What we are investigating in experience-based essay is children’s free play in preschool. The purpose is to find out exactly how free the so called “free play” is and what interventions from the teachers can result in and contribute to when it comes to children’s play in preschool. Our main questions are: In what way should preschool teachers intervene in children’s playing situations? Should preschool teachers work against stereotypical gender roles everyday play situations? Why is children’s unrestricted play important in preschool? We are starting of this scientific essay by introducing two stories that’s self-experienced in our roles as preschool teachers. In the first story we are writing about a dilemma that occurs when a play situation leads up to the teacher feeling that the best solution is to end the game. In the second story we are describing a dilemma that occurs as the teacher decides to intervene in the children’s play and the intervention results in the children getting bored and eventually decides to leave the game themselves. With the help from different theories and from the knowledge we’ve been taught due to our preschool teacher education, we are reflecting on how we managed these play situations and what we could have done differently. We are doing this to get different point of views to what children’s free play means, get an insight on the act and responsibility of teachers and also to get more insight to what meaning gender specific toys and boundaries possibly can have in children’s play. We are starting the reflection from a gender perspective and are analyzing with the help from a scientific article with the focus on gender specific toys. Our final reflection is that the teachers have a positive attitude towards the free play, but that they are subconsciously controlling with both rules and the way that toys are to be used. Through this work we have come to the conclusion that it is important that the teachers are present, supportive and involved in the children’s play due to its possibility of being a process dealing with real life events. It isalso important to work with equality in children’s play at preschool to break down current unequal structures between genders. / Det vi undersöker med denna erfarenhetsbaserade essä är barns fria lek i förskolan. Syftet är att ta reda på hur fri den så kallade fria leken är och vad pedagogers ingripande i barns leksituationer kan resultera i och bidra till vad gäller barns lek i förskolan. Våra frågeställningar vi vill belysa är: Hur ska pedagoger gripa in i leksituationer? Ska pedagoger i förskolan motverka stereotypa könsroller i vardagliga leksituationer? Varför är barns fria lek viktig i förskolan? Vi påbörjar denna vetenskapliga essä med att introducera två berättelser vi själva upplevt i våra roller som pedagoger på förskola. I första berättelsen skriver vi om ett dilemma som uppstår då en leksituation leder till att pedagogen upplever att den bästa lösningen är att avsluta leken. I den andra berättelsen beskriver vi ett dilemma som uppstår när pedagogen lägger sig i barnens lek som leder till att barnen tröttnar och tillslut självmant väljer att gå ifrån leken. Med hjälp av olika teorier och de kunskaper vi tillägnat oss från vår utbildning till förskollärare reflekterar vi över hur vi hanterade dessa leksituationer och vad vi hade kunnat göra annorlunda. Detta gör vi för att få olika synsätt gällande vad barns fria lek betyder, få syn på pedagogens agerande och ansvar samt för att få mer inblick i vad könsbundna leksaker och gränssättning kan ha för betydelse i barns lek. Vår slutliga reflektion är att pedagogerna har en positiv inställning till den fria leken, men att pedagogerna är inne och omedvetet styr med både regler och hur leksaker ska användas. Vi har genom detta arbete kommit fram till att det är viktigt att pedagoger är närvarande, stöttande och sätter sig in i barns lek då det kan vara bearbetning av verkliga händelser. Det är även viktigt att arbeta med likvärdighet ibarns lek på förskolan för att bryta nuvarande ojämlika uppbyggnader mellan könen.

Dans le but de parvenir à comprendre le rôle des joints de grains sur la déformation des polycristaux, il est nécessaire d’étudier finement le comportement des bi-cristaux. Dans cette étude, une approche expérimentale innovante basée sur la fabrication et l’étude du comportement mécanique et de la plasticité cristalline de micro-piliers bi-cristallins est combinée à une approche de modélisation micromécanique. Cette approche théorique est basée sur la théorie continue des dislocations dans laquelle les dislocations stockées au joint de grains sont décrites par une distribution continue de dislocations interfaciales. Ce modèle fournit des expressions analytiques explicites des champs de contraintes et de rotations du réseau dans le cas d’un bi-cristal infini avec un joint plan. Les contributions des différentes sources d’incompatibilité sont mises en évidence en raison des anisotropies élastique et plastique liées aux différentes orientations cristallines. Des calculs éléments finis ont permis de valider l’approche dans une zone proche du joint de grains et distante des surfaces libres du micro-pilier. L’analyse expérimentale est basée sur des essais de compression menés à température ambiante sur des micro-piliers bi-cristallins de Ni fabriqués au FIB (Focused Ion Beam). D’abord, l’étude s’est concentrée sur les prédictions des cissions résolues sur tous les systèmes de glissement du bi-cristal en utilisant le modèle continu. Les effets des fractions volumiques de cristaux et de l’inclinaison du joint de grains ont également été pris en compte dans l’analyse. Les prédictions du modèle développé dans cette thèse sont en accord avec les systèmes de glissement actifs identifiés. Concernant l’entrée en plasticité et les systèmes de glissement associés dans chaque cristal, le modèle développé est plus pertinent que la loi de Schmid. Les essais de compression sont suivis par des mesures microstructurales effectuées par EBSD, pour quantifier les rotations du réseau dans chaque grain au cours de la déformation. Celles-ci ont été également calculées et discutées à l’aide du modèle micromécanique développé dans cette thèse / In order to better understand the role of grain boundaries in polycrystals deformation, the study of the mechanical behavior of bicrystals becomes necessary. In this study, an innovative experimental approach based on the fabrication of bicrystalline micropillars is investigated with a micromechanical analysis of crystal plasticity behavior. The theoretical approach is based on the static Field Dislocation Mechanics (FDM) theory in which the dislocations stored in the grain boundary are described by a continuous distribution of interfacial dislocations. This model provides explicit analytical expressions of the stress and lattice rotation fields in the case of an infinite bicrystal with planar boundary. The contribution of the different incompatibility sources are emphasized due to elastic and plastic anisotropies related to the different crystal orientations. Finite element simulations were also performed to validate this approach in a zone close to the grain boundary and far from the micropillar free surfaces. The experimental results are based on compression tests conducted at room temperature on Ni bicrystalline micropillars. The micropillars are machined on a Focused Ion Beam (FIB). First, the study is focused on the prediction of the resolved shear stresses on the possible slip systems in the bicrystal using the continuum model. The crystal volume fraction and the grain boundary inclination angle effects were also taken into account in the analysis. The predictions of the continuum-based approach developed in this thesis are in full agreement with the experimentally identified active slip systems. Concerning the onset of plasticity and the associated slip systems in each crystal, the developed model is more relevant than the Schmid law. The compression tests are followed by microstructural EBSD measurements to quantify lattice rotations in each grain during the deformation which were also computed using the micromechanical model developed in the present thesis

The southern Mozambique/ South Africa borderland is a landscape epitomised by fluctuation, contradiction and constant transformation. It is a world betwixt-and-between Mozambique and South Africa. The international border, imposed on the landscape more than a century ago, gives life to a new world that stretches across and away from it. The inhabitants of this transitional zone constantly shape and reshape their own identities vis-à-vis people on the opposite and same side of the border. This border, which was delineated in 1875, was to separate the influence spheres of Portugal and Britain in south-east Africa. On the ground it divided the once strong and unified Mabudu-Tembe (Tembe-Thonga) chiefdom. At first the border was only a line on a map. With time, however, it became infused with social and cultural meaning as the dividing line between two new worlds. This was exacerbated by Portuguese and British colonial administration on opposite sides of the border, Apartheid in South Africa and socialist modernisation and war and displacement in Mozambique. All these events and factors created cultural fragmentation and disunion between the northern and southern sides of the borderland. By the end of the Mozambican War in 1992 the northern side of the borderland was populated by displaced refugees, demobilised soldiers and bandits, as well as returnees from neighbouring countries. Many of these people did not have any ancestral ties to the land nor kinship ties to its earlier inhabitants. Whereas a common Thonga identity had previously united people on both sides of the border, South African policies of Apartheid increasingly promoted the Zulu language and culture on the southern side of the border. The end of warfare in Mozambique and of Apartheid in South Africa facilitated contact across the border. Social contact between the inhabitants of the borderland is furthermore fostered by various economic opportunities offered by the border, such as cross-border trade and smuggling. The increase in social and economic contact has in turn dissolved differences between the inhabitants of the borderland and promoted homogeneity and unity across the political divide. Fragmentation and homogeneity characterises daily life in the borderland. Inhabitants of the frontier-zone play these forces off against each other, now emphasising the differences across the border, later emphasising the similarities. The borderland is a world of multiple identities, where ethnicity, citizenship and identity, already fluid and contextual concepts in their own rights, become even more so as people constantly define and redefine themselves in this transitional environment. / Thesis (DPhil (Anthropology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted

Effects of mould flux contaminant on scale-steel adhesion and hydraulic descaling of scale formed on slabs were investigated. In this investigation, stainless steel type 304 (austenitic with 18% Cr and 8% Ni) and specific mould fluxes were used when growing the scale on contaminated samples under simulated industrial reheating conditions, with subsequent high pressure water hydraulic descaling. The basic hypothesis was that the steel-scale adhesion depends on the microstructure of different phases present in the scale, the segregation of specific elements at the interface and the interfacial morphology of the scale after reheating. It was found that mould flux contaminant decreases scale-steel adhesion and therefore improved the descaling effectiveness significantly compared to non contaminated stainless steel. The descaling effectiveness of contaminated and uncontaminated slab was dependent to the presence of metal free paths (chromite layers along the austenite grains boundaries) and the presence of unoxidized metal in the scale due to nickel enrichment at the interface. Compared to the uncontaminated samples, the descaling of contaminated samples was efficient which could be due to the fact that some mechanisms which increase scale– steel adhesion (notably nickel enrichment at the interface) were considerably reduced. For all contaminated samples, the descaling effectiveness after visual observation were close to 100% and it was found that mould flux type 832 ( low basicity) gave a high descaling efficiency with better steel surface quality after descaling compared to mould fluxes type 810 and RF1. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

The thesis is based on a long term ethnographic field research, that has been conducted by this work's author in one of the villages within the district of Svidník, Eastern- Slovakia. The work's fundamental frame of topic are the relations between the Roms and non-Roms in the observed village, with main focus put on the actor's perspective of the local Roms. The nature of such relations is observed both synchronuously and diachronously, and foremost in respect of two types of an areal mobility, that at the same time has the potential of a social-economic mobility. The first observed type is the flow of the Roms from the romani village to a non-Roms part of the village, or the surrounding villages; the second is the cross-border migration. At the same time the thesis addresses the relations within the observed Romani community whose internal social diferentiation is partially influenced by the very - successfully or unsuccessfully - implemented mobility. To hold a wider grip of the local relations, the author uses the texts of the Romani-studies expert, Milena Hübschmannová, other related case studies coming from the region of eastern Slovakia, and, paralelly, also the concepts of the postcolonial thinking with emphasis to Frantz Fanon's work. It is his very work that has provided the frame to...

L'élaboration des aciers ODS fait appel à une étape de consolidation par filage à chaud. Les propriétés très anisotropes de ces matériaux à l'état filé, notamment les nuances purement ferritiques (>12% Cr), nécessitent une meilleure compréhension des effets du procédé de filage sur la microstructure. Ainsi, ce travail de thèse a pour objectif principal d'étudier les évolutions de la microstructure lors de la transformation à chaud des aciers inoxydables ODS ferritiques, et plus globalement de comprendre le comportement de ces matériaux sous sollicitation mécanique à haute température. Pour cela, des essais de filage interrompus et des essais thermomécaniques de torsion et de compression à chaud (1000-1200°C) ont été réalisés sur plusieurs aciers ferritiques à 14% de Cr présentant différents taux de renfort en titane et en yttrium. Les microstructures obtenues après déformation ont été caractérisées par EBSD.L'ensemble des analyses microstructurales effectuées montre que la mise en forme à chaud des aciers ferritiques par filage s'accompagne d'une recristallisation dynamique de type continue. Après formation des sous-joints par restauration, leurs désorientations continuent à croître, et ceux-ci se transforment graduellement en joints de grains au cours de la déformation. La cinétique de ce mécanisme semble néanmoins fortement influencée par les caractéristiques de la précipitation présente dans le matériau ; la recristallisation devenant moins complète lorsque les précipités sont plus fins et plus nombreux. En plus du taux de renfort, l'étude de la déformation de ces nuances en torsion et en compression dans des conditions proches de celles observées en filage révèle également une forte influence de la température sur leur comportement. Les microstructures de déformation présentent une évolution d'autant plus importante que la température et/ou le taux de renfort sont limités. À 1000°C, les évolutions observées indiquent la présence de la recristallisation dynamique continue. En revanche, lorsque l'on augmente la température et/ou le taux de renfort, la déformation s'accompagne d'une évolution limitée de la microstructure, notamment en torsion où un endommagement sévère aux niveaux des joints de grains est observé. Dans ce cas, les résultats sont interprétés par un mécanisme d'accommodation de la déformation au voisinage des joints de grains. Les paramètres rhéologiques calculés à partir de ces essais mécaniques confirment la tendance à une faible activité plastique au sein des grains dans les nuances renforcées. / The production of ODS steels involves a powder consolidation step usually using the hot extrusion (HE) process. The anisotropic properties of extruded materials, especially in the ODS ferritic grades (>wt%12Cr), need a better understanding of the metallurgical phenomena which may occur during HE and lead to the observed microstructure. The hot working behavior of these materials is of particular interest. The methodology of this work includes the microstructure analysis after interrupted hot extrusion, hot torsion and hot compression (1000-1200°C) tests of ferritic steels with 14%Cr and different amounts in Ti and Y2O3.The microstructure evolution during hot extrusion process is associated with continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). It leads to the creation of new grains by the formation of low angle boundaries, and then the increase of their misorientation under plastic deformation. The investigations highlight also the role of precipitation on the kinetics of this mechanism; it remains incomplete in the presence of fine and dense nanoprecipitates. After hot deformation in torsion and compression, it is noticed that both precipitates and temperature deformation have a significant impact on the deformation mechanisms and microstructure evolution. Indeed, the CDRX is dominant when temperature and amount of reinforcement are limited. However, when they are increased, limited microstructure evolution is observed. In this case, the results are interpreted through a mechanism of strain accommodation at grain boundaries, with low dislocation activity in the bulk of the grains.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la discrimination ethnico-raciale dans les stages organisés sous statut scolaire. Elle aborde ces questions du point de vue de l’école, institution disciplinaire confrontée à des transformations de ses frontières - tant au niveau de la gestion des publics que de la réorganisation de ses rapports avec l’entreprise. Elle traite d’abord du contexte politique et institutionnel de ces questions en France, qui se caractérise simultanément par une banalité des processus d’ethnicisation dans l’école et par la dénégation de l’existence de discriminations ethnico-raciales. Traitant ensuite du cadre particulier des stages, elle analyse la façon dont la discrimination prend forme, avec d’autres illégalités, dans les tensions concrètes entre une pluralité de normes co-présentes, entre l’école et l’entreprise. Elle met en évidence les mécanismes institutionnels et professionnels ainsi que les raisons d’une coproduction et d’une banalisation des discriminations par les agents de l’école. Elle analyse enfin ce que disent et ce que font les élèves des expériences discriminatoires vécues, ainsi que les tactiques à travers lesquelles ils donnent ou non sens et place à la discrimination dans leur trajectoire et dans leur rapport à l’école. Dans une approche de sociologie publique, construite dans un travail avec les acteurs publics au sein de l’institution scolaire, l’analyse s’appuie sur plusieurs enquêtes réalisées de 2004 à 2010 dans différents terrains en France. / This thesis is dedicated to the ethnico-racial discrimination in the work experience placements organized under school status. It lands these issues from the school point of view, disciplinary institution confronted with the transformations of its boundaries - as much on the level of the management of the public as on the reorganization of its connections with the company. It is first about the institutional and political environment of these issues in France, wich is simoultaneously characterized by a banality of processes of ethnicisation in the school and by the denial of the reality of ethnico-racial discrimination. Dealing then within the particular framework of professional training, this thesis analyses the way discrimination takes shape, among other illegalities, in the concrete strain between a plurality of standards co-existing in the school and the company. It brings to light the institutional and professional mechanisms as well as the reasons of a coproduction and a banalization of discriminations by school agents. At last, it analyses what the pupils make of these discriminatory experiments they live, as the strategies they will use to make sense or not of these issues, to give them room in their path and in their relationship with school. By a public sociology approach, built through a work with the public actors in the scholar institution, the analysis stands on several investigations led from 2004 to 2010 in different grounds in France.

Dans les paysages agricoles, les habitats non cultivés constituent une source importante pour l’entomofaune auxiliaire de cultures. Il est donc important d’adapter la gestion de ces habitats afin de bénéficier au mieux des services fournis par la diversité de ces auxiliaires. L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre comment la gestion des bandes enherbées permet d’améliorer le service du contrôle biologique délivré par les carabes. Nous avons d’abord examiné par quels mécanismes, les changements dans la diversité fonctionnelle des carabes augmentent leur capacité de suppression de ravageurs. Ainsi, a été comparée au laboratoire, l’efficience de prédation sur une population de proie, par des assemblages de carabes qui ont différents niveaux de diversité de taille. Par ailleurs, à travers une expérimentation mise en place dans des champs de céréales, nous avons étudié les effets de cinq modes de gestion des bandes enherbées sur la structure végétale de ces habitats non cultivés, et par conséquent sur la structure des communautés carabiques. Nos résultats révèlent l’absence d’une partition de ressources entre les carabes de tailles différentes. La quantité et de la taille de proies consommées augmente avec la taille des carabes. La suppression des proies a ainsi été fortement augmentée par la présence des carabes de grande taille dans les assemblages. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’augmentation de la diversité de taille chez les carabes augmente leur efficience de prédation par l’effet d’échantillonnage. Nous avons mis en évidence une redondance fonctionnelle entre les espèces de carabes. Cette redondance permet de réduire la variabilité spatio-temporelle dans la fonction de régulation exercée sur les populations de ravageurs. L’importance des bandes enherbées en tant qu’habitat pour plusieurs espèces de carabes importantes pour le contrôle biologique, a été mise en évidence. La gestion influence les carabes seulement dans les bandes enherbées. La diversité fonctionnelle des plantes au sein de ces bandes enherbées a été identifiée comme le principal facteur favorisant la richesse spécifique des carabes. L’activité-densité des carabes a, par ailleurs, été favorisée par une végétation peu hétérogène et un pourcentage élevé de sol nu. Les carabes de tailles différentes divergent dans leur réponse à la structure de la végétation. Cette divergence semble être liée aussi à la variation d'autres traits d'histoire de vie des espèces (i.e. régime alimentaire). Les connaissances et les résultats produits dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, serviront au développement d’indicateurs mesurant l’impact des pratiques de gestion sur le contrôle biologique exercé par les carabes / In the agricultural landscapes, non cropped habitats are an important source for the beneficial entomofauna of crops. It is therefore important to adapt the management of these habitats to best benefit of the services provided by the diversity of this beneficial entomfauna. The objective of this thesis is to understand how field margin management could improve the biological control service delivered by ground beetles. First, we examined by which mechanisms, changes in the functional diversity of ground beetles increases their capacity of pest suppression. Thus, efficiency of predation by ground beetle assemblages, which have different levels of body size diversity, on a prey population was compared in the laboratory. Also, through an experiment installed in cereal fields, we studied the effects of five field margin management on the vegetation structure of these non cropped habitats, and therefore on the structure of ground beetle communities. Our results revealed the absence of resource partitioning among the different-sized ground beetles. The amount and size of prey consumed increased with increasing ground beetle body size. Prey suppression was, therefore, strongly strengthened by the presence of large ground beetles in the assemblages. These results suggest that increasing ground beetles size diversity increases their predation efficiency through the sampling effect. We have showed a functional redundancy among species of ground beetles. This redundancy could reduce the spatial and temporal variability in pest suppression by ground beetles. Our study showed the importance of the field margins as a habitat for many ground beetle species that are important for biological control. Management influenced ground beetles only in the field margin. Plants functional diversity within these field margins has been identified as the main factor promoting the species richness of ground beetles. However, activity-density of ground beetles was promoted by less heterogeneous vegetation and high percentage of bare ground. The responses to the vegetation structure vary between ground beetles with different body sizes. This diversity in ground beetles responses to the vegetation structure appears to be also related to variation in other life history traits (i.e. diet). The knowledge and results produced as part of this thesis will be used in the development of indicators measuring the impact of management on biological control delivered by ground beetles

The biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy of the upper Aptian to lower Cenomanian interval including oceanic anoxic events OAE1b, 1c and 1d are investigated in ODP Site 763, drilled on the Exmouth Plateau offshore northwest Australia. Benthic foraminifera suggest that Site 763 was situated in outer neritic to upper bathyal water depths (~150-600 m). OAEs of the Atlantic basin and Tethys are typically associated with organic carbon-rich black shales and δ13C excursions. However, OAEs at this high latitude site correlate with ocean acidification and/or pyrite formation under anoxic conditions rather than black shales. Ocean acidification maybe responsible for sporadic low abundances of planktic foraminifera compared to radiolarians and benthic foraminifera associated with increased volcanogenic CO2 production during the formation of the Southern and Central Kerguelen Plateaus. Sea surface temperature may have cooled to 11°C in the late Aptian but increased gradually during the Albian. The Aptian/Albian boundary is placed at a negative carbon isotope excursion associated with the lowest occurrence of Microhedbergella renilaevis, typically found within the Niveau Kilian black shale of OAE1b. Third-order sea level cycles, particularly in the middle Albian, produced cyclic changes in the abundance of inoceramid prisms that increased during inferred times of falling sea level. The late Albian OAE1c and OAE1d coincide with horizons of intense pyritization and the absence of all biocomponents suggesting the development of euxinia. Warm Tethyan waters reached the Exmouth Plateau during the latest Albian based on the presence of thermocline dwelling keeled planktic foraminifera including Planomalina buxtorfi.

This is a bachelor thesis in information design, focusing on spatial design. This study examens the situation of remote study from home during the covid-19-pandamic. With a spatial perspective regarding new routines, and with a focus on zones, boundaries and transitions between studies and free time. How does the transition from having lessons on campus to only having lessons digitally from home effect the user? What approaches are there to use to ease the situation. How can the differences between free time and studies be communicated in a clearly and informative way? The study addresses contemporary and past research as well as theories, regarding activity- based offices, boundaries, transitions and notations. The study addresses also the execution and results of methods, including a questionnaire, user test and interview, and the AEIOU- method. The projects design process with its different phases is also addressed, where the structure of the project model and the design process were an important and interesting component that contributed to the continued work on the project. Based on all this a design proposal is produced in form of a concept, with the purpose of being a support for student and facilitate the situation when it comes to remote study from home. / Detta är ett examensarbete inom informationsdesign, med inriktning rumslig gestaltning. Projektet undersöker situationen av att studera digitalt hemifrån under Covid-19-pandemin. Med ett rumsligt perspektiv gällande nya rutiner, och med fokus på zoner, gränser och övergångar mellan studier och fritid. Hur påverkas användaren av omställningen av att ha övergått till att genomföra studierna digitalt hemifrån, från att tidigare varit på plats på campus för att ha lektioner? Vilka tillvägagångsätt finns det att använda för att underlätta situationen. Hur kan skillnaden mellan fritid och studier kommuniceras på ett tydligt och informativt sätt? Rapporten tar upp samtida och tidigare forskning samt teorier, gällande bland annat aktivitetsbaserade kontor, gränser, övergångar och notationer. Rapporten tar även upp genomförande och resultat av metoder, vilket inkluderar frågeformulär, användartest och intervju, samt AEIOU-metoden. Även projektets designprocess med olika faser och moment lyfts i rapporten, där uppbyggnaden av projektmodeller och designprocessen var en viktig och intressant komponent som även de bidrog till det fortsatta arbetet med projektet. Och utifrån allt detta tas slutligen ett gestaltningsförslag fram som ska understödja studenter och underlätta situationen av att studera digitalt hemifrån, i form av ett koncept.