The aim of this thesis was to study maternal and infant effects of delayed cord clamping (≥180 seconds, DCC) compared to early (≤10 seconds, ECC) in a randomised controlled trial. Practice and guidelines regarding when to clamp the cord vary globally, and different meta-analyses have shown contradictory conclusions on benefits and disadvantages of DCC and ECC. The study population consisted of 382 term infants born after normal pregnancies and randomised to DCC or ECC after birth. The primary objective was iron stores and iron deficiency at 4 months of age, but the thesis was designed to investigate a wide range of suggested effects associated with cord clamping. Paper I showed that DCC was associated with improved iron stores at 4 months (45% higher ferritin) and that the incidence of iron deficiency was reduced from 5.7% to 0.6%. Neonatal anaemia at 2-3 days was less frequent in the DCC group, 1.2% vs. 6.3%. There were no differences between the groups in respiratory symptoms, polycythaemia, or hyperbilirubinaemia. In paper II we demonstrated that DCC versus ECC was not associated with higher risk for maternal post partum haemorrhage and rendered a comparable ratio of valid umbilical artery blood gas samples. In paper III, the Ages and Stages Questionnaire was used to assess neurodevelopment at 4 months. The total scores did not differ, but the DCC group had a higher score in the problem-solving domain and a lower score in the personal-social domain. Immunoglobulin G level was 0.7 g/L higher in the DCC group at 2–3 days, but did not differ at 4 months. Symptoms of infection up to 4 months were comparable between groups. Finally, in paper IV, iron stores and neurodevelopment were similar between groups at 12 months. Gender specific outcome on neurodevelopment at 12 months was discovered, implying positive effects from DCC on boys and negative on girls. We conclude that delaying umbilical cord clamping for 180 seconds is safe and associated with a significantly reduced risk for iron deficiency at 4 months, which may have neurodevelopmental effects at a later age.

Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies in infancy are common in low-income settings. These are partly due to maternal malnutrition and may impair child health and development. We studied the impact of maternal food and micronutrient supplementation, duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), growth and infection on infant anemia and micronutrient status. In the MINIMat trial in Matlab, Bangladesh, pregnant women were randomized to Early or Usual promotion of enrolment in a food supplementation program and to one of three daily micronutrient supplements. Capsules containing 400µg folic acid and (a) 30 mg iron (Fe30Fol), (b) 60 mg iron (Fe60Fol), (c) 30 mg iron and other micronutrients (MMS) were provided from week 14 of gestation. Capsule intake was assessed with the eDEM device recording supplement container openings. Blood samples (n=2377) from women at week 14 and 30 were analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb). Duration of EBF and infant morbidity was based on monthly maternal recalls. Infants were weighed and measured monthly. Blood samples (n=1066) from 6-months-old infants were analyzed for Hb and plasma ferritin, zinc, retinol, vitamin B12 and folate. In women, Hb increase per capsule reached a plateau at 60 Fe60Fol capsules, indicating that nine weeks of daily supplementation produced maximum Hb response. Anemia was common (36%) at capsule intakes >60 indicating other causes of anemia than iron deficiency. In infants, vitamin B12 deficiency prevalence was lower in the MMS (26.1%) than in the Fe30Fol group (36.5%), (p=0.003) and zinc deficiency prevalence was lower in the Usual than in the Early group. There were no other differential effects of food or micronutrient supplementation on infant anemia or micronutrient status. Infants exclusively breast-fed for 4-6 months had a higher mean plasma zinc concentration (9.9±2.3 µmol/L) than infants exclusively breast-fed for <4 months (9.5±2.0 µmol/L), (p< 0.01). No other differences in anemia, iron or zinc status were observed between EBF categories. Infection, low birth weight and iron deficiency were independent risk factors for infant anemia. Regardless of studied interventions, prevalence of anemia (43%), deficiency of zinc (56%), vitamin B12, vitamin A (19%) and iron (22%) in infancy was high and further preventive strategies are needed. / MINIMat

<p>The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (2005/06) defines Early Childhood Caries (ECC) as the presence of 1 or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries), or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger. ECC can cause significant problems in preschool children and is a source of considerable societal costs. The South African national oral health survey conducted between the year 1999 and 2002 reported on the caries prevalence in young children. The caries prevalence was 50% in 4-5 year old children with a mean dmft of 2.4 (van Wyk and van Wyk, 2004).The aim of the study is to assess early childhood caries in children 12-24 months in the Mitchell's Plain district of the Western Cape.Objectives are to determine: a) The prevalence and pattern of early childhood caries. b) The relation between early childhood caries and infant feeding practices. c) The relation between early childhood caries and oral hygiene practices of the child.</p> <p>This study is a cross sectional study of ECC of children 12-24 months of age. Parent/child pair attending the Well Baby Clinic at Eastridge/Mitchell's Plain were informed about the study and invited to participate on a voluntary basis. The data collected consisted of a dental examination of 120 children (stratified by age: 60 in 12-18 months age group and 60 in 19-24 months age group) and a questionnaire completed by the accompanying parent/guardian. The dental examination was conducted using the WHO guidelines (Geneva 1997). Child age, tooth status (sound, decayed, filled, extracted, unerupted), and visible dental plaque on maxillary incisors (Spitz et al, 2006) were recorded.The prevalence of ECC for the sample was 23.3% (dmft =0.88). The maxillary incisors had the highest prevalence of decay (14%) followed by the maxillary molars (4%). There was a significant association (p=.006) between duration (12 months and more) of bottle use and presence of caries (40% caries prevalence). There is no significant difference between the different feeding practices (breast, bottle or both) and the presence of caries. There is a high prevalence of Early Childhood Caries (23.3%) in the 12-24 month age group. Early Childhood Caries was related to prolonged (&gt / 12 months) bottle feeding. The association between the presence of dental plaque and ECC was the most significant factor (p= .000).</p>

Problématique. Basée sur les constats effectués lors d’un essai clinique randomisé qui visait à évaluer les effets du lait maternel de fin d’expression sur la croissance et le développement de nouveau-nés prématurés et qui s’est soldé par un recrutement infructueux, une intervention de soutien à la lactation chez les mères de nouveau-nés prématurés a été développée. La mère d’un nouveau-né prématuré est en effet trois fois plus à risque qu’une autre de présenter une production lactée insuffisante. Il est donc crucial de soutenir ces mères dans l’établissement et le maintien d’une production lactée adéquate. Le but de cette étude pilote est d’estimer les effets d’une intervention de soutien à la lactation sur l’expression de lait maternel et la production lactée de mères ayant donné naissance prématurément ainsi que d’évaluer les aspects d’acceptabilité et de faisabilité de l’intervention, de l’étude et de ses procédures. Hypothèse de recherche. Les mères de nouveau-nés prématurés qui reçoivent une intervention de soutien à la lactation expriment leur lait significativement plus longtemps et plus fréquemment et produisent significativement un plus grand volume de lait à plus grande concentration lipidique sur une base quotidienne que celles qui reçoivent les soins usuels. Méthode. Devis : Projet-pilote de type essai clinique randomisé. Échantillon: Quarante mères de nouveau-nés prématurés de <30 semaines de gestation admis à une unité de soins intensifs néonatals. Procédures: Les mères du groupe témoin reçoivent les soins usuels alors que celles du groupe expérimental reçoivent une intervention de soutien à la lactation. Cette dernière comporte quatre volets: une séance d’enseignement portant sur l’établissement et le maintien d’une production lactée suffisante, un suivi téléphonique, une ligne d’aide téléphonique et le prêt d’un tire-lait électrique double pompage. Dans les deux groupes, les mères sont amenées à tenir un journal de bord de leurs séances d’expression et du volume de lait maternel exprimé. Résultats. L’étude et ses procédures de même que l’intervention de soutien sont acceptables et faisables. Les résultats observés en lien avec l’hypothèse de recherche sont orientés dans la même direction que cette dernière à l’exception de la concentration lipidique du lait maternel. Recommandations. Une étude à plus grande échelle doit être réalisée afin d’évaluer les effets de l’intervention de soutien à la lactation sur la production lactée de mères de nouveau-nés prématurés. Quant à la clinique, des actions concertées doivent être menées afin de créer un contexte propice et des conditions favorables à l’expression de lait maternel chez les mères de nouveau-nés prématurés. / Problem statement. Based on observations from an unsuccessful randomized clinical trial that aimed to evaluate the effects of hindmilk on the short-term growth and development of preterm infants, a lactation support intervention for mothers of preterm infants has been developed. Mothers who give birth prematurely are three times more likely to have an insufficient milk output compared to those who give birth at term. It is therefore crucial to support these mothers in order to facilitate the establishment and maintenance of their milk supply. The aim of this pilot study is to estimate the effects of a lactation support intervention on the expression of breast milk and milk output of mothers who gave birth prematurely and assess the acceptability and feasibility of the intervention, study and its procedures. Research hypothesis. A lactation support intervention in mothers who deliver prematurely enables them to express their milk significantly longer and more frequently, and produce a greater milk output with a higher lipid concentration compared to mothers who deliver prematurely and receive usual care. Method. Design: A pilot study of a randomized clinical trial. Sample: Forty mothers of preterm infants born at <30 weeks of gestation and admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. Procedures: The mothers in the control group receive usual care while those in the experimental group receive a lactation support intervention. The intervention has four components: an education session on the establishment and maintenance of an adequate milk supply, a telephone follow-up, a telephone helpline and the loan of a double electric breast pump. In both the intervention and control groups, mothers kept a logbook of the frequency, duration and volume of their breast milk expressions. Results. Both the study design and the intervention are feasible and acceptable to mothers of preterm infants. With the exception of milk lipid concentration, the results are oriented in the same direction as the research hypothesis. Recommendations. A larger scale study should be conducted to evaluate the effects of the lactation support intervention on the frequency, duration, and volume of breast milk expression among mothers of premature infants. As for the clinical practice, concerted interprofessional actions must be undertaken to create the environment and conditions conducive to breast milk expression in these mothers.

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de sessões de aconselhamento em amamentação dirigidas a mães adolescentes e avós maternas sobre o uso desnecessário de água e/ou chás em crianças amamentadas. Métodos: Foi conduzido um ensaio clínico randomizado envolvendo 323 mães adolescentes, seus recém-nascidos e as avós maternas das crianças, alocadas para quatro grupos distintos: mãe e avó não coabitando, sem intervenção e com intervenção direcionada apenas à mãe; e mãe e avó coabitando, sem intervenção e com intervenção direcionada a ambas. A intervenção consistiu de seis sessões de aconselhamento em amamentação, na maternidade e aos sete, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias. As informações sobre as práticas alimentares das crianças foram coletadas mensalmente nos primeiros 6 meses de idade por telefone. O impacto da intervenção foi medido, comparando-se as medianas e as curvas de sobrevida da introdução desses líquidos e a regressão de Cox estimou a sua magnitude. Resultados: A intervenção teve impacto positivo significativo tanto para o grupo em que apenas as mães adolescentes a receberam (RDI=0,48; IC95%=0,31-0,76) quanto para o grupo em que as avós foram incluídas (RDI=0,53; IC95=0,35-0,80). Ela postergou em 44 dias o uso desses líquidos no primeiro grupo (78 dias versus 122 dias) e em 67 dias no grupo em que as avós foram incluídas na intervenção (63 dias versus 130 dias). Conclusões: Múltiplas sessões de aconselhamento nos primeiros 4 meses dirigidas a mães adolescentes e avós maternas, quando estas coabitavam, mostraram ser uma estratégia eficaz em postergar a introdução desnecessária de água e/ou chás em crianças amamentadas. / Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of counselling sessions on breastfeeding for adolescent mothers and maternal grandmothers on the reduction of unnecessary water and/ or herbal teas intake on breastfed infants. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted involving 323 adolescent mothers, their newborn infants and respective maternal grandmothers allocated into four distinct groups: mother and grandmother not cohabitating, without or with intervention directed only towards mother; and mother and grandmother cohabitating without or with intervention directed towards both (mother and grandmother). The intervention consisted of six counselling sessions on breastfeeding, in the maternity ward and on days 7, 15, 30, 60 and 120 after birth. The data about feeding practices were collected monthly until the end of the sixth month of life by telephone. The impact of the intervention was measured by comparing the medians and the survival curves for initiation of water/tea intake in the first six months of life between the groups and Cox regression was used to estimate its magnitude. Results: The intervention had a significant positive impact for both the group in which only adolescent mothers received the intervention (HR=0,48; 95%CI=0,31-0,76) and for the group in which grandmothers were also included (HR=0,53; 95%CI=0,35-0,80). It postponed in 44 days the use of these liquids on first group (78 days versus 122 days) and in 67 days on the group in which the grandmother was also included in the intervention (63 days versus 130 days). Conclusions: Multiple counselling sessions on infant feeding in the first 4 months postpartum for adolescent mothers and maternal grandmothers, when they cohabitate, demonstrated to be an effective strategy to postpone the unnecessary water and/or teas intake on breastfed infants.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding and lactation are cited as sensitive periods in the life course that contribute to the accumulation of risks or opportunities ultimately shaping vulnerability or resilience later in life. As such, breastfeeding and lactation are critical components of health equity. Despite this, Black women in the U.S. initiate and continue to breastfeed at lower rates than White women and other groups. Underlying reasons for racial inequities in breastfeeding rates are poorly understood. Exposure to racism, one manifestation of historical oppression in the U.S. has been cited as a determinant of poor health outcomes for decades but has not been extensively described in the context of breastfeeding. AIMS: To investigate the association between experiences of racism and 1.) breastfeeding initiation 2.) breastfeeding duration 3.) and the association between selected life-course factors and breastfeeding initiation and duration among participants of the Black Women’s Health Study. METHODS: This study was a prospective secondary analysis of the Black Women’s Health Study. The sample included all participants who enrolled in 1995, responded to the racism assessment in 1997 and reported the birth of a first child following the racism assessment resulting in an N=2, 995 for the initiation outcome and N= 2,392 for the duration outcome. In addition to the racism assessment, we also included life-course factors (nativity, neighborhood segregation and social mobility). For each aim, we calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using binomial and multinomial logistic regression using two models. The first adjusted for age, the second adjusted for age, BMI, education, marital status, geographic region, neighborhood SES and occupation. RESULTS: Associations between daily and institutional summary racism variables and breastfeeding initiation and duration were small and not statistically significant. Experiences of racism in the job setting was associated with lower odds of breastfeeding duration at 3-5 months compared with 3 months 95% CI [0.60, 0.98]. Experiences of racism with the police was associated with higher odds of breastfeeding initiation and duration at 3-5 months [1.01, 1.77] and at 6 months [1.10, 1.82] compared with women who did not report this experience. The participant’s nativity and the nativity of her parents were life-course factors that predicted lower odds of breastfeeding initiation and duration. Neighborhood segregation did not reach statistical significance after adjusting for covariates but results trended toward lower odds of breastfeeding initiation and duration for women who reported living in a predominately Black neighborhood (compared with White) up to age 18 and for women who reported living in a predominately Black neighborhood in 1999. CONCLUSION: Experiences of institutional racism in the job setting was associated with lower odds of breastfeeding duration. In addition to explicit experiences of racism, this study provides preliminary evidence surrounding life-course factors and breastfeeding. Individual level interventions may mitigate harmful effects of racism but structural level interventions are critical to close the gap of racial inequity in breastfeeding rates in the U.S.

Este estudo de caso qualitativo realizou-se com profissionais que atuam em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) do município de Porto Alegre, no período de outubro de 2007 a novembro de 2009. Teve como objetivo geral analisar um processo coletivo de capacitação para o aleitamento materno em uma unidade básica de saúde e como objetivos específicos: identificar as temáticas necessárias para o desenvolvimento da capacitação; discutir as práticas dos profissionais relacionadas ao aleitamento materno; propor ações e/ou estratégias para trabalhar as temáticas identificadas. Utilizou-se como metodologia de pesquisa o estudo de caso com pressupostos da pesquisa participante. Os dados foram coletados em encontros participativos, utilizando-se, para registro dos mesmos, o diário de campo coletivo e instrumento para avaliação individual. Os dados foram analisados a partir da análise temática, proposta por Minayo. O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas: na primeira, foi realizada capacitação com sete pré-natalistas da UBS e, na segunda, a capacitação foi ampliada a equipe, com quarenta profissionais; os dados decorrentes dos encontros deram origem a 5 temas: 1º) A necessidade de atualização das prenatalistas, no qual eles reconhecem a necessidade de realizarem suas práticas pautadas em conhecimentos atualizados, a fim de que possam oferecer à população informações adequadas, o que no seu entendimento favorece a prática do aleitamento materno. 2º) Capacitação de todos os profissionais tema a partir do qual emerge a necessidade das pré-natalistas de ampliar para a equipe as discussões relativas ao aleitamento materno; 3º) A equipe da UBS como referência no atendimento, no qual os profissionais relataram que, quando se pensa na prática do aleitamento, é necessário estar ciente de que as mulheres necessitam de apoio desde a gestação até o pós-parto, quando retornam ao seu domicílio. Para tanto, é preciso que os profissionais que desempenham suas atividades com gestantes e puérperas estejam comprometidos com o aleitamento materno, oferecendo informações seguras e demonstrando habilidade prática no manejo da amamentação; 4º) Estratégias propostas e ações realizadas, tema em que se evidenciaram as pactuações entre os profissionais e foram propostas estratégias para que estes pudessem trabalhar a prática do aleitamento materno na UBS, sendo as ações pactuadas adequadas à competência de cada um dos profissionais; 5º) A capacitação participativa e o apoio para o trabalho, nesta categoria os profissionais relataram que a capacitação tem que ser um processo coletivo, que congregue os diferentes setores, serviços e saberes em busca de um objetivo e foi possível observar as mudanças no olhar da equipe, permitindo aos envolvidos no trabalho saírem de uma posição contemplativa para uma posição mais ativa, na qual as transformações necessárias tornaram-se situações possíveis. A capacitação participativa possibilitou transformações nas práticas destes profissionais em relação ao aleitamento materno. Pesquisa aprovada no Comitê de Ética da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre sob o nº 001.051.355.06.0. / It is a qualitative case study carried out from October 2007 to November 2009 with professionals acting at a Basic Health Center (UBS) in the municipality of Porto Alegre. It had the general objective analyze a colective process of qualifying to maternal breast feeding in a basic health unit and the specific ones of learning the themes evidenced by the professionals, discussing practices related to maternal breast feeding, proposing actions and/or strategies to work on the evidenced themes. The used research methodology was the case study with presupposes of the participative research The data were collected upon participative meetings and registered in the collective field diary and in the instrument of individual evaluation. The data were analyzed from the thematic analysis as proposed by Minayo. The study was developed in two stages: in the first one, was made the qualification of 7 prenatalist and, in the second, the qualification was widened in order to contemplate the staff of all fourty professionals. The findings derived from the meetings gave origin to 5 themes: 1st) The need of refreshment training of the prenatalists who recognize the need of performing their practices based on updated knowledge in order to offer adequate information to the population what they understand will favor the practice of maternal breast feeding. 2nd) Qualifying of all professionals, a theme from which emerges the need of the pre-natal professionals of broadening the discussions regarding maternal breast feeding to the staff. 3rd) The UBS staff as attendance reference. The professionals reported that, regarding breast feeding practice, it is needed to be conscious that the women need support from the gestation until the post-delivery when they return home. Therefore, it is necessary that the professionals who perform their activities with the pregnant women and the new mothers be committed with the maternal breast feeding by offering safe information and demonstrating practical ability in the breast feeding management. 4th) The proposed strategies and performed actions comprise a theme that evidenced the pacts among the professionals. Strategies were proposed so that they can work the practice of maternal breast feeding at the UBS and the actions involved pacts are adequate to the competence of each of the professionals; 5th) Participative qualification and work support: within this thematic category, the professionals reported that the qualification must be a collective process that gathers the different sectors, services and knowledge in the search of one objective. It was possible observing the changes in the glance of the staff allowing all of the involved professionals in the work to move from a contemplative position into a more active attitude so that the needed transformations changed into possible situations. The participative qualifying has made possible transformations in the practice of these professionals in relation to the maternal breast feeding. Approved research by the Comitê de Ética da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre under the nº 001.051.355.06.0 / Se realizó este estudio de caso cualitativo con profesionales que actúan en una Unidad Básica de Salud (UBS) de la municipalidad de Porto Alegre, en el período de octubre de 2007 hasta noviembre de 2009. Tuvo como objectivo general analizar un proceso colectivo de capacitación para el amamantamiento en una UBS y como específicos: conocer las temáticas evidenciadas por los profesionales; discutir prácticas relacionadas al amamantamiento materno; proponer acciones y/o estrategias para trabajar las temáticas evidenciadas. Se utilizó como metodología de pesquisa el estudio de caso con presupuestos de la pesquisa participante. Los datos fueron recolectados en encuentros participativos, utilizándose, para registro de los mismos, el diario de campo colectivo e instrumento para evaluación individual. Los datos fueron analizados a partir del análisis temático, propuesto por Minayo. El estudio fue desenvuelto en dos etapas: en la primera, fue realizada capacitación con 7 pre-natalistas de la UBS y, en la segunda, la capacitación fue ampliada a todo el equipo con cuarenta profesionales; los hallazgos decurrentes de los encuentros dieron origen a 5 temas: 1º) La necesidad de actualización de las pre-natalistas, en lo cual ellos reconocen la necesidad de realizar sus prácticas pautadas en conocimientos actualizados, a fin de que puedan ofrecer a la población informaciones adecuadas, lo que en su entendimiento favorece la práctica del amamantamiento materno. 2º) Capacitacíon de todos los profesionales, tema a partir del cual emerge la necesidad de las pre-natalistas de ampliar para el equipo las discusiones relativas al amamantamiento materno; 3º) El equipo de la UBS como referencia en el atendimiento, en el cual los profesionales relataron que, cuando uno piensa en la práctica del amamantamiento, es necesario ser sabedor de que las mujeres necesitan de apoyo desde la gestación hasta el pos-parto, cuando retornan a su domicilio. Para tanto, es preciso que los profesionales que desempeñan sus actividades con gestantes y puérperas estén comprometidos con el amamantamiento materno, ofreciendo informaciones seguras y demostrando habilidad práctica en el manejo del amamantamiento; 4º) Estrategias propuestas y acciones realizadas, tema en que se evidenciaron los pactos entre los profesionales y fueron propuestas estrategias para que estos pudieran trabajar la práctica del amamantamiento materno en la UBS, siendo las acciones pactadas adecuadas a la competencia de cada uno de los profesionales; 5º) La capacitación participativa y el apoyo para el trabajo: en esta categoría los profesionales relataron que la capacitación hay que ser un proceso colectivo, que congregue los diferentes sectores, servicios y saberes en la búsqueda de un objetivo y fue posible observar los cambios en el mirar del equipo, permitiendo a los envueltos en el trabajo salir de una posición contemplativa para una posición más activa, en la cual las transformaciones necesarias cambiaron en situaciones posibles. La capacitacíon participativa tornó posible transformaciones en las practicas de estos profesionales en relación al amamentamiento materno.Pesquisa aprobada en lo Comitê de Ética da Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre sob el nº 001.051.355.06.0.

Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de sessões de aconselhamento em amamentação dirigidas a mães adolescentes e avós maternas sobre o uso desnecessário de água e/ou chás em crianças amamentadas. Métodos: Foi conduzido um ensaio clínico randomizado envolvendo 323 mães adolescentes, seus recém-nascidos e as avós maternas das crianças, alocadas para quatro grupos distintos: mãe e avó não coabitando, sem intervenção e com intervenção direcionada apenas à mãe; e mãe e avó coabitando, sem intervenção e com intervenção direcionada a ambas. A intervenção consistiu de seis sessões de aconselhamento em amamentação, na maternidade e aos sete, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias. As informações sobre as práticas alimentares das crianças foram coletadas mensalmente nos primeiros 6 meses de idade por telefone. O impacto da intervenção foi medido, comparando-se as medianas e as curvas de sobrevida da introdução desses líquidos e a regressão de Cox estimou a sua magnitude. Resultados: A intervenção teve impacto positivo significativo tanto para o grupo em que apenas as mães adolescentes a receberam (RDI=0,48; IC95%=0,31-0,76) quanto para o grupo em que as avós foram incluídas (RDI=0,53; IC95=0,35-0,80). Ela postergou em 44 dias o uso desses líquidos no primeiro grupo (78 dias versus 122 dias) e em 67 dias no grupo em que as avós foram incluídas na intervenção (63 dias versus 130 dias). Conclusões: Múltiplas sessões de aconselhamento nos primeiros 4 meses dirigidas a mães adolescentes e avós maternas, quando estas coabitavam, mostraram ser uma estratégia eficaz em postergar a introdução desnecessária de água e/ou chás em crianças amamentadas. / Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of counselling sessions on breastfeeding for adolescent mothers and maternal grandmothers on the reduction of unnecessary water and/ or herbal teas intake on breastfed infants. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted involving 323 adolescent mothers, their newborn infants and respective maternal grandmothers allocated into four distinct groups: mother and grandmother not cohabitating, without or with intervention directed only towards mother; and mother and grandmother cohabitating without or with intervention directed towards both (mother and grandmother). The intervention consisted of six counselling sessions on breastfeeding, in the maternity ward and on days 7, 15, 30, 60 and 120 after birth. The data about feeding practices were collected monthly until the end of the sixth month of life by telephone. The impact of the intervention was measured by comparing the medians and the survival curves for initiation of water/tea intake in the first six months of life between the groups and Cox regression was used to estimate its magnitude. Results: The intervention had a significant positive impact for both the group in which only adolescent mothers received the intervention (HR=0,48; 95%CI=0,31-0,76) and for the group in which grandmothers were also included (HR=0,53; 95%CI=0,35-0,80). It postponed in 44 days the use of these liquids on first group (78 days versus 122 days) and in 67 days on the group in which the grandmother was also included in the intervention (63 days versus 130 days). Conclusions: Multiple counselling sessions on infant feeding in the first 4 months postpartum for adolescent mothers and maternal grandmothers, when they cohabitate, demonstrated to be an effective strategy to postpone the unnecessary water and/or teas intake on breastfed infants.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Objectives: Ascertain the nutritional status and oral motor abilities development of preterm children and the association between them, in addition to investigate the maternal variables, feeding type, nursing nipple use and food intake markers during the first year of life. Methodology: descriptive and longitudinal study. Were included 45 children accompanied in a hospital in Southern Brazil, from July 2014 to March 2016 in six stages: birth (M1), hospital discharge (M2), 4 (M3), 6 (M4), 9 (M5 ) and 12 months of corrected age (M6). The data of birth and hospital discharge were collected from medical records. Anthropometric evaluations were conducted, assessment of oral motor skills with Schedule for Oral Motor Assessment (SOMA) protocol and application of food and socioeconomic questionnaire. Results: The average gestational age at birth was 32.9 (± 1.8) weeks and the average weight of 1751 (± 497) grams. Most were female (53.3%), classified as appropriate for gestational age (68.8%). In M2, was observed a significant increase On the sector (M3) the growth was resumed, significantly in weight (p <0.001) compared with M2 and cephalic perimeter (p = 0.016) compared to M1. The percentage of children at risk of overweight (BMI/A) was 11% in M3, 13% in M4 and 23% in M5 (p = 0.039), falling to 13% by M6. Overweight, appeared in 4% of children aged 9 and 12 months of CA (M5 and M6). The HMO evaluation showed that in M3, 78% had OMD, significantly decreasing to 41% (p <0.001) in M4. OMD was not associated with nutritional status in the first year of life. The type of prevalent feeding in the first year was the artificial, occurring early weaning at 4 months. The OMD was not associated with the type of feeding. The complementary feeding was introduced in chronological age on average 5.2 ± 1.2 months, and the CA on average 3.6 ± 1.3 months. In M3, 77.8% used a nursing nippler. Among these, 87.5% were not breastfed (p = 0.022). Nursing nipplers use was not associated with the presence of OMD (p = 0.058) at 4 months. At 12 months 42% consumed soft drinks, 44% artificial juice, 78% honey / molasses / sweets. At this age, 18% consumed cereal added to milk. Most consumed beans, meat, vegetables and fruits since 6 months old. Risk markers consume was not associated with nutritional status. Neonatal and maternal variables were not associated with the type of feeding and OMD on the studied times. Conclusion: Good oral motor performance occurred concomitantly with adequate nutritional status during the first year. The observed overweight and low quality food justify the monitoring of preterm children, mainly due to its relationship with chronic diseases throughout life. The health team should promote greater incentive to breastfeeding, avoiding early weaning and the appearance of deleterious oral habits. / Objetivos: verificar o estado nutricional e o desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras orais de crianças nascidas pré-termo e a associação entre eles, além de investigar as variáveis maternas, o tipo de aleitamento, o uso de chupeta e os marcadores de consumo alimentar, durante o primeiro ano de vida. Metodologia: estudo descritivo e longitudinal. A mostra compreendeu 45 crianças acompanhadas em hospital do Sul do Brasil, entre julho de 2014 a março de 2016, em seis momentos: nascimento (M1), alta hospitalar (M2), 4 (M3), 6 (M4), 9 (M5) e 12 meses de idade corrigida (M6). Os dados do nascimento e alta foram coletados de prontuário clínico. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, avaliação das habilidades motoras orais com o protocolo Schedule for Oral Motor Assessment (SOMA) e aplicação de questionário alimentar e socioeconômico. Resultados: A idade gestacional ao nascer foi em média de 32,9 (±1,8) semanas e o peso médio de 1751 (± 497) gramas. A maioria era meninas (53,3%), classificada como adequados para a idade gestacional (68,8%). No M2, observou-se aumento significativo (p=0,008) de lactentes com peso abaixo do percentil 10° (49%), comparados com o M1 (31%). No seguimento (M3) houve catch-up do crescimento, significativo em peso (p<0,001) comparado com o M2 e em perímetro cefálico (p=0,016) em relação ao M1. O percentual de crianças com risco de sobrepeso (IMC/I) foi de 11%, em M3, 13%, em M4 e 23%, em M5 (p=0,039), caindo para 13%, em M6. Sobrepeso, apareceu em 4% das crianças aos 9 e aos 12 meses de IC (M5 e M6). Na avaliação das HMO verificou-se que no M3, 78% tinham DMO, diminuindo significativamente, para 41% (p < 0,001) no M4. A DMO não se associou com o estado nutricional no primeiro ano de vida. O tipo de aleitamento prevalente no primeiro ano foi o artificial, ocorrendo desmame precoce aos 4 meses. A DMO não se associou com o tipo de aleitamento. A alimentação complementar foi introduzida na idade cronológica em média de 5,2 ± 1,2 meses, e na IC em média de 3,6 ± 1,3 meses. No M3, 77,8% usavam chupeta. Destes, 87,5% não haviam sido amamentados ao seio (p=0,022). O uso de chupeta não se associou com a presença de DMO (p = 0,058) aos 4 meses. Aos 12 meses 42% ingeriam refrigerantes, 44% suco industrializado, 78% mel/melado/doces. Nesta idade 18% consumiam cereal adicionado ao leite. A maioria consumia feijão, carnes, hortaliças e frutas a partir dos 6 meses. O consumo de marcadores de risco não associou-se com o estado nutricional. As variáveis neonatais e maternas não se associaram com o tipo de aleitamento e DMO nos momentos estudados. Conclusão: o bom desempenho motor oral ocorreu concomitantemente com o adequado estado nutricional, durante o primeiro ano. O excesso de peso e má qualidade alimentar observados justificam o acompanhamento de crianças nascidas pré-termo, principalmente devido a sua relação com as doenças crônicas ao longo da vida. A equipe de saúde deve promover maior incentivo ao aleitamento materno, evitando o desmame precoce e o aparecimento de hábitos orais deletérios.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:56:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 frota_fds_me_araca.pdf: 829246 bytes, checksum: 5db38225d88fe229f93bc7908dc7f33a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A criança portadora de necessidades especiais é aquela que apresenta desvios da normalidade de ordem física, mental, sensorial, comportamental ou de crescimento. A odontologia para o bebê se fundamentou em três princípios: educação, atenção precoce e determinação, reversão e controle dos fatores de risco, de forma a promover a saúde bucal. A atenção odontológica precoce para bebês portadores de necessidades especiais, se funde com a odontologia para bebês “normais”, pois não é o indivíduo e sim a condição de ser bebê é que deve ser considerada especial. O leite materno é considerado o melhor alimento para o recém-nascido, pois possui elementos essenciais ao crescimento físico, funcionamento imunológico e desenvolvimento psicológico das crianças, especialmente, ao longo do primeiro ano de vida, propiciando o desenvolvimento normal de todo o complexo craniofacial. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e relacionar o tempo de aleitamento materno com a introdução de hábitos bucais, cárie precoce e ocorrência de maloclusão em crianças de 1 a 4 anos de idade, de ambos os gêneros, matriculadas e assistidas no Centro de Assistência Odontológica a Portadores de Necessidades Especiais, Unidade Auxiliar de Estrutura Complexa, na APAE de Araçatuba e na Bebê Clínica da Faculdade de Odontologia do Campus de Araçatuba, da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho”. Utilizou-se um questionário, com perguntas pertinentes ao assunto, que foi respondido pelas respectivas mães e/ou cuidadores destes. E, para complementar foram realizados exames clínicos bucais nestas crianças, para análise de suas condições de saúde bucal. Para análise estatística foram aplicados testes de associação, Qui-quadrado ou Fisher, ao nível de significância a 5% e os resultados foram significativos quando... / The child with special needs is the one who presents physical, mental, sensorial, behavioral or growth normality deviations. Dentistry for babies has been based upon in three principles: education, early attention and determination, reversion and control of risk factors, in order to promote oral health. Early dental care for babies with special needs is joined to the dentistry for “normal” babies, because it is not the individual but the condition of being baby that must be considered as special. Maternal milk is considered to be the best nutriment for the new-born, because it has essential elements to the physical growth, immunological system and psychological development of children, especially along of the first year of life, allowing the normal development of the whole craniofacial complex. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and to relate time of breast feeding with the introduction o bad oral habits, early caries and the occurrence of malocclusion in children aging between 1 and 4 years, from both genders, registered and assisted at the Center of Dental Assistance to Patients with Special Needs (Centro de Assistência Odontológica a Portadores de Necessidades Especiais), Auxiliary Unity of Complex Structure (Unidade Auxiliar de Estrutura Complexa), APAE of Araçatuba and at the Baby Clinics (Bebê Clínica) from Araçatuba School of Dentistry of the Sao Paulo State University. A questionnaire was used, with questions related to this subject, which was answered by the babies’ respective mothers or carers. In order to complement the investigation, oral clinical exams were accomplished in these children for the analysis of their oral health condition. The data obtained were submitted to statistical analysis which included association tests, qui-squared or Fishers tests, at 5% significance level and the results... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)