of interaction, namely, “professional orientation”, “interaction harmony”, and “administrative orientation”. The literature review suggests three types of mechanisms. These mechanisms are market, bureaucratic, and culture control. After empirical survey, this research has three major findings. First, for interaction harmony hospitals, they prefer to adopt bureaucratic control mechanisms, while administrative orientation hospitals prefer to adopt market control mechanisms. As to professional orientation hospitals, there is no significant difference on adoption of three control mechanisms. Second, to compare the intensities of various control mechanisms adopted by different types of hospitals, this study finds that administrative orientation hospital has the highest intensities both on market control and bureaucratic control. As to the adoption of cultural control, there is no significant difference among three kinds of hospitals. Finally, the research finds that the implementation of National Health Insurance has significant impact on the intention of adopting various control mechanisms.

Users' cognitive load must be considered in the advancement of digital systems, to keep human-computer interaction as effective and sustainable as possible. The aim of this thesis was to redesign a function of the administrative client NyA, an advanced system used by administrators in the university admissions process. The function in focus was "NyA - Register Swedish grades". The goal of the study was; (1) Evaluate ways to reduce the cognitive load in the interface. (2) Create a HiFi-prototype in Axure RP. (3) Collect insights and share them with the company for future development of the NyA-client. An iterative design process consisting of exploration, designing and usability testing resulted in a HiFi prototype in Axure RP. Subjective rating was used in the study in order to evaluate user cognitive load. Specifically, the Overall Workload (OW) scale was used during MidFi-testing. The results showed that; (1) All (eleven) non-experienced participants preferred the new prototype. (2) Eight out of eleven non-experienced participants estimated the MidFi-prototype to cause them less workload than the previous layout. (3) All (three) expert users estimated no difference in workload between the HiFi-prototype and the old interface. Although more testing would be necessary, the results showed that the prototype could have the potential of causing less cognitive load; by aiding the new users while still connecting to the experienced users mental models of the old system.  Therefore, it was concluded that; (1) Design affects cognitive load and it is important to reduce the extraneous load. (2) Experienced users should be considered during the development of advanced systems. (3) Experience reduces cognitive load. (4) Design for fast learning and do so by regulating the intrinsic load of the interface. / Användarens kognitiva belastning måste beaktas i och med utvecklingen av digitala system. Medvetna designval i koppling till människans kognitiva förmågor behövs för att interaktionen mellan människa och dator ska vara effektiv och hållbar. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att designa om en funktion i den administrativa klienten NyA, ett avancerat system som används av administratörer i antagningsprocessen. Funktionen i fokus var "NyA - Registrera svenska betyg". Målet med studien var; (1) Utvärdera sätt att minska den kognitiva belastningen i gränssnittet. (2) Skapa en HiFi-prototyp i Axure RP. (3) Samla in insikter och dela dem med företaget inför framtida utveckling av NyA-klienten. En iterativ designprocess innehållande utforskning, design och användbarhetstestning resulterade i en HiFi-prototyp skapad i Axure RP. För att kunna utvärdera de medverkandes kognitiva belastning under testningen av MidFi-prototypen användes subjektiv estimering. Specifikt, skalan Overall Workload (OW) scale. Resultaten visade att; (1) Alla (elva) icke-erfarna deltagare föredrog den nya prototypen. (2) Åtta av elva icke-erfarna deltagare estimerade att den nya prototypen orsakade dem mindre arbetsbelastning än den tidigare layouten. (3) Alla (tre) expertanvändare upplevde ingen skillnad i arbetsbelastning mellan HiFi-prototypen och det gamla gränssnittet. Även om fler tester skulle behövas, visade resultaten att den nya prototypen potentiellt kan orsaka mindre kognitiv belastning. Detta genom att hjälpa de nya användarna samtidigt som designen kopplar till de erfarna användarnas mentala modeller av systemet. Därför drogs slutsatsen att; (1) Design påverkar kognitiv belastning. Det är viktigt att minska extern (engelska 'extraneous') belastning i gränssnittet. (2) Erfarna användare bör hållas i åtanke vid utveckling av avancerade system. (3) Erfarenhet minskar kognitiv belastning. (4) Designa för snabb inlärning.

Following unprecedented earthquakes in 1999, highly centralized Turkey initiated reforms that aimed to improve disaster management collaboration and to empower local authorities. In 2011, two earthquakes hit the country anew affecting the city of Van and town of Erciş in Turkey’s southeast. In attempts to reduce disaster risk, global disaster risk reduction frameworks and disaster scholars and practitioners advocate collaborative and decentralized disaster management strategies. This thesis investigates how such strategies are received in a centralized and hierarchical national political-administrative system that largely is the anti-thesis of the prescribed solutions. More specifically, this research investigates the barriers and prerequisites for disaster management collaboration between both public and civil society actors in Turkey (during preparedness, response, and recovery) as well as how Turkey’s political-administrative system affects disaster management collaboration and its outcomes. The challenges to decentralization of disaster management are also investigated. Based on forty-four interviews with actors ranging from national to village level and NGOs, the findings suggest that the political-administrative system can alter the relative importance, validity, and applicability of previously established enabling or constraining conditions for collaboration. This may in turn challenge previous theoretical assumptions regarding collaboration. By adopting a mode of collaboration that fit the wider political-administrative system, collaborative disaster management progress was achieved in Turkey’s national level activities. Although there were exceptions, collaboration spanning sectors and/or administrative levels were generally less forthcoming, partly due to the disjoint character of the political-administrative system. Political divergence between local and central actors made central-local collaboration difficult but these barriers were partly trumped by other prerequisites enabling collaboration like interdependence and pre-existing relations. The findings suggest that the specific attributes of disasters may both help and hinder disaster management collaboration. Such collaboration generally improved disaster response. The findings also indicate that the decentralization attempts may have been premature as the conditions for ensuring a functional decentralization of disaster management are presently lacking. Decentralization attempts are commonly suggested to increase local capacity and local participation but the findings of this dissertation suggest that in Turkey, these commodities may currently have better chances of being increased by refraining from decentralization.