With the deregulation of power industry and the market competition, reliable power supply and secured system operation are major concerns of the independent system operator (ISO) or decision-maker (DM). Power dispatch under deregulated environment is complicated with various possibilities of decisions involved. Without the assistance of Energy Management System (EMS), it is not easy for ISO or DM to operate with pure experiences. To enhance the operational efficiency, EMS involves the state-of-the-art control technology, and the fast and effective computer assisted decision support system will help dispatch the power. A conventional EMS has a few major tasks, among them, the ¡§network analysis¡¨ task and the ¡§forecast and scheduling¡¨ task are the most important in assisting the on-line power dispatch. In dealing with the new deregulated environment, an ¡§operational planning¡¨ has to be added to aid the EMS for more security. There are significant changes on EMS after deregulation. This dissertation will focus on the changes and new functions, in the ¡§network analysis¡¨ and the ¡§forecast and scheduling¡¨ tasks of an EMS, which supports the operation in the competitive environment. In the ¡§network analysis¡¨ task, we discuss the real and reactive power dispatch and congestion management with AC optimal power flow (OPF). In this task, the formulation of AC OPF with deregulation issues and the effect of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices are presented. A predictor-corrector interior-point nonlinear-programming (PCIPNLP) algorithm has been developed to solve the problem. The model involves only slight modification to the present OPF for social welfare maximization to obtain the optimized bid-based dispatch and nodal spot prices. The incorporation of FACTS devices for system operations can ease the difficulties caused by transmission congestion. It is found that PCIPNLP technique is very effective for the modified OPF solution for congestion relief under deregulation. In the ¡§forecast and scheduling¡¨ task, we discuss the resource scheduling for bid-based dynamic economic dispatch and spot dispatch for power and reserve. They can be formulated for social welfare maximizing problem that is solved by using an efficient interior point method. And the optimal resource allocation and nodal spot price can be given from the various test results. We have also proposed a fuzzy based strategic gaming method to determine the GenCo¡¦s bidding strategy. Based on fuzzy set theory, a multi-criteria decision-making method is used to obtain the optimal strategy combination, bids and expected payoffs. Decision maker can find the optimal strategy combination by using weight vector to represent his subjective attitude about the structure of multi-objectives. The advantages have also been demonstrated through the numerical examples. Compared with the classical (¡§nonfuzzy¡¨) game theory, the proposed approach could help the decision maker to obtain higher expected payoffs, and make his choices easily. Possible applications of the proposed fuzzy method can be suggested for other decision-making problems in the power systems

Tyrimo tikslas - išsiaiškinti sąmoningai save žalojančių ir turinčių savižudiškų tendencijų paauglių sveikatai nepalankaus elgesio ypatumus. Tyrime dalyvavo 690 tiriamųjų. Iš jų 379 (54,9 %) vaikinai ir 311 (45,1 %) merginų. 38 (5,5 %) respondentai nurodė sąmoningai save žalojantys, iš jų tik 13 (1,9 %) tiriamųjų išsakė neturintys savižudiškų ketinimų. 86 (12,5 %) paaugliai nurodė turintys savižudiškų ketinimų, iš kurių 61 (8,9 %) respondentas turintis savižudiškų ketinimų, tačiau savęs nežaloja. Tai reiškia, kad 25 (3,6 %) tiriamieji ir sąmoningai save žaloja, ir turi savižudiškų ketinimų. Tiriamųjų amžius nuo 12 iki 19 metų. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog paaugliai yra labiau linkę save žalojant turėti savižudiškų ketinimų, nei tie, kurie savęs nežaloja, tačiau turi savižudiškų ketinimų. Tik sąmoningai save žalojantys paaugliai be savižudiškų ketinimų vartoja alkoholinius gėrimus, elgiasi agresyviai ir turėjo ankstyvų lytinių santykių rečiau nei sąmoningai save žalojantys paaugliai turintys savižudiškų ketinimų, tačiau dažniau nei tik savižudiškų ketinimų turintys paaugliai. Taip pat galima pastebėti tendencijas, kad tik sąmoningai save žalojantys paaugliai be savižudiškų ketinimų rūko ir vartoja narkotines medžiagas rečiau nei sąmoningai save žalojantys paaugliai turintys savižudiškų ketinimų, tačiau dažniau nei tik savižudiškų ketinimų turintys paaugliai. / The survey has been targeted to find out the peculiarity of adolescents health untoward behavior between non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal tendencies. There were 690 participants in the survey, 379 (54,9 %) boys and 311 (45,1 %) girls. 38 (5,5 %) participants were self-injurers, 13 (1,9 %) of them were non-suicidal self-injurers. 86 (12,5 %) adolescents noted to have suicidal tendencies, 61 (8,9 %) of them noted to have only suicidal tendencies without self-injuring behavior. It means that 25 (3,6 %) respondents self-injure themselves and report suicidal tendencies. The participants age was from 12 to 19 years old. The results showed that adolescents are tend to report suicidal tendencies the same time when they are self-injuring compared to those who does not self-injure and report only suicidal tendencies. Adolescents who experience non-suicidal self-injure, use alcohol, drugs, behave aggressive and have early sexual intercourse more rarely than those who self-injure and report suicidal tendencies, but more often then those, who report only suicidal tendencies. Also there can be noted the tendency, that non-suicidal sel-injurers smoke cigarettes and use drugs more rarely than those adolescents who self-injure and report suicidal tendencies, but more often then those adolescents, who report only suicidal tendencies.

Iki šiol teismų praktika ginčų dėl darbo sutarties nutraukimo bylose tebesiformuoja, ir neretai darbo įstatymų taikymas darbo teisinių santykių nutraukimo praktikoje sąlygoja problemas, susidaro nepakankamai aiškios, kartais netgi prieštaringos ir pagal esamą reglamentavimą sudėtingai teisiškai sprendžiamos situacijos. Pirmiausia magistro darbe aptariamos ginčų dėl darbo sutarties ypatybės, jų išskirtinumas darbo ginčų sistemoje, aiškinamasi ginčų dėl darbo sutarties nutraukimo, kaip individualių darbo ginčų reikšmė bei pateikiami tokių ginčų teisminio nagrinėjimo ypatumai. Magistro darbe naujai pažvelgiama į esamų darbo sutarties nutraukimo pagrindų specifiką teoriniu ir praktiniu aspektu, kompleksiškai tiriami ginčų dėl darbo sutarties nutraukimo ypatumai, atkreipiant dėmesį į aktualiausius ir problematiškiausius pagal besiklostančias darbo rinkos ir socialinės politikos tendencijas darbo sutarties nutraukimo pagrindus, tokius kaip darbo sutarties nutraukimas: a) šalių susitarimu; b) kai nėra darbuotojo kaltės; c) dėl darbuotojo kaltės; d) dėl nepatenkinamų darbuotojo išbandymo rezultatų; e) dėl darbdavio likvidavimo; f) darbdavio bankroto atveju. Nagrinėjant, kaip galiojančios teisės normos, reglamentuojančios ginčų dėl darbo sutarties nutraukimo minimais pagrindais ypatumus, pritaikomos praktiškai, keliamos ir aptariamos išsamiai neišnagrinėtas esamos teorinės ir praktinės darbo sutarties nutraukimo pagrindų problemos, siūlomos gairės interpretacijai, teisiškai vertinant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Disputes over Termination of the Employment Contract: Theory and Practice. Summary The judicial practice of settling disputes concerning termination of the employment contract matters is developing until now, and the application of labor laws in the labour legal relations practice often determines the problems; the abstruse, sometimes even contradictory, and under current regulations fraught legal situations occur. Firstly, peculiarities of the disputes concerning the employment contract are discussed in the master’s work, then the importance of labour disputes over termination of the employment contract, as the individual labour disputes, is explained and the features of hearing of such labour disputes in courts are laid out. The new position on the particularity of the current grounds of the termination of the employment contract is defined in both theoretical, and practical aspects; features of disputes concerning termination of the employment contract are examined in comprehensive way, focusing on the grounds of termination of the employment contract, which are the most topical and problematic under the evolving labor market and social policy trends, such as the termination of an employment contract a) by agreement between the parties; b) on the initiative of an employer without any fault on the part of an employee; c) through the employee’s fault; d) if an employer recognises that the results of a trial to assess the suitability of an employee for the assigned task are... [to full text]

Iki šiol bankrutuojančios įmonės sandorių ginčijimas teoriniu lygmeniu nebuvo sistemiškai išanalizuotas, daugeliu atveju tik menkai užsimenama apie sandorių ginčijimo specifiką bankroto procese analizuojant atskirus sandorių negaliojimo atvejus. Lietuvos Respublikos teisinėje sistemoje nėra numatyti specialūs bankrutuojančios įmonės sudarytų sandorių ginčijimo pagrindai, todėl tokie sandoriai yra ginčijami visais LR CK numatytais sandorių negaliojimo pagrindais. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad sandorių negaliojimo institutas sukelia sunkias teisines pasekmes, šio instituto naudojimas turi būti pamatuotas, todėl įstatymų leidėjas nustatė asmenų ratą, kurie turi teisę kreiptis dėl sandorio pripažinimo negaliojančiu. Bankroto procese tokie asmenys yra bankroto administratorius, kreditoriai, bankrutuojančios įmonės akcininkai. Vertinant bankrutuojančios įmonės sandorių negaliojimo pagrindus, kuriais yra ginčijami sudaryti sandoriai, daroma išvada, kad dažniausiai taikomas pagrindas yra actio Pauliana, tuo tarpu netiesioginis ieškinys pažeistoms teisėms apginti taikomas retai. Analizuojant teismų praktiką, teisės aktus, daroma išvada, kad iki šiol įstatymo lygmeniu nėra tinkamai užtikrinamas teisių ir teisėtų interesų gynimas taikant šį institutą, kas sąlygoja šio instituto neefektyvumą. Darbe siūloma įstatymu įtvirtinti papildomus terminus, užtikrinančius civilinių bylų, susijusių su bankrutuojančios įmonės sandorių ginčijimu, spartesnį nagrinėjimą, lanksčiau taikyti teisės normas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Up to now contesting of enterprise‘s in bankruptcy transactions has not been systematically analyzed on the theoretical level. In most cases specifics of transactions contesting in bankruptcy proceedings are only briefly mentioned when analyzing certain grounds of invalidity of transactions. Legal system of the Republic of Lithuania does not provide specific grounds for contesting the transactions of enterprise‘s in bankruptcy. Such transactions are contested on the basis of all invalidity of transaction grounds provided in RL CC. Taking into account the fact that the use of the invalidity of transactions institute causes serious legal consequences, legislation has been adopted to limit a range of individuals who are eligible to apply for the recognition of the transaction as invalid. In bankruptcy proceedings the ones eligible are bankruptcy administrator, creditors, shareholders of enterprise‘s in bankruptcy. The grounds for enterprise‘s in bankruptcy transactions to be recognized as invalid are used to contest discussed transactions. Analyzing this process leads to the conclusion that actio Pauliana is the most popular of all the grounds used to defend violated rights, while indirect action is rarely used in such cases. Based on the study of Court practice and legislation it can be concluded that when using the invalidity of transactions institute related rights and legitimate interests are still not properly ensured and that results in institute’s inefficiency. It is... [to full text]

This thesis proposes that moral development, specifically teaching students to be caring and compassionate, should be a goal of high school education. The research sought evidence of moral education taught explicitly within the public high school system of Canada’s English-speaking provinces using four indicators: graduation requirements, provincial governments’ purposes of education, high school curricula and school division mission statements. Findings reveal that although departments of education and school boards express concern for students’ moral development in educational goals and supplementary programming, there is very little follow-through to the classroom and students. No graduation requirements or courses were found pertaining to moral education. Using key search terms it was also determined that any related curriculum content, embedded in other subjects, constitutes only minor portions of courses. Recommended is an increase in mandatory moral education at the high school level, focusing on interpersonal relations and the ethic of care.

Didėjantis mirštamumas, įvairių ligų atsiradimas ir progresavimas, nelaimingi įvykiai bei kitos socialinės problemos stipriai įtakoją kiekvieno mūsų gyvenimą. Nesaugumas, baimė yra daugelio palydovas. Socialinių problemų sprendimas yra vienas būdų sotesnės, sveikesnės, saugesnės ir laimingesnės visuomenės link. Socialinės rinkodaros kampanijos yra vykdomas visame pasaulyje, todėl reikšminga ir svarbu nagrinėti jų teikiamą naudą bei tiklsų įgyvendinimą. Darbo tikslas: išnagrinėti socialinės rinkodaros efektų bei efektyvumo vertinimo problematiką. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Apibrėžti socialinę rinkodarą ir jos sampratą. 2. Identifikuoti socialinės ir komercinės rinkodaros skirtumus. 3. Apžvelgti socialinės rinkodaros efektus. 4. Aptarti socialinės rinkodaros efektyvumą. 5. Pritaikyti teorinius socialinės rinkodaros konceptus konkrečių socialinės rinkodaros kampanijų analizei. 6. Ištirti pasirinktos socialinės rinkodaros kampanijos dalyvių požiūrį į kampanijos priemones ir efektyvumą. Darbą sudaro įvadas ir trys dalys, pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados. Pirmoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjama socialinės rinkodaros samprata teoriniu aspektu. Antroje darbo dalyje analizuojami socialinės rinkodaros efektai ir efektyvumas, kultūros įtaka jiems. Praktinėje darbo dalyje pateiktas atliktas socialinės rinkodaros kampanijos tyrimas, žinomumo ir efektyvumo vertinimas. Darbo gale pateiktos išvados, kurių pagrindinės yra šios: Socialinė ir komercinė rinkodara turi bendrų bruožų, tačiau esminis jų skirtumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Nowadays our lives are strongly influenced by the increased mortality and rising or progressing of various diseases, accidents and other social issues. Insecurity and fear are the companions of the majority of us. Solving various social problems is the way towards healthier, safer and happier society. Social marketing campaigns are conducted throughout the world, so it is crucial to examine their benefits and the exact implementation. The most desirable effect of these campaigns is the behavioral change, but intermediate effects, as the change in knowledge or attitude are also possible. The greater the change in behavior, the more effective the campaign is considered. The aim of the work: consider the effects and efficiency assessment problems. The goals of the work: 1. Define concept if social marketing. 2. To identify the differences of the social and commercial marketing. 3. To review the effects of social marketing. 4. Discuss social marketing efficiency. 5. Apply theoretical concepts of social marketing to specific social marketing campaign analysis. 6. To investigate the participants' attitude of social marketing campaign measures and efficiency. The methods of the work: while writing the work, information of the scientific articles, books and internet sources was used and a quantitative survey was conducted. This work presents a theoretical concept of social marketing, identifies and provides details of components of social marketing. It also analyzes the effects and... [to full text]

The purpose of this study was to examine how some child welfare case workers say they go about to give children in foster homes the opportunity to be heard. The idea was also to examine how much weight is given to the children’s views and if the respondents believe that the childrens right to be heard has improved over the time they have been working with foster children and if so, how? The study was conducted by using qualitative research method and the analysis of the results was made using Shier’s model of childrens participation. The results have also been tied to previous research in the area. The conclusions of this study was that according to the respondents it’s important that they get to know the children well so that the children can have confidence enough to speak their minds. They feel it is important that the children are listened to and the childrens views also have some influence in decision-making. The respondents also believe that the opportunities for the children to express their opinions have strengthened in recent years.

In a time of rapid development of technologies, new forms of contracting online emerge. Two of these are analyzed in this thesis: click-wrap agreements (where an offer is accepted by way of clicking on an icon “I agree”) and browse-wrap agreements (where the offeree supposedly accepts the offer by browsing on a website, while the terms to the contract are accessible through an inconspicuous hyperlink). Click-wrap agreements are formed, they are accepted in a manner recognized as binding and the offeree knows the terms she assents to. Browse-wrap agreements are generally not formed. Even though the action of browsing on a website could indicate assent, the offeree must know that the act of browsing will be construed as acceptance. But the offeree is generally not made aware of the terms to the contract and thus cannot assent to what she is not aware of. However, if the offeree is in fact aware of the terms to the contract and still knowingly performs the action of browsing, a contract is formed and the offeree is bound. There are some doctrinal problems with an element of an offer – intent to be bound. E-contracting involves a great deal or recklessness by the offerors as well as offerees, leading to the conclusion that the action of clicking “I agree” does not really indicate the intent of the party who performs the act, to actually agree. There is no adequate answer to this problem presently. To sum up, the enforceability of click-wrap contracts is settled in courts, it is a... [to full text] / Besivystant technologijoms keičiasi ir sutarčių sudarymo būdai: dėl mažesnių kaštų ir patogumo populiarėja sutartys elektroninėje erdvėje. Prie to turi prisitaikyti ir teisinė aplinka, todėl šiame magistro darbe yra aptariamos dvi sąlyginai naujos sutarčių sudarymo formos. Viena jų – spragtelėjimu sudaroma sutartis (angl. – click-wrap agreement). Čia oferentas akceptuoja sutarties sąlygas, paspausdamas monitoriaus ekrane ikoną „Sutinku“ ar pan. O situacija, kai sutartis turėtų būti sudaroma naršymu (angl. – browse-wrap agreement) – kiek sudėtingesnė, čia oferentas turėtų išreikšti savo sutikimą vien naršydamas internetinėje svetainėje, tačiau informacija, apie tai, jog naršymas bus laikomas sutikimu galima rasti spragtelėjus ant saito (angl. – hyperlink), kuris neretai būna pateikiamas puslapio apačioje, bet apie nuorodą su sutarties sąlygomis ir akceptavimo būdu oferentas nėra informuojamas, dažnai apie ją net nežino. Šiame darbe spragtelėjimu ir naršymu sudaromos sutartys analizuojamos kaip abstrakčios teisės koncepcijos, aptariamas jų pagrįstumas, tinkamumas. Lietuvos ir Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų nacionalinės teisės sprendimai darbe aptariami lyginamuoju aspektu. Pirmiausia privalu išsiaiškinti ar galima sudaryti sandorius elektroninėmis (ne tik ryšio) priemonėmis. Nors elektroninėmis ryšio priemonėmis perduodama informacija prilyginama rašytiniams dokumentams (taigi, taip sudaromos sutartys tikrai galioja), spragtelėjimu ar naršymu sudaromų sutarčių atveju, ši teisinė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This thesis proposes that moral development, specifically teaching students to be caring and compassionate, should be a goal of high school education. The research sought evidence of moral education taught explicitly within the public high school system of Canada’s English-speaking provinces using four indicators: graduation requirements, provincial governments’ purposes of education, high school curricula and school division mission statements. Findings reveal that although departments of education and school boards express concern for students’ moral development in educational goals and supplementary programming, there is very little follow-through to the classroom and students. No graduation requirements or courses were found pertaining to moral education. Using key search terms it was also determined that any related curriculum content, embedded in other subjects, constitutes only minor portions of courses. Recommended is an increase in mandatory moral education at the high school level, focusing on interpersonal relations and the ethic of care.

The purpose of this thesis is to create a deeper and also a better understanding about how each of the professional secrecy and obligation to report are perceived from auditors and further investigate how the potential conflicts based on independence and “can be suspect” are handled by the auditors. The purpose has been achieved through interviews with four different accounting firms. The interviews were conducted with Grant Thornton, BDO Mälardalen AB, PwC and KPMG to answer the research questions. Subsequently, a hermeneutic approach was used to since the interpretation of the interviews was considered as important to obtain knowledge of the respondent’s perception about the topic. In the analyze chapter have dataset from the reference framework and empirical part been used to implement the analyze of the thesis. The study shows that the professional secrecy is important for creating a good relationship with clients and is not considered as a rule that create conflicts for auditors. The obligation to report, however, is creating conflicts because of the lack of knowledge in assessment of economic crimes. The auditors therefore decide to investigate a situation that “can be suspect” beyond what is intended. To not become dependent on the clients, there are rules and profession practices that are used and also examples like not having friends or family members as clients. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att skapa oss en djupare samt bättre förståelse om hur respektive av - samt anmälningsplikten uppfattas av revisorer och vidare undersöka hur eventuella konflikter med utgångspunkt för oberoende ställning samt vid ”kan misstänkas” situationer hanteras av revisorer. För att uppnå syftet, har intervjuer med fyra olika revisionsbyråer genomförts. Intervjuerna har genomförts med Grant Thornton, BDO Mälardalen AB, PwC samt KPMG genomförts för att kunna besvara forskningsfrågorna. Därefter har en hermeneutik synsätt använts då tolkning av intervjumaterialen ansågs viktig för att kunna få kunskap för respondenternas uppfattning kring ämnesvalet. I analysavsnittet har sedan datamaterial från referensramen samt empiridelen använts för att kunna genomföra en analys av uppsatsen. Denna studie visar tystnadsplikten är viktig för att kunna skapa en bra relation med klienterna och anses inte skapa konflikter för revisorer i någon stor bemärkning. Anmälningsplikten skapar dock problem på grund av bristen på kunskap inom bedömning av brott hos revisorer. Revisorerna väljer därför att utreda en situation vid brottsmisstanke längre än vad som avses. För att inte bli beroende av sina klienter finns regler och praxis inom yrket som används samt genom att till exempel inte ha vänner och bekanta som klienter menar respondenterna.