Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The tobacco industry of South Africa has fallen under strict legislation and control measures from the South African government since the passing of the initial Tobacco Products Control Act, 1993. Further amendments have been made to the initial act, namely Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act, 1999 and the proposed Tobacco Products Control Amendment Bill, 2004. This assignment emerges against the backdrop of the alcoholic beverage industry coming under similar scrutiny to that of the tobacco industry from government legislation and control measures The main objective of this assignment was to discover the similarities, if any, between the tobacco industry and the alcoholic beverage industry of South Africa, specifically with regard to their advertising practices before legislation. The purpose of this assignment is to discover whether or not the alcoholic beverage industry can learn from the example of the tobacco industry in order to maintain its self-regulation, rather than to fall under the control of State regulation and legislation. The literature and empirical study sought to achieve the following four objectives: 1.) To gain a thorough understanding of the tobacco legislation on a global scale; 2.) To analyse the control measures and legislation of tobacco in a South African context; 3.) To identify any similarities between the tobacco industry and alcoholic beverage industry of South Africa and 4.) To identify means in which the alcoholic beverage industry can work with the State in order to maintain the self-regulation of its industry. Findings indicate that similarities arise when comparing tobacco and alcohol, as both of them have addictive qualities, are often used from a very young age and both have laws prohibiting sale to minors. The success gained in South Africa with regard to anti-tobacco initiatives and government legislation since the introduction of the first Tobacco Act in 1993, has led to certain members of society feeling that similar, if not the same, strict strategies and / or legislative measures should be used to address the public health problems relating to alcohol. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse tabaknywerheid val onder streng wetgewing en beheermaatreëls deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering sedert die aanvanklike Wet op die Beheer van Tabakprodukte, 1993 aanvaar is. Verdere wysigings op die aanvanklike wet is aanvaar, naamlik die Wysigingswet op die Beheer van Tabakprodukte, 1999 en die voorgestelde Wysigingswetsontwerp op die Beheer van Tabakprodukte, 2004. Hierdie werk spruit voort teen die agtergrond van die alkoholdranknywerheid wat onder 'n soortgelyke soeklig geplaas is as die tabaknywerheid by wyse van regeringswetgewing en beheermaatreëls. Die hoofoogmerk van hierdie werk was om die ooreenkomste, indien enige, vas te stel tussen die tabaknywerheid en die alkoholdranknywerheid van Suid-Afrika, spesifiek met betrekking tot hul adverteringspraktyke vóór wetgewing. Die doel van hierdie werk was om vas te stel of die alkoholdranknywerheid uit die voorbeeld van die tabaknywerheid kan leer aldan nie, met die oog op die voortsetting van sy selfbeheer, eerder as om onder die beheer van Staatsregulering en wetgewing te val. Die bronmateriaal en empiriese studie was daarop toegespits om die volgende vier doelwitte te bereik: 1.) Om 'n behoorlike begrip te verkry van tabakwetgewing op 'n globale skaal; 2.) Om die beheermaatreëls en wetgewing oor tabak in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks te analiseer; 3.) Om enige ooreenkomste tussen die tabak- en die alkoholdranknywerheid in Suid-Afrika te identifiseer en 4.) Om wyses te identifiseer waardeur die alkoholdranknywerheid met die Staat kan saamwerk om die selfbeheer van die nywerheid te behou. Bevindinge dui aan dat ooreenkomste wel ontstaan wanneer tabak en alkohol met mekaar vergelyk word, veral omdat albei verslawende eienskappe bevat, dikwels deur persone vanaf 'n baie jong ouderdom gebruik word en dat wetgewing albei verbied om aan minderjariges verkoop te word. Die sukses wat in Suid-Afrika rakende anti-tabakinisiatiewe en wetgewing behaal is sedert die inwerkingstelling van die eerste Wet op die Beheer van Tabak in 1993 het daartoe gelei dat sekere lede van die gemeenskap van mening is dat soortgelyke, indien nie dieselfde nie, streng strategieë en/of wetgewende maatreëls aangewend behoort te word om die openbare gesondheidsprobleme rakende alkohol aan te spreek.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / PURPOSE: To assess the long-term effect of a 2% aqueous chlorhexidine (CHX) solution on bond strength to artificially eroded dentin compared to sound dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flat mid-coronal dentin surfaces of extracted third molars (n = 28) were subjected only to grinding with a 600-grit SiC paper for 1 min (sound dentin S, n = 14) or additionally to erosive pH cycling with a cola-based soft-drink (eroded dentin E, n = 14). After acid etching, rinsing, and air drying, S and E were rehydrated with 1.5 μl of 2% CHX (S2%, n = 7; E2%, n = 7) or of distilled water (control SC, n = 7; EC, n = 7). Composite buildups were incrementally constructed with Filtek Z350 following Adper Single Bond 2 application. Specimens were sectioned into beams, which were subjected to microtensile testing immediately or after 6 or 12 months of aging. Fractured surfaces were observed under a digital microscope (50X magnification). Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) (MPa) was analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05) and failure mode by the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Compared to sound dentin, eroded dentin was consistently related to lower μTBS. Immediately and after 12-month aging, the effect of CHX was insignificant, but it was significant after 6-month aging, when it conserved the bond strength to both eroded and sound dentin. The percentage of adhesive and mixed failures were equivalent, and significantly more frequent than cohesive failures, whether in dentin or in composite. CONCLUSION: The 2% CHX effect on bond strength conservation to both eroded and sound dentin was not found to be persistent. / Revisión por pares

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / PURPOSE: To assess the influence of simulated oral erosive/abrasive challenges on the bond strength of an etch-and-rinse two-step bonding system to enamel using an in situ/ex vivo protocol. METHODS: Bovine enamel blocks were prepared and randomly assigned to four groups: CONT - control (no challenge), ABR - 3x/day-1 minute toothbrushing; ERO - 3x/day - 5 minutes extraoral immersion into regular Coca Cola; and ERO+ABR - erosive protocol followed by a 1-minute toothbrushing. Eight blocks were placed into an acrylic palatal appliance for each volunteer (n = 13), who wore the appliance for 5 days. Two blocks were subjected to each of the four challenges. Subsequently, all the blocks were washed with tap water and Adper Single Bond 2/Filtek Z350 were placed. After 24 hours, 1 mm2 beams were obtained from each block to be tested with the microtensile bond strength test (50 N load at 0.5 mm/minute). The data were statistically analyzed by one-way RM-ANOVA and Tukey's tests (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: No difference was detected among the ABR, ERO, and CONT groups (P > 0.05). ERO+ABR group yielded lower bond strengths than either the ABR and ERO groups (P < 0.0113). / Revisión por pares

The issues of assurance of sources for national budgets are eternal topics which are apparently current in any phase of the economic cycle, and it holds still more for the period of recession. In response to the outbreak of a financial crisis it is always possible to see the needs of finding new sources of financing of government expenses. Even though taxation of wine is rather a marginal topic in this regard, it is necessary to ask why this is so and whether it is not just this area that hides a large potential. Taxation of wine, however, plays an important role not only as a source of incomes for the state budget, but also as a tool of regulation of consumption of this commodity, which is negatively perceived from the viewpoint of human health. The imposition of taxation of wine does not influence consumers' behaviour only, but it has also impacts on plant production in this sector. At the same time, the entire issue acquires an absolutely different dimension through the fact that the area of taxation of wine belongs among the fields which are subject to harmonisation on the part of the European Union. At the time of globalisation and continually intensifying European integration it is important to be able to gain maximum yields from these aspects of the economy. In connection with harmonisation...

Introdução - A obesidade é um problema de Saúde Pública no Brasil, onde segundo a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2008-2009 uma em cada três crianças de 5 a 9 anos está acima do peso. No ano de 2010 a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) regulamentou a propaganda de alimentos e criou regras contra abusos nos anúncios para crianças, processo iniciado em 2004 que gerou grande interesse da mídia nacional, especialmente dos jornais impressos. A resolução da ANVISA, no entanto, não está em vigor em razão de ordens judiciais obtidas pelo setor atingido pela regulamentação. Objetivo - Verificar se a regulamentação da propaganda de alimentos ultraprocessados para crianças influenciou os discursos sobre o risco de obesidade infantil veiculados na mídia brasileira, especificamente nos jornais diários. Métodos - Estudo de natureza qualitativa, descritiva e analítica, realizado sob a perspectiva da construção social do risco e por meio de levantamento da cobertura jornalística sobre a regulamentação realizada pelo jornal Folha de S. Paulo, entre os anos de 2004 e 2012. Uma amostra do material coletado foi descrita para análise do enquadramento do tema na mídia e em seguida submetemos à Análise do Discurso Crítica textos publicados anteriormente e posteriormente à regulamentação. Resultados - Foram localizados 184 textos em 143 edições, média de 23 textos por ano, e em 17 editorias. Dos textos, 28% foram publicados como opinião e 55% indicavam posição contrária à regulamentação pelo Estado. O maior número de textos sobre a regulamentação ocorreu após sua publicação e 40% das fontes ouvidas pelo jornal em reportagens tinham ligação com o mercado atingido pela regulamentação estatal e contrário a sua efetivação. Quanto mais perto o País parecia estar de uma regulamentação estatal, mais o enquadramento distanciava-se do olhar da saúde pública e aproximava-se do olhar do mercado. Houve deslocamento dos discursos sobre obesidade infantil do campo de saúde pública para o campo da liberdade de expressão. Conclusão - A regulamentação da propaganda de alimentos infantis ultraprocessados pelo governo brasileiro influenciou os discursos sobre obesidade infantil veiculados na mídia. Houve deslocamento dos discursos sobre obesidade infantil para o campo de discussões sobre a liberdade de expressão na publicidade. / Obesity is a Public Health problem in Brazil, where one in three children are fat according to a national survey. In 2010 the National Agency of Sanitary Security released a regulation on the advertisement of food and created rules to protect children. The whole process started in 2004 with great attention from the press. Nowadays the regulation is not valid because of a decision from the brazilian Justice. We aim to evaluate the construction of the obesity risk in the childhood and changes in the discourse about obesity after this regulation using the framing theory and the Analysis of Critical Discourse in texts about the regulation published in the Folha de S. Paulo newspaper. In 184 texts about the regulations checked, 28% where opinions and 55% of this were against the regulation. The most of the texts were published after 2010 and 40% of the surveys were person from the market who was the regulation\'s target. When the regulation was about to be released the news framing was more favorable to the market. The discourse on child obesity was moved from the Public Health area to the Market area, which main issue is the freedom in the communications of the market.

Introdução - A obesidade é um problema de Saúde Pública no Brasil, onde segundo a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2008-2009 uma em cada três crianças de 5 a 9 anos está acima do peso. No ano de 2010 a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) regulamentou a propaganda de alimentos e criou regras contra abusos nos anúncios para crianças, processo iniciado em 2004 que gerou grande interesse da mídia nacional, especialmente dos jornais impressos. A resolução da ANVISA, no entanto, não está em vigor em razão de ordens judiciais obtidas pelo setor atingido pela regulamentação. Objetivo - Verificar se a regulamentação da propaganda de alimentos ultraprocessados para crianças influenciou os discursos sobre o risco de obesidade infantil veiculados na mídia brasileira, especificamente nos jornais diários. Métodos - Estudo de natureza qualitativa, descritiva e analítica, realizado sob a perspectiva da construção social do risco e por meio de levantamento da cobertura jornalística sobre a regulamentação realizada pelo jornal Folha de S. Paulo, entre os anos de 2004 e 2012. Uma amostra do material coletado foi descrita para análise do enquadramento do tema na mídia e em seguida submetemos à Análise do Discurso Crítica textos publicados anteriormente e posteriormente à regulamentação. Resultados - Foram localizados 184 textos em 143 edições, média de 23 textos por ano, e em 17 editorias. Dos textos, 28% foram publicados como opinião e 55% indicavam posição contrária à regulamentação pelo Estado. O maior número de textos sobre a regulamentação ocorreu após sua publicação e 40% das fontes ouvidas pelo jornal em reportagens tinham ligação com o mercado atingido pela regulamentação estatal e contrário a sua efetivação. Quanto mais perto o País parecia estar de uma regulamentação estatal, mais o enquadramento distanciava-se do olhar da saúde pública e aproximava-se do olhar do mercado. Houve deslocamento dos discursos sobre obesidade infantil do campo de saúde pública para o campo da liberdade de expressão. Conclusão - A regulamentação da propaganda de alimentos infantis ultraprocessados pelo governo brasileiro influenciou os discursos sobre obesidade infantil veiculados na mídia. Houve deslocamento dos discursos sobre obesidade infantil para o campo de discussões sobre a liberdade de expressão na publicidade. / Obesity is a Public Health problem in Brazil, where one in three children are fat according to a national survey. In 2010 the National Agency of Sanitary Security released a regulation on the advertisement of food and created rules to protect children. The whole process started in 2004 with great attention from the press. Nowadays the regulation is not valid because of a decision from the brazilian Justice. We aim to evaluate the construction of the obesity risk in the childhood and changes in the discourse about obesity after this regulation using the framing theory and the Analysis of Critical Discourse in texts about the regulation published in the Folha de S. Paulo newspaper. In 184 texts about the regulations checked, 28% where opinions and 55% of this were against the regulation. The most of the texts were published after 2010 and 40% of the surveys were person from the market who was the regulation\'s target. When the regulation was about to be released the news framing was more favorable to the market. The discourse on child obesity was moved from the Public Health area to the Market area, which main issue is the freedom in the communications of the market.

Master of Technology Marketing Management in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013 / The advent of IT technology in particular, mobile technology has forced most of the private sector to re-evaluate how they interact and communicate with their intermediaries. Since the early 1990s most businesses have put the intermediary at the centre of their business by means of business strategies like Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solutions. However, the speed at which technology is evolving is forcing businesses to evaluate new and alternative means of managing intermediary relationships, as intermediaries now drive the economy, not businesses. The very essence of a good CRM programme is its reliance on an IT system which is advanced enough to analyse the captured intermediary data, transform that data into usable knowledge, which is then stored in a centralised, crossfunctional database or data warehouse. Most businesses agree that the goal of CRM solutions is to maximise business profits by maximising the value of interaction with intermediaries. Successful CRM businesses have strong, clearly defined business strategies that focus on the intermediary and generate a process-orientated view of the organisation. CRM functionality therefore creates a single view of the intermediary and the business as well as support to the Marketing, Sales, Order, Production and Service processes. This dissertation investigated the CRM functionality within the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) wholesale and retail liquor sector of the City of Cape Town, paying particular attention to the three channels that the liquor industry operate in. These three channels are segmented as the formal Off-premise consumption, formal On-premise consumption and the Informal Main market. The formal Off-premise consumption channel consist of the mainstream convenience and self-service liquor retailers where stock is purchased and consumed at another location by the end user. The formal On-premise consumption channel consists of venues where patrons purchase and consume liquor on the spot. The informal Main market, which is dominated by shebeens and taverns, is a combination of the Off- and On-premise consumption channels where bottle purchases and consumption occur on site together. This dissertation investigates one primary and four secondary questions within these channels. The primary question will establish whether a mobile CRM programme can be used as a marketing instrument to create a competitive advantage within the B2B licensed liquor industry of South Africa. The secondary questions establish whether intermediaries are willing to adopt CRM technology, what barriers exist, what the benefits are for both intermediary and company and whether there will be a reduction in communication costs for both parties. The South African government regulates the South African liquor industry in that only licensed outlets may trade in liquor. Within the Western Cape region, there are approximately 4,000 licensed outlets of which approximately 2,000 licences (data obtained from a leading liquor wholesalers company database) fall within the boundaries of Cape Town. A leading liquor wholesaler has legal contracts with each one of these accounts, providing a defined database from which primary research was conducted. Primary researches, in the form of quantitative interviews with a random sample of 150 intermediaries, across the three identified channels were conducted for this study. Questionnaires were used to establish how a competitive B2B mobile CRM programme can be implemented, while possible barriers and facilitators to mobile CRM were also considered. The findings produced two results: one result was expected but the second result was not expected by the researcher. The first results were that 57.5% of respondents, across all business channels, indicated their willingness to receiving a mCRM programme on their mobile devices. The unexpected finding was that 57.3% of respondents across all business channels had no idea or did not know what a CRM programme was. From these findings several recommendations are discussed namely: the implementation of a six month tactical marketing campaign which would expose intermediaries to the concepts and ideas of a CRM programme; the establishment of a comprehensively updated intermediary database; welltrained field sales staff who would support the CRM programme once implemented; a simple, easy to use and navigate mCRM programme to begin with. This programme would have to have the ability and capability to progress in the future as intermediaries become more familiar with the system; and a complete company philosophy, with a clear, holistic and coherent business strategy, that would embrace the mCRM concept to drive future growth opportunities. Key Words: business-to-business; customer relationship management; electronic customer relationship management; Information Technology and mobile customer relationship management.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chirle de Oliveira Raphaelli.pdf: 2042421 bytes, checksum: dca9285475d5454a756be2a21059631f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Among the risk factors associated with noncommunicable diseases and injuries (DANTS), include those related to lifestyle, especially smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet and alcohol abuse. Adolescence is a particularly relevant in determining dants, whereas behaviors and habits acquired at this stage tend to persist into adulthood. Moreover, the behavior of risk the health of parents and siblings can influence health risk behavior of adolescents. Objectives: To evaluate the association between health risk behaviors among adolescent schoolchildren and their parents and siblings living in a rural area of the municipality of Rio Grande do Sul. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in a rural area in the town of Barão do Triunfo / RS . The sample will include young students from 5th to 8th grades in the municipal education, their parents and siblings at the age of adolescence (10-19 years). Will be collected on the adolescents, their parents and siblings, health risk behaviors (physical inactivity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, poor eating habits and excess weight) in addition to socioeconomic, demographic and health of the population studied . For data collection the students were included questions about the work situation, and to measure the body fat percentage. Analysis Statistics: A description of the studied population, including the pertaining to school, parents and brothers, will be lead according to demographic, socioeconomics characteristics, mannering nutricionais and of health. The association between the studied outcomes and the independent variable will be evaluated with the test of Qui-square for heterogeneidade or linear trend. Relevance: With the data from this study, we have scientific grounds to carry out interventions and plan prevention strategies in the medium and long term in order to promote changes in habits and behaviors related to lifestyle for the whole family. / Entre os fatores de risco associados às doenças e agravos não transmissíveis (DANTs), destacam-se os relacionados ao estilo de vida, especialmente o tabagismo, a inatividade física, a alimentação inadequada e o consumo abusivo de álcool. A adolescência é um período especialmente relevante na determinação das DANTs, visto que comportamentos e hábitos adquiridos nessa fase tendem a se manter até a idade adulta. Além disso, o comportamento de risco à saúde de pais e irmãos pode influenciar o comportamento de risco à saúde de adolescentes. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação de comportamentos de risco à saúde entre adolescentes escolares do ensino fundamental e seus pais e irmãos moradores de um município de zona rural do Rio Grande do Sul. Metodologia: Estudo transversal na zona rural no município de Barão do Triunfo/RS. A amostra incluirá os adolescentes estudantes de 5ª a 8ª séries da rede municipal de educação, seus pais e irmãos na faixa etária da adolescência (10 a 19 anos). Serão obtidas informações dos adolescentes, seus pais e irmãos, de comportamentos de risco à saúde (inatividade física, uso de cigarros, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, maus hábitos alimentares e excesso de peso) além de informações socioeconômicas, demográficas e de saúde da população estudada. Para coleta de dados dos escolares foram acrescentadas questões sobre a situação de trabalho, além de avaliar o percentual de gordura corporal. Análise Estatística: Uma descrição da população estudada, incluindo os escolares, pais e irmãos, será conduzida segundo características demográficas, socioeconômicas e de comportamentos de risco à saúde. A associação entre os desfechos estudados e as variáveis independentes serão avaliados com o teste de Qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade ou tendência linear. Relevância: Com os dados do presente estudo, teremos embasamento científico para realizar intervenções e planejar estratégias de prevenção em médio e longo prazo, a fim de promover mudanças de hábitos e comportamentos ligados ao estilo de vida de toda a família.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil, the good practices in food handling are not yet fully widespread in Food Services, even though it has been a mandatory program for more than a decade. In hotels, this scenario is not different, on the organization of events worldwide increased the concern of the Ministry of Tourism, regarding the quality of food served to tourists, both sensory, as sanitary conditions, the latter being considered the most critical, because it is associated with health, and could jeopardize the country's image abroad in the event of an outbreak of Foodborne Disease. In this scenario raised a concern in the diagnosis of the implementation of the Good Practices, as well as forms of adequacy of the hotels. The aim of this thesis, it was perform the diagnosis of the food and beverage area of hotels, evaluated the interference of outsourced professional trained in food safety in the adequacy of the procedures and verify the costs associated with the implementation and maintenance of the Good Practices. As a result it was found that the food and beverage area of hotels were classified with low hygienic-sanitary level in the first evaluation. In the second evaluation it was found that the establishments with outsourced professional monitoring showed significant improvements over the implementation of the Good Practices, while establishments unaccompanied only showed improvements, but not significant. The establishments that had outsourced professional monitoring presented data related to the cost of implementation and maintenance of the Good Practices, demonstrating that the greater the investment, the greater the percentage of adaptation will be, however these costs are not as high taking into consideration the quantity of public served. / No Brasil, as Boas Práticas na manipulação dos alimentos ainda não estão totalmente difundidas nos Serviços de Alimentação, mesmo sendo mandatórias a mais de uma década. Em hotéis este cenário não é diferente, diante da realização de eventos em nível mundial cresceu a preocupação do Ministério do Turismo, com relação a qualidade dos alimentos servidos aos turistas, tanto sensorial, quanto higiênico-sanitária, sendo esta considerada a mais crítica, pois esta associada a saúde das pessoas, e pode colocar em risco a imagem do país no exterior no caso de um surto por Doença Transmitida por Alimentos. Neste cenário surgiu a preocupação no diagnóstico e implementação das Boas Práticas, assim como a necessidade da adequação dos hotéis. O objetivo desta tese foi realizar o diagnóstico da área de alimentos e bebidas de hotéis, avaliar a interferência de profissional terceirizado capacitado em segurança de alimentos na adequação dos procedimentos, assim como os custos inerentes a implementação e manutenção das Boas Práticas. Como resultado verificou-se que a área de alimentos e bebidas dos hotéis foram classificadas com baixo nível higiênico-sanitário na primeira avaliação. Na segunda avaliação os estabelecimentos com acompanhamento de profissional terceirizado apresentaram melhorias significativas em relação a Implementação das Boas Práticas, enquanto os estabelecimentos sem acompanhamento apenas apresentaram melhorias, porém não significativas. Os estabelecimentos que tiveram o acompanhamento de profissional terceirizado apresentaram dados relativos ao custo da implementação e manutenção das Boas Práticas, demonstrando que quanto maior o investimento, maiores os percentuais de adequação atingidos, porém que estes custos não são tão elevados levando-se em consideração a quantidade de público atendido.

Egtvedflickans bärmölska – om bryggprocessen för fermenterade blanddrycker under sydskandinavisk äldre bronsålder. The Braggot of the Egtved Girl- the brewing process of Early Bronze Age mixed fermented beverages in South Scandinavia. Abstract The residues of an alcoholic drink containing honey, wheat, myrica gale and berries in the oak log coffin of the Egtved barrow from the Early Bronze Age in Denmark is an example of prehistoric European mixed fermented beverages. Drawing analog inference from archaeological, historic and ethnographic sources by method of Chaine Operatoire this thesis constructs a schematic model of the brewing process of this drink and classify it as an ancient braggot. Keywords: Chaine Operatoire, ancient beer, analogy, mead, nordic grog, boiling stones.