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I dagens informationssamhälle pågår en växande trend av molnbaserade tjänster. Vid implementering av molnbaserade tjänster används metoden Virtualisering. Denna metod minskar behovet av antal fysiska datorsystem i ett datacenter. Vilket har en positiv miljöpåverkan eftersom energikonsumtionen minskar när hårdvaruresurser kan utnyttjas till sin fulla kapacitet. Molnbaserade tjänster skapar samhällsnytta då nya aktörer utan teknisk bakgrundskunskap snabbt kan komma igång med verksamhetsberoende tjänster. För tillämpning av Virtualisering används en så kallad Hypervisor vars uppgift är att distribuera molnbaserade tjänster. Efter utvärdering av vetenskapliga studier har vi funnit att det finns skillnader i prestanda och funktionalitet mellan olika Hypervisors. Därför väljer vi att göra en prestanda- samt funktionsanalys av Hypervisors som kommer från de största aktörerna på marknaden. Dessa är Microsoft Hyper-V Core Server 2012, Vmware ESXi 5.1.0 och Citrix XenServer 6.1.0 Free edition. Vår uppdragsgivare är försvarsmakten som bekräftade en stor efterfrågan av vår undersökning. Rapporten innefattar en teoretisk grund som beskriver tekniker bakom virtualisering och applicerbara användningsområden. Genomförandet består av två huvudsakliga metoder, en kvalitativ- respektive kvantitativ del. Grunden till den kvantitativa delen utgörs av ett standardsystem som fastställdes utifrån varje Hypervisors begränsningar. På detta standardsystem utfördes prestandatester i form av dataöverföringar med en serie automatiserade testverktyg. Syftet med testverktygen var att simulera datalaster som avsiktligt påverkade CPU och I/O för att avgöra vilka prestandaskillnader som förekommer mellan Hypervisors. Den kvalitativa undersökningen omfattade en utredning av funktionaliteter och begränsningar som varje Hypervisor tillämpar. Med tillämpning av empirisk analys av de kvantitativa mätresultaten kunde vi fastställa orsaken bakom varje Hypervisors prestanda. Resultaten visade att det fanns en korrelation mellan hur väl en Hypervisor presterat och vilken typ av dataöverföring som den utsätts för. Den Hypervisor som uppvisade goda prestandaresultat i samtliga dataöverföringar är ESXi. Resultaten av den kvalitativa undersökningen visade att den Hypervisor som offererade mest funktionalitet och minst begränsningar är Hyper-V. Slutsatsen blev att ett mindre datacenter som inte planerar en expansion bör lämpligtvis välja ESXi. Ett större datacenter som både har behov av funktioner som gynnar molnbaserade tjänster och mer hårdvaruresurser bör välja Hyper-V vid implementation av molntjänster. / A growing trend of cloud-based services can be witnessed in todays information society. To implement cloud-based services a method called virtualization is used. This method reduces the need of physical computer systems in a datacenter and facilitates a sustainable environmental and economical development. Cloud-based services create societal benefits by allowing new operators to quickly launch business-dependent services. Virtualization is applied by a so-called Hypervisor whose task is to distribute cloud-based services. After evaluation of existing scientific studies, we have found that there exists a discernible difference in performance and functionality between different varieties of Hypervisors. We have chosen to perform a functional and performance analysis of Hypervisors from the manufacturers with the largest market share. These are Microsoft Hyper-V Core Server 2012, Vmware ESXi 5.1.0 and Citrix XenServer 6.1.0 Free edition. Our client, the Swedish armed forces, have expressed a great need of the research which we have conducted. The thesis consists of a theoretical base which describes techniques behind virtualization and its applicable fields. Implementation comprises of two main methods, a qualitative and a quantitative research. The basis of the quantitative investigation consists of a standard test system which has been defined by the limitations of each Hypervisor. The system was used for a series of performance tests, where data transfers were initiated and sampled by automated testing tools. The purpose of the testing tools was to simulate workloads which deliberately affected CPU and I/O to determine the performance differences between Hypervisors. The qualitative method comprised of an assessment of functionalities and limitations for each Hypervisor. By using empirical analysis of the quantitative measurements we were able to determine the cause of each Hypervisors performance. The results revealed that there was a correlation between Hypervisor performance and the specific data transfer it was exposed to. The Hypervisor which exhibited good performance results in all data transfers was ESXi. The findings in the qualitative research revealed that the Hypervisor which offered the most functionality and least amount of constraints was Hyper-V. The conclusion of the overall results uncovered that ESXi is most suitable for smaller datacenters which do not intend to expand their operations. However a larger datacenter which is in need of cloud service oriented functionalities and requires greater hardware resources should choose Hyper-V at implementation of cloud-based services.

Depuis la fin du vingtième siècle, l’attention de la communauté internationale s’est portée sur l’utilisation de l’enfant soldat dans les conflits armés. La prolifération d’armes légères, la pauvreté et la multiplication des conflits armés non internationaux sont autant de facteurs à l’origine du phénomène. De nombreux instruments de protection des droits de l’enfant prévoient l’interdiction du recrutement et de l’utilisation d’enfants soldats dans les hostilités. Malgré les lacunes normatives qui s’en dégagent, notamment à propos de l’âge de recrutement de l’enfant soldat, d’importants efforts ont été fournis par la communauté internationale. Ces efforts vont être complétés grâce à la Cour pénale internationale, en particulier avec l’affaire Thomas Lubanga, première personne à être poursuivie devant la Cour, et sur le seul chef d’accusation de crime de guerre consistant à procéder à l’enrôlement ou la conscription d’enfants de moins de quinze ans, et à utiliser ces derniers en vue de les faire participer activement à des hostilités. Ce premier verdict historique institue une jurisprudence inédite et fondatrice en matière de crimes de guerre pour enrôlement et utilisation d’enfants soldats, dont l’héritage pourra faciliter d’autres poursuites sur le plan national. Si l’enfant soldat apparaît comme une victime, il est aussi acteur aux hostilités. Bien souvent, lorsque l’on parle du phénomène d’enfants soldats, un amalgame est opéré entre deux antonymes : victime et bourreau. Comment le droit international appréhende-t-il la responsabilité pénale de l’enfant soldat ? Assiste-t-on à la généralisation d’un statut ou à un « dénominateur commun » ? / Since the end of the 20th century, the eyes of the international community have been focused on the utilization of child soldier in armed conflicts. The proliferation of small arms and light weapons, of poverty, and especially of non international armed conflicts, are crucial factors underlying the phenomenon. Numerous rights of the child protection instruments plan the ban on recruiting and using children as soldiers in hostilities. Despite the normative gaps that emerge, regarding in particular the hiring age of the child soldier, important efforts have been provided by the whole international community. These efforts are going to be completed by the International Criminal Court, in particular with the Thomas Lubanga case, first person brought before the Court, under the unique charge of war crime, namely enlisting or conscripting children under the age of fifteen years, and using them to participate actively in hostilities. This first historical verdict sets up a novel and founding case law regarding war crimes of enlistment and use of child soldiers, which legacy may make other proceedings easier on a national level. If the child soldier appears as a victim, he is also a player in hostilities. When dealing with the child soldier phenomenon, a confusion is quite often made between two antonyms : victim and executioner. How does the international law treat the criminal liability of the child soldier ? Are we witnessing the generalization of a status or, at least, a common denominator ?

There is little solid research that explores counterinsurgency practices against the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), not only from the standpoint of what is being done, but, rather, what should be done based on past COIN successes. Notable works on counterinsurgency in Colombia include the research of Tom Marks, who focused on operational strategy and tactics; Kevin Self, who professes the importance of controlling territory in defeating the FARC, by addressing the social and institutional ills within Colombia itself; and Dennis Rempe, who notes US involvement in shaping Colombia's COIN strategy. Using a comparative case study model, this thesis provides an analysis of Colombia?s counterinsurgency (COIN) strategies and tactics through the lens of successful and unsuccessful COIN operations in Iraq, Algeria, Malaya, South Vietnam, Thailand, Algeria and El Salvador over the course of the 20th and early 21st centuries. After all, no matter how successful a COIN force is militarily, their accomplishments will ultimately be fruitless if the conditions which fuel insurgency remains present. This paper begins by providing the historical context for the conditions which shaped the Colombian social order, which led to the revolutionary movement. It then follows the growth of the FARC, examining that organization?s strengths and weaknesses. The FARC is contrasted by outlining recent COIN transformation efforts within the Colombian government, to include little acknowledged failures and successes, strengths and weaknesses. An important focus is placed on Colombian President Alvaro Uribe Velez? Democratic Security Policy as the model for Colombia?s current COIN efforts. After next examining various ongoing factors contributing to the Colombian insurgency?to include institutional failures, illicit funding and the problem of paramilitary groups?this thesis examines past COIN efforts by other governments. Finally, after applying lessons learned from thee past COIN efforts?cross-referencing historically successful and unsuccessful tactics with tactics used and not used by Bogota in its fight against the FARC?I provide recommendations to the government of Colombia (GOC) on how to improve its COIN efforts. Although it is important to look at this problem set from an external standpoint, we must still factor in internal factors that have limited Colombia?s ability to emerge victorious, such as allowing porous borders, airspace and coastlines; placing a priority on killing or capturing the enemy and not on engaging the population; and the primacy of military direction of counterinsurgency; disregard of basic human rights; an insufficient judiciary structure; failure to halt financial support mechanisms; and the lack of an outlet for political inclusion . From this vantage point, we will be able to see that these elements?when properly implemented?have proven successful over time and may enhance GOC success and ultimately result in victory over the insurgency that has plagued their country for 40+ years

Text in English / Restricted files have not been uploaded / The thesis commences by elaborating on the concept of vertical envelopment as a form of military manoeuvre and defining airborne operations as comprising parachute, helicopter and air-landed actions. It goes on to describe strategy and tactics as they apply to the discussion before briefly tracing the development internationally of vertical envelopment and the thinking of the South African military about airborne operations during the Second World War. Events leading up to the decision by the South African military to acquire helicopters and to train paratroopers in 1960 are examined and the early operational employment of helicopters is analysed. The establishment of 1 Parachute Battalion is discussed in the light of the absence of a clear understanding of how it should be employed. Moving on to the commencement of the conflict known as the Southern African Thirty Year War, the issue of strategic versus tactical application of an airborne capability during operations in Namibia, Angola and Rhodesia is defined. Strategic application is then illustrated by specific independent airborne strikes, and the requirement for an airborne brigade to plan and conduct such operations is highlighted. The establishment of 44 Parachute Brigade and the difficulties experienced in its development are reviewed before scrutinising the tactical use of airborne forces in support of other ground forces. The high point in organisation and capability of the airborne forces of the South African Defence Force at the time of the ending of the Thirty Year War is appraised and the unfulfilled potential of the capability is elucidated. Faced with change and uncertainty, the employment of the paratroopers in urban operations during the height of the civil unrest is examined. This is followed by probing the response of the paratrooper organisation to severe budget cuts, enforced reorganisation and relocation, the ending of conscription and integration into the new South African National Defence Force following the country’s first democratic elections in 1994. The thesis concludes with an evaluation of the airborne actions during the incursion by South Africa into Lesotho in 1998 and an assessment of the implications of the loss of a strategic airborne capability. / History / D. Litt. et Phil. (History)