Submitted by Claudio Meilman Ferreira (claudio.meilman@gmail.com) on 2017-01-05T15:53:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio_Ferreira - Dissertação_Final.pdf: 1435979 bytes, checksum: f28673c2b369335f45c63beb6e43c635 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-01-06T13:51:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio_Ferreira - Dissertação_Final.pdf: 1435979 bytes, checksum: f28673c2b369335f45c63beb6e43c635 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T12:18:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudio_Ferreira - Dissertação_Final.pdf: 1435979 bytes, checksum: f28673c2b369335f45c63beb6e43c635 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-06 / The impact of economic incentives on healthier eating is unclear, particularly in the long-term (i.e., after the intervention period). This research assessed the short- and long-term effectiveness of a private nutrition company’s promotion initiative in school cafeterias in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Two hundred and eight children and adolescents from 3 schools participated in a short-lived, lottery-based incentives program contingent on the purchase of locally promoted healthy products. One hundred and forty-four children and adolescents from a fourth comparable school served as controls. A multilevel model compared the average number of promoted healthy products purchased daily per participant before (26 weekdays), during (9 weekdays), and after (28 weekdays) the intervention period. The results indicate a clear short-term effect. The incentives program significantly increased the purchase of promoted healthy products during (vs. before) the intervention period in the treated schools, specially among girls and younger children. On average, no long-term effect was observed. The purchase of the promoted healthy products returned to pre-intervention levels immediately after the removal of the incentives program. Interestingly, a detailed analysis revealed a rather heterogeneous long-term effect based on past consumption behavior. The incentive promoted a positive long-term effect on the children who had never consumed the incentivized healthier products prior to the intervention, whereas a negative long-term effect was noted for the already habitual consumers of the targeted healthier products. Past consumption behavior must be taken into consideration for a complete understanding of the long-term effects of incentives on healthier eating. / O impacto de incentivos econômicos sobre a alimentação saudável não é claro, particularmente no longo prazo (ou seja, após o período da intervenção). Esta pesquisa avaliou a eficácia de curto e longo prazo de uma iniciativa de promoção de uma empresa de nutrição privada em cantinas escolares em Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Duzentas e oito crianças e adolescentes de três escolas participaram de um programa de incentivos de curta duração baseado em um sorteio, condicionado à compra de produtos saudáveis promovidos localmente. Cento e quarenta e quatro crianças e adolescentes de uma quarta escola comparável serviram como controles. Um modelo multinível comparou o número médio de produtos saudáveis promovidos adquiridos diariamente por participante antes (26 dias úteis), durante (9 dias úteis) e após (28 dias úteis) o período da intervenção. Os resultados indicam um efeito claro de curto prazo. O programa de incentivos aumentou significativamente a compra de produtos saudáveis promovidos durante o período da intervenção (vs. antes) nas escolas tratadas, especialmente entre as meninas e crianças mais novas. Em média, nenhum efeito de longo prazo foi observado. A compra dos produtos saudáveis promovidos retornou aos níveis pré-intervenção imediatamente após a remoção do programa de incentivos. Curiosamente, uma análise detalhada revelou um efeito bastante heterogêneo de longo prazo baseado no comportamento prévio de consumo dos indivíduos. O incentivo promoveu um efeito positivo de longo prazo sobre as crianças que nunca haviam consumido os produtos promovidos e saudáveis antes da intervenção, ao passo que um efeito negativo de longo prazo foi observado para os consumidores já habituais dos produtos mais saudáveis visados. O comportamento do consumo passado deve ser levado em consideração para uma melhor compreensão dos efeitos de longo prazo de incentivos sobre uma alimentação mais saudável.

Uppsatsen presenterar två studier som med den socialpsykologiska modellen ’teorin om planerat beteende’ (Ajzen, 1991) undersöker hur väl en webbaserad måltidsplaneringstjänst lyckas med att få dess användare att regelbundet äta varierat. Tjänsten bestod huvudsakligen av en sökbar receptdatabas på 250 recept, en kalender för att planera in recepten i, och en inköpslista som genererades automatiskt utifrån recepten i kalendern. Tjänsten byggdes under tiden som uppsatsen skrevs, och författaren deltog som interaktionsdesigner i detta projekt. I  uppsatsen presenteras  två sekventiella studier för att mäta användarnas intention till beteendet. I vardera studie presenteras först webbtjänsten och den funktionalitet den hade vid tiden för testet. Detta följs av en hypotes om tjänstens påverkan över användarnas vilja att äta varierat. I vardera studie genomfördes sedan ett användartest av tjänsten, där 13 respektive 15 personer fick använda webbsidan och svara på enkätfrågor. Enkäterna mätte attityd, subjektiv norm, upplevd beteendekontroll och intention till beteendet att regelbundet äta varierat, och en mätning gjordes före och en efter användartestet av tjänsten. Testen visade på signifikanta ökningar för användarna givet att de skulle använda tjänsten; för upplevd beteendekontroll i den första studien; för subjektiv norm i den andra studien, och för intention i båda studierna. Uppsatsen presenterar också interaktionsdesignsbeslut tagna för att anpassa tjänsten efter resultaten av mätningarna av användarnas intention. Avslutningsvis lyfter författaren fram forskningsfrågor för framtida studier i ämnet att förjupa sig i. / This report used the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991); a model from social psychology, to determine how well an online meal planning service succeeds in making its users regularly eat varied. The service consisted mainly of a searchable recipe database of 250 recipes, a calendar to schedule the recipes, and a shopping list that was generated automatically from the recipes in the calendar. The service was being constructed during the time that this report was written, and the author participated as an interaction designer in this project. The report consists of two sequential studies to measure the users’ intention to the behavior of interest. In each study are first presented the meal planning service and its current functionality by the time of the testing; followed by a hypothesis about the effect it should have on the user's intent to regularly eat varied. In each study were then held a user testing of the product, where 13 and 15 people, respectively, were using the website and answering survey questions. The questionnaires were measuring attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and intention to the behavior to regularly eat varied, and these measurements were made once before and once after the user test of the product. The tests showed significant increases for the users given that they would use the service; for perceived behavioral control in the first study; for subjective norm in the second study, and for intention in of both studies. The report also presents interaction design decisions made to adapt the service due to the results of the measurements of the users' intention. Finally, the author presents his proposals for future research work in this domain.

Abstract Information technologies have opened new opportunities to develop persuasive systems that support people to adopt and sustain healthy behaviors. Both web-based and ubiquitous information systems have shown promising results in supporting people to adopt healthy routines. Persuasive systems have therefore received increasing attention from researchers over the past decade. Behavior Change Support Systems are an object of persuasive technology. These systems are designed to facilitate behavior change process over an extended period of time. This dissertation comprises of six studies, including two investigative, two experimental, and two field studies. An effort has been made to consecutively build these studies to formulate a central research question: To what extent virtual rehearsal augmented with reminders influence overall efficacy of health Behavior Change Support Systems? The primary theoretical underpinning is the Persuasive Systems Design model, which highlights seven postulates and twenty-eight software features for developing Behavior Change Support Systems. However, in the presented work, reminders and virtual rehearsal are explicitly studied. The interplay between these software features is examined through using a mixed-method research approach, using qualitative methodology as a core research approach. The results indicate that carefully selected and integrated persuasive software features have significant impact on the overall efficacy of Behavior Change Support Systems. Presented work addresses health behavioral change as a critical aspect of healthcare, and also extends contemporary research on critical issues in healthcare including task adherence, attrition and compliance. / Tiivistelmä Uudet informaatioteknologiat ovat mahdollistaneet sellaisten vakuuttavien järjestelmien kehittämisen, jotka voivat tukea terveellisten käyttäytymismallien omaksumisessa ja niiden ylläpitämisessä. Sekä web-pohjaisilla että jokapaikan tietojärjestelmillä on saatu lupaavia tuloksia terveellisten rutiinien omaksumisessa. Vakuuttavat järjestelmät ovat näin viimeisen vuosikymmenen aikana saaneet kasvavaa huomiota tutkijoilta. Yksi vakuuttavan teknologian tutkimuskohteista on käyttäytymisen muutoksen tukijärjestelmät. Nämä järjestelmät on suunniteltu helpottamaan käyttäytymisen muutoksessa pitkähkön aikajakson kuluessa. Tämä väitöskirja koostuu kuudesta tutkimuksesta, sisältäen kaksi eksploratiivista, kaksi kokeellista ja kaksi kenttätutkimusta. Kyseiset tutkimukset on suunnitelut siten, että on voitu muodostaa yksi keskeinen tutkimuskysymys: Missä määrin virtuaalinen harjoittelu yhdessä muistutusten kanssa voi vaikuttaa käyttäytymisen muutoksen tukijärjestelmien tehokkuuteen? Pääasiallisena teoreettisena pohjana toimii vakuuttavien järjestelmien PSD-suunnittelumenetelmä (Persuasive Systems Design Model), joka korostaa seitsemää perusoletusta ja 28 ohjelmisto-ominaisuutta tällaisten käyttäytymisen muutoksen tukijärjestelmien kehittämisessä. Tässä väitöskirjassa on keskitytty tutkimaan erityisesti virtuaalisia muistutuksia ja virtuaalista harjoittelua. Kyseisiä ohjelmisto-ominaisuuksia on tarkasteltu käyttämällä mixed-method -tutkimustapaa erityisesti laadullisella tutkimusotteella. Tässä tutkimuksessa saadut tulokset osoittavat, että järjestelmien huolella valituilla ja toteutetuilla vakuuttavilla ominaisuuksilla on merkittävä vaikutus käyttäytymisen muutoksen tukijärjestelmien tehokkuuteen. Väitös osoittaa terveyskäyttäytymisen muutoksen olevan kriittinen osa terveydenhoitoa. Väitöstyö myös lisää terveydenhoidon tietämystä sen kriittisissä ongelmissa, erityisesti harjoituksiin sitoutumisessa tai vastaavasti harjoitusten tekemättä jättämisessä ylipäätään ja ohjeiden noudattamisessa.

The objective of this thesis is to examine the meaning of the language used in an Entertainment-Education (E-E) radio serial drama RockPoint 256 (RP256) and its representation of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) and HIV/AIDS. The theoretical framework that is used to guide this study is the Cultural Studies perspective. Using Cultural Studies is instrumental to a study such as this that looks to find the source of meaning in RP256’s discourse (Hall, 1993, 105). The methodological research design used is discourse analysis that examines the oral and written data of RP256. Discourse analysis “focuses on the way language is used, what it is used for, and the social context in which it is used” (Punch, 1998, 226). There were two types of discourse analyses used. Gee’s (1999) discourse analysis is used to analyse the linguistic nature of the texts at a micro level while, Fairclough’s (1989) discourse analysis is used to observe the overarching meaning of the discourse found in RP256 at the macro level. The analysis of the data indicates that the representation of PLHA is a product of the societal and cultural markers that are a result of ideological labels given to HIV/AIDS and PLHA. The study concludes that PLHA are ostracised, stigmatized, live in poverty and are mostly women. The societal and cultural markers indicate that HIV/AIDS is still viewed as a plague and as a result PLHA are often silenced, marginalized, and discriminated against in Uganda.

Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate how physical activity (PA) can be effectively promoted in cancer survivors. The effect of PA-promoting interventions in general, behavior change techniques (BCTs), and further variables as moderators in particular are evaluated. Methods: This study included randomized controlled trials of lifestyle interventions aiming at an increase in PA that can be carried out independently at home, published by December 2016, for adults diagnosed with cancer after completion of the main treatment. Primary outcomes were subjective and objective measures of PA prior to and immediately after the intervention. Meta-analysis and meta-regression were used to estimate effect sizes (ES) in terms of standardized mean differences, variation between ES in terms of heterogeneity indices (I2), and moderator effects in terms of regression coefficients. Results: This study included 30 studies containing 45 ES with an overall significant small positive effect size of 0.28 (95% confidence interval=0.18–0.37) on PA, and I2=54.29%. The BCTs Prompts, Reduce prompts, Graded tasks, Non-specific reward, and Social reward were significantly related to larger effects, while Information about health consequences and Information about emotional consequences, as well as Social comparison were related to smaller ES. The number of BCTs per intervention did not predict PA effects. Interventions based on the Theory of Planned Behavior were associated with smaller ES, and interventions with a home-based setting component were associated with larger ES. Neither the duration of the intervention nor the methodological quality explained differences in ES. Conclusion: Certain BCTs were associated with an increase of PA in cancer survivors. Interventions relying on BCTs congruent with (social) learning theory such as using prompts and rewards could be especially successful in this target group. However, large parts of between-study heterogeneity in ES remained unexplained. Further primary studies should directly compare specific BCTs and their combinations.

Heutzutage erfüllen nur 35 % der Deutschen das empfohlene Maß an körperlicher Bewegung (Robert Koch Institute, 2015). Ein möglicher Grund für diese Inaktivität ist, dass die körperliche Betätigung am Arbeitsplatz sich in den letzten Jahren um insgesamt 28% verringert hat (Wilke, Ashton, Elis, Biallas, & Froböse, 2015). Um dieser Entwicklung entgegenzuwirken, evaluiert die vorliegende Dissertation eine mHealth Intervention bestehend aus Fitnessarmbändern und einem Online Coach, welche die Bewegung von inaktiven Beschäftigten mit Gesundheitsrisiko fördern soll. Zusätzlich wird das Occupational Health Behavior Change (OHBC) Modell als theoretische Grundlage für Veränderungen von Gesundheitsverhalten im betrieblichen Kontext entwickelt. Das OHBC Modell verbindet ein gesundheitspsychologisches Modell mit einem Modell aus dem Bereich der Arbeits-& Organisationspsychologie und stellt die Grundlage für die beiden veröffentlichten Studien der Dissertation dar. Studie I bewertet den Effekt der Intervention auf körperliche Gesundheit und arbeitsbezogenem Wohlbefinden anhand eines randomisiert kontrollierten Studiendesigns und unter Berücksichtigung von Langzeiteffekten. Beschäftigte in der Interventionsgruppe zeigten eine Verbesserung ihrer physischen Gesundheit bis zu einem Jahr nach der Intervention, jedoch wurde kein Effekt auf arbeitsbezogenes Wohlbefinden gefunden. Studie II zeigt, dass die Schrittanzahl und die Beeinträchtigung des Wohlbefindens während der Intervention verbessert werden und beantwortet weiterführende Fragen über die Effektivität der Intervention anhand von modernen statistischen Methoden. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse der beiden Studien diskutiert und dabei die Struktur des neu kreierten OHBC Modells überprüft. Insgesamt zeigt die vorliegende Dissertation, dass Fitnessarmbändern kombiniert mit einem Online Coach eine effektive Intervention darstellen, um körperliche Aktivität, physische Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden von Beschäftigten zu fördern. / Nowadays only 35% of the German population performs the recommended amount of physical activity (Robert Koch Institute, 2015). A reason for this inactivity might be that the amount of moderate to vigorous physical activities at work (e.g., brisk walking or moving heavy loads) has diminished by about 28% within the last decades (Wilke et al., 2015). To counteract this alarming development, this dissertation evaluates an mHealth intervention that aims to promote physical activity in the working environment. In particular, this intervention combines activity trackers with an online coach to promote physical activity among inactive employees at risk. Furthermore, this dissertation creates the Occupational Health Behavior Change (OHBC) model as a theoretical framework for changing health behavior within a work setting by combining a model of the health psychology with a model of the industrial and organizational psychology. The model functions as the basis for the two published studies of the dissertation. Study 1 evaluated the intervention by using a randomized controlled trial design and assessed long-term effects on employees’ physical health and work-related well-being. The results show that employees in the intervention group improved their physical health up to one year after the intervention whereas no effect was found for work-related well-being. Study 2 shows that the number of steps and impaired well-being were improved during the intervention and clarified several additional questions about the intervention’s efficacy by applying modern statistical methods. Finally, the findings of the studies were discussed and the theoretical structure of the newly created OHBC model was reviewed based on the studies’ results. Taken together, the overall findings show that combining activity trackers with an online coach constitutes an effective intervention for occupational health promotion with the aim of promoting physical activity, health and well-being among employees.

Obesity and the number overweight of children are currently major global issues. According to the Regional Office for Europe (2006) obesity has risen three times over the last two decades worldwide. The attention is currently focused on health promotion and disease prevention among the population through comprehensive health education starting in the early age of individuals, aimed to slow down the increasing incidence of obesity and related health issues. This thesis discusses the pedagogical aspects of health, specifically the options on how to shape nutritional habits of elementary and middle school students and how to systematically deepen the required knowledge about healthy nutrition by implementation of nutrition education programs. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between dietary habits and healthy nutrition knowledge of grade nine students in elementary schools from the South Bohemian region in Czech Republic. A validated Nutritional survey and Nutritional knowledge quiz were designed to determine the relationship between knowledge and behavior of grade nine students from South Bohemia elementary schools. The validity of the Nutritional survey and the Nutritional knowledge quiz were tested using analytical analysis of all survey and test items and examining...

Konsumtion av animaliska livsmedel är ett område som får allt mer fokus och utrymme i media och samhällsdebatt på grund av dess negativa miljöpåverkan. Med utgångspunkt i marknadsföringens potential att påverka konsumenters dagliga livsmedelsval är uppsatsens syfte att utforska attityder och associationer kring begrepp som vanligen används inom produktkommunikation för växtbaserade produkter. Målsättning är att förändra konsumtionsmönster och öka efterfrågan av växtbaserade produkter. En kvalitativ ansats i form av asynkrona online-fokusgrupper och teoretisk utgångspunkt i Theory of planned behavior visar generellt positiva attityder kring ökat intag av växtbaserad mat grundat i hälso- och miljöfördelar men även en rad upplevda subjektiva och strukturella hinder. Positiva associationer i relation till kost framkom för ordet växtbaserad och delvis negativa, icke-kostrelaterade associationer till ordet vegan. Studiens resultat indikerar att produktkommunikation som förknippas med hälsofördelar är att föredra men mer omfattande forskning kring hur terminologi påverkar beslut om köp och konsumtion rekommenderas. / The consumption of animal food is an area that is gaining more focus and scope in the media and social debate due to its negative environmental impact. Based on the potential of marketing to influence consumers' daily food choices, the thesis aims to explore attitudes and associations in relation to concepts customarily used in product communication for plant-based products. Objective is to change consumption patterns and increase demand for plant-based products. A qualitative approach of online asynchronous focus groups and theoretical starting point in Theory of planned behavior shows generally positive attitudes towards increasing intake of plant-based food based on health and environmental benefits but also a number of perceived subjective and structural barriers. Positive associations in relation to diet were found for the word plant-based and partly negative associations, un-related to diet, to the word vegan. The study's results indicate that product communication associated with health benefits is preferred but more extensive research on how terminology associations affect purchasing and consumption decisions is recommended.

Studien undersöker hur design kan främja positiva beteendeförändringar för vuxna gamers, med fokus på hållbarhet. Gaming är den snabbast växande nöjesindustrin och med det ökar omsättningen av tillbehören gamers använder. Elektroniskt avfall är ett snabbt växande problem där användarna inte ser hur sin roll som konsumenter kan göra skillnad, samtidigt som de pressar tillverkarna till att agera mer hållbart. En designprocess påvisar hur motivation från normativ och social press kan facilitera interaktioner till att forma användarens beteenden positivt. Genom en identifierad ovilja om att förändras från både nuvarande tillverkare och konsumenter av gamingrelaterade tillbehör, påvisar studiens resultat att det inte räcker med att fokusera på hållbara alternativ för att facilitera ett hållbart beteende. Ur designprocessen framställs ett designbidrag, Kolla klockan, som exemplifierar hur en designer kan arbeta med användarbeteenden som verktyg för hållbar utveckling, istället för mer traditionella metoder som vanligtvis föreslås i en sådan process. / This study examines how design can promote positive behavioral change for adult gamers, focusing on sustainable behaviors. Gaming is the fastest growing segment within the entertainment industry and the growth is contributing to a raised number of accessories gamers consume. Electronic waste is a growing concern where the user doesn’t see themselves as a part of the problem, but at the same time pressure the manufacturers to act sustainable. A design process shows how motivation from norms and social pressure can facilitate interactions that shapes the user behavior in a positive way. By identifying an unwillingness to change from both the manufacturers and consumers of gaming accessories, the study shows that it is not enough to develop sustainable alternatives if one aims to facilitate a sustainable behavior. From the design process the study creates a design proposal, Kolla klockan, that exemplifies how a designer can work with sustainable development from the use of behavioral change as a tool to do so, instead of the more traditional methods more commonly promoted within the field of design.

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