Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo o migrante mineiro vendedor de mandioca em carrinho-de-mão porta a porta nas ruas da metrópole paulista. O objetivo do trabalho foi desvendar o conteúdo da forma da inserção desse trabalhador migrante mineiro na metrópole paulista. A investigação foi se delineando em torno dos migrantes mineiros que apresentam uma especificidade na forma de organização da venda de mandioca porta a porta que despertou nosso interesse.Os vendedores de mandioca se organizam por alojamento de parentes como forma de arregimentar turma para venda de mandioca porta a porta. Baseado no estudo empírico, de tipo qualitativo conduzimos a pesquisa, em três alojamentos na metrópole paulista. A forma de inserção desses migrantes na metrópole está balizada nas mudanças nas condições gerais do mercado de trabalho e na forma de procurar trabalho na metrópole paulista a partir dos anos de 1990. Neste período se acentua o encolhimento do número de postos de trabalho, a deterioração nas condições gerais do mercado de trabalho, a ampliação do trabalho precário, informal. Desaparecem as filas nas portas das fábricas e aumentam os postos de serviço de intermediação de mão-de-obra para recolocar trabalhadores no mercado de trabalho. No caso dos vendedores de mandioca as redes sociais se conformam como redes de parentesco que se articulam na metrópole e constituem o mercado de intermediação de mão-de-obra caipira para trabalhar na Metrópole paulista. Estes vendedores de mandioca subvertem a ordem e inserem qualificações caipiras na ordem do trabalho metropolitano. / This study has as object the migrant from Minas Gerais that works as door-to-door seller of cassava in cart-hand in the streets of the metropolis of São Paulo and aims to unveil how the migrant worker is integrated in this city. The analysis prioritizes the migrant who presents a specific form of organization in the door-to-door sale of cassava. The sellers of cassava are organized by relative lodging as a way to form a team for door-to-door cassava sale. The research was based on a qualitative empirical study conducted in three lodging in the metropolis. The economic integration of these migrants in the metropolis has occurred from the 1990s, during a period of changes in the general labor market conditions in the metropolis of São Paulo. This period is marked by the shrinking number of jobs, the deterioration in general labor market conditions, the expansion of informal and precarious work. The queues on the doors of the factories disappear and the brokering service to repositioning the workers into the labor market increases. In the case of cassava sellers the social networks conform as kinship networks that fit in the metropolis and constitute an intermediation market of rural migrant manpower to work in São Paulos Metropolis. These cassava sellers subvert the order and enter rural qualifications in the order of the metropolitan labor.

Studien har som syfte att undersöka vilka faktorer fastighetsmäklare anser påverka valet att ta ut pappaledighet och vilken roll organisationskulturen har i detta. Målet med studien är att svara på följande frågor:●Vilka faktorer anger pappor i fastighetsmäklarbranschen som avgörande för valet att ta ut pappaledighet?●Vilken roll spelar organisationskulturen?Studiens resultat har baserats på sex kvalitativa, semistrukturerade, intervjuer med fastighetsmäklare som antingen ska, är eller har varit pappalediga. Som teoretiskt ramverk användes främst Scheins tre nivåer av organisationskultur samt vetenskapliga publikationer som kopplade organisationskultur med pappaledighet och föräldraledighet. Resultatet visar på att inslag i organisationskulturen i mäklarbranschen är ett hinder som behöver hanteras för att främja jämställdhet på arbetsplatsen gällande föräldraledighet. Det krävs fördjupade studier sett till vilka åtgärder mäklarföretag bör vidta för att påverka förväntningarna kring mäklarnas ständiga tillgänglighet och att förändra bilden av idealmäklaren. / The purpose of this study is to examine which factors real estate agents consider to influence them in the choice of taking paternity leave and what role organizational culture has. The aim of the study is to answer following questions:●Which factors fathers specify within the real estate brokerage industry as crucial in the choice of taking paternity leave?●What role does organizational culture play?The result of the study is based on six qualitative, semi-structured interviews with brokers who either will, are, or have been on paternity leave. As theoretical framework Schein's three levels of organizational culture was mainly used followed by scientific publications that linked organizational culture with paternity leave and parental leave. The result show that organizational culture within the real estate brokerage industry is an obstacle that needs to be developed to encourage equality regarding parental leave in the workplace. In-depth studies seems required as to what actions real estate companies need to take to influence broker’s constant availability and change the image of the ideal broker.

Title: Real Estate Agent – A profession or a lifestyle? Authors: Erik Bogren & Ulrika Carlsson Heie Supervisor: Michal Lysek Background: Research has shown that the real estate brokerage industry is complex, and the context of the industry consists of a demanding work climate. Stressful factors for new as well as old real estate brokers lead to the real estate brokerage industry having a high turnover of personnel, which mean high direct and indirect costs for the real estate brokerage agency. One of the biggest and most perplexing problems sales managers face is retaining sales talent as the brokerage industry can involve long irregular working hours, psychological stress, and burnout. The research has thus found several different factors that make up parts of the industry's context, but the research is still lacking when it comes to creating a composite picture of what the context for today's brokerage industry looks like and the concrete guidance that can be given to leaders in the brokerage industry for a lower staff turnover. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore how leaders in the brokerage industry can, through their leadership, prevent real estate agents from leaving the industry based on a found context. What is the context of the brokerage industry and how does it influence real estate agents to stay or leave the industry? How can leaders in the brokerage industry through their leadership influence real estate brokers' choice to stay or leave the industry based on the context found? Method: This research study has been carried out as a qualitative study with an inductive approach based on classic grounded theory. Ten respondents from Halland and Skåne (counties in southern Sweden) participated in the study and were then interviewed through physical meetings. The respondents consist of four managers and four employed real estate agents active in the brokerage industry, as well as two deregistered real estate agents who have left the brokerage industry. Result & Discussion: Through a model, the result is presented which shows that the context of the brokerage industry consists of challenging working conditions. This can be managed through leadership actions that can help real estate agents achieve industry survival. The result is discussed based on a frame of reference and empirical evidence. Keywords: Leadership, the brokerage industry, working conditions, leadership actions, industry survival.

Studien behandlar vad sex studenter och tre arbetsgivare har för uppfattning och syn på praktiken en fastighetsmäklarstudent måste genomföra för att registreras som fastighetsmäklare. Studien behandlar också hur kunskapsöverföringen upplevs av såväl studenter som arbetsgivare. Syftet är att genom kvalitativa intervjuer utreda studenters och arbetsgivares uppfattning och syn inom centrala områden vad gäller en mäklarstuderandes praktik. Områden som behandlas är bland annat kunskapsöverföring och anställning. Vårt resultat visar att praktiken generellt uppfattas som positiv och givande ur både studenters och arbetsgivares perspektiv. Resultatet visar också att det kunskapsgap som finns vad gäller teoretiska kunskaper som studenten får genom skolan och den kunskap studenten får genom praktiken, inte täcks fullt ut. De tio obligatoriska veckorna är för korta för att en fullständig kunskapsöverföring ska ske. / This essay deals with the perception of the mandatory practice of the real estate students in Sweden that must be accomplished to become a certified real estate agent. The goal is to investigate the matter through qualitative interviews with six students of Malmö högskola and three major employers in the Malmö area. Key areas that are scrutinized are the transfer of knowledge, employment and engagement. Our findings demonstrate that the general view of the practice within the real estate brokerage business is good and rewarding for both students and employers. The findings also show that there is a gap of knowledge between the theoretical education and the practice based education which is not fully covered. The obligatory ten weeks of practice may be considerd too short for a complete knowledge transfer to occur.

Inledning: I relation till det snabbföränderliga samhället som präglas av fortsatt digitalisering fortsätter strömmarna av nya och hårda konsumentkrav som påverkar den renodlade och traditionella mäklarfirmans verksamhet. Idag ställs således en stor press på mäklarfirmor att kunna särskilja sig från konkurrenter med syfte att kunna anta en stark position på marknaden. Syfte: Studien undersöka hur nya mäklarfirmor arbetar för att differentiera sig från konkurrerande aktörer med syfte att kunna etablera sig framgångsrikt på marknaden. Metod: Studien använder sig utav en kvalitativ metod med intervjuer som datainsamlingssätt. Vidare tillämpas en tematisk analysmodell på empiriskt material för att kunna bearbeta samt analysera data. Resultat: Respondenter uppgav att de hade en liknande inställning beträffande mäklararbete riktat till kunder där de alla utgick från en individanpassad kundcentrerad modell. Kontakten till kunderna skedde initialt företrädelsevis via digitala plattformar för att sedan övergå till personliga kontakter via telefon samt fysiska möten. Slutsats: Studien visar att nya mäklarfirmor vid sin etablering främst behöver fokusera på två olika områden: kunden samt den egna verksamheten. Studien visar att samtliga mäklare anser att grunden som deras arbete vilar på är att skapa en tillitsfull relation med den tilltänkta kunden. Denna relation byggs på en tydlig och rak kommunikation där det är mäklarens roll att identifiera kundens förväntningar för att sedan i bästa möjliga mån möta dessa förväntningar. / Introduction: In relation to the rapidly changing society that is characterized by continued digitalization, the streams of new and harsh consumer demands that affect the traditional brokerage businesses continue. Today, there is thus a great deal of pressure on brokerage firms to be able to differentiate themselves from competitors to be able to assume a strong position in the market. Objective: The study investigates how new brokerage firms work to differentiate themselves from competing players with the aim of successfully establishing themselves on the market. Method: The study uses a qualitative method with interviews as a data collection method. Furthermore, a thematic analysis model is applied to empirical material to process and analyze data. Results: Respondents stated that they had a similar attitude regarding brokerage work aimed at customers, where they all started from an individualized customer-centered model. The contact with the customers initially took place primarily via digital platforms and then through personal contacts via telephone and physical meetings. Conclusion: The study shows that new brokerage firms when establishing themselves mainly need to focus on two different areas: the customer and their own business. The study shows that all brokers believe that the foundation on which their work is based is to create a trusting relationship with the intended customer. This relationship is based on clear and straightforward communication where it is the broker's role to identify the client's expectations and then to meet these expectations as best as possible.

Titel: Motiverande verksamhetsstyrning – En kvalitativ studie om motivation i fastighetsmäklaryrket och PAR-ramverkets påverkan. Översikt: Fastighetsmäklarbranschen har påverkats av ekonomiska faktorer under senaste tiden, vilket har lett till lägre bostadspriser och en ostabil marknad. Detta har resulterat i mindre försäljningar och en högre konkurrens bland fastighetsmäklarna. Statistik har visat en ökning av avregistrerade fastighetsmäklare senaste året och därför är det viktigt att förstå vad som kan motivera dem att stanna kvar i yrket under tuffare perioder. Till skillnad från tidigare forskning, som främst fokuserat på belöningar, undersöker denna studie flera olika delar inom verksamhetsstyrning som motivationsfaktorer. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om olika aspekter inom verksamhetsstyrning kan motivera fastighetsmäklare att stanna kvar i yrket, särskilt under konkurrenspräglade och ekonomiskt osäkra tider. Genom att applicera PAR-ramverket, som inkluderar personal- åtgärds- och resultatkontroller, strävar studien efter att analysera hur dessa styrmedel kan påverka motivationen hos fastighetsmäklarna. Metod: Studien använder sig av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en deduktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen har skett via inspelade intervjuer där frågorna är baserade på den teoretiska referensramen. Urvalet består av åtta registrerade fastighetsmäklare från tre olika städer med varierande erfarenhet. Slutsats: Utifrån analysen har slutsatsen dragits att samtliga delar inom PAR- ramverket kan motivera fastighetsmäklare att stanna kvar i yrket. Motivationsfaktorerna kan däremot skilja sig från person till person, därför att det viktigt för cheferna att förstå vad som motiverar deras fastighetsmäklare. / Title: Motivational Management Control – A qualitative study on motivation inthe real estate brokerage profession and the impact of the PAR framework.Overview: The real estate brokerage industry has recently been affected by economicfactors, leading to lower housing prices and market instability. This hasresulted in fewer sales and increased competition among real estate agents.Statistics have shown an increase in deregistered real estate agents overthe past year, making it important to understand what can motivate themto remain in the profession during challenging times. Unlike previousresearch, which has primarily focused on rewards, this study examinesvarious aspects of management control as motivational factors.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether different aspects ofmanagement control can motivate real estate agents to remain in theprofession, especially during competitive and economically uncertaintimes. By applying the PAR framework, which includes personnel, action,and results controls, the study aims to analyze how these controlmechanisms can affect the motivation of real estate agents.Method: The study employs a qualitative research method with a deductiveapproach. Data collection was carried out through recorded interviews,where the questions were based on the theoretical framework. The sampleconsists of eight registered real estate agents from three different citieswith varying levels of experience.Conclusion: Based on the analysis, the conclusion is that all parts of the PARframework can motivate real estate agents to stay in the profession.However, motivational factors can vary from person to person, making itessential for managers to understand what motivates their real estateagents.

I examine individual innovation in organizations from a social network perspective. I employ two theoretical lenses to examine innovation outcomes in three separate empirical studies. First, I use a sociopolitical framework to examine how political skill and social network structure interact to predict successful innovation initiation and, ultimately, career success. I find that innovation initiation mediates the relationship between political skill and career success. Moreover, structural holes in employees’ social networks moderate the mediated relationship between political skill and career success such that the relationship is stronger for employees with many structural holes in their social network. Second, I use social resources theory to examine how the characteristics of employees’ social network contacts affect individual innovation behavior. Results suggest that there is a positive relationship between the average amount of professional experience of one’s social network contacts and individual innovation behavior. Similarly, there is a positive relationship between the average creativity level of one’s social network contacts and individual innovation behavior. Each of these relationships is moderated by social structure such that the relationships are stronger for those with fewer structural holes in their social networks. Third, I develop and validate a scale to assess employee behavioral orientations toward brokering disconnected social network contacts. The scale is found to demonstrate convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity based on data from two field sites and one student sample. Results indicate that the scale is positively related to innovation support behavior.

92 Abstract and keywords The audit of financial institutions The purpose of my thesis is to provide a comprehensive view on the issue of the audit of financial institutions. The main reason for my research is my personal interest in this area stemming from my contemporary occupation. Secondly, I would like to broaden a range of a few existing theses dealing with related topics by complex and especially legal point of view. The thesis is composed of four chapters, each of them dealing with the issue on different level of generalization and specialization. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis: "audit" and "financial institutions". The chapter is subdivided into three parts. Part One describes audit, its aims and functions and explains important concept of materiality. Part Two deals with various understandings of the term "financial institutions". Part Three determines scope of the thesis and its structure. Chapter Two examines relevant Czech legislation, International Standards on Auditing and Code of Ethics. The chapter consists of eleven parts which focus on respective elements of audit regulation. Namely it investigates requirements for compulsory audit, eligibility of an auditor, rights and duties of an auditor with deeper focus on ethical imperatives (especially...

Au cours de la précédente décennie et avant la crise financière de l’automne 2008, les marchés financiers internationaux ont connu un développement considérable et l’émergence d’une véritable industrie de l’investissement institutionnel. Au sein de cette industrie, les analystes financiers sell side employés par les sociétés de courtage apparaissent comme des acteurs majeurs, autour desquels se forment l’évaluation des sociétés cotées et les recommandations d’investissement à destination de leurs clients gestionnaires de fonds amenés à passer leurs ordres de bourse auprès de ces sociétés de courtage. La recherche présentée vise à identifier les modes de gestion des analystes financiers dans le champ de l’industrie de l’investissement institutionnel et l’influence qu’ils exercent sur les représentations, pratiques et productions des analystes. La première partie de cette thèse, après avoir étudié la construction du métier d’analyste et son contexte, met en débat les cadres de références théoriques et les disciplines qui s’impliquent dans l’analyse de la gestion du travail de quelques-uns des principaux acteurs de la finance, en général, et des analystes financiers en particulier. La seconde partie mobilise une approche contextualiste, interdisciplinaire et multi-méthodes au service d’une investigation empirique. Celle-ci met en relief le rôle du droit dans des dimensions coercitives et normatives très prégnantes, encourageant aussi bien la concurrence entre structures que l’homogénéisation et la standardisation de l’organisation du travail. Elle montre comment, sous l’effet de la concurrence des banques d’investissement anglo-saxonnes et de l’introduction d’un nouveau mode de financement de l’analyse financière par les volumes de courtage, les sociétés de « brokerage » ont adopté des stratégies de niche et intégré dans leurs configurations organisationnelles plutôt professionnelles de fortes dimensions mécanistes. Enfin, elle constate une uniformisation des modes de gestion des quatre principales sociétés de courtage françaises filiales de banques d’investissement. Les analystes français sont soumis à des modes de gestion qui privilégient clairement les dimensions marketing du métier qu’il s’agisse des modalités d’organisation du travail, des pratiques de recrutement, de communication interne, d’évaluation et de rémunération. Un des rôles essentiels assigné aux analystes consiste alors à accroitre les volumes de courtage ce qui les conduit à privilégier les activités aval de leur fonction. Mais cette dimension marketing qui caractérise la production des analystes doit être relativisée. En fonction de leur histoire professionnelle et des ressources qu’ils peuvent mobiliser, les analystes développent en effet des stratégies et des identités au travail différenciées. / Over the last decade and before the October 2008 credit crunch, international financial markets have witnessed a considerable development with the emergence of an important industry of institutional investment. Within this industry, financial analysts hired by brokerage firms play a major role while contributing to the assessment of listed companies through investment recommendations to asset managers, thereby obtaining from these clients orders for execution. The objective of this research is to pinpoint the role played by research analysts in the financial industry, and their influence over the representations and practices. The first part of this study, once constructed the analyst’s activity as a category, challenges the referential and theoretical grounds, as well as the fields involved in the work of some financial functions, and draws the attention to research analysts. The second part focuses on a contextual, multidisciplinary and multi-methodological approach to support an empirical investigation, which highlights the role played by law in both its coercive and prescriptive aspects, whether stimulating competition between structures or promoting the homogenization and standardization of work arrangements. We demonstrate how competition from Anglo-Saxon investment banks, as well as the adoption of a new business model resting on commissions generated by trading volumes, has led to the development of niche strategies, and introduced an important mechanistic dimension to the organizational configurations of brokerage firms. Lastly, it sheds light on the standardization of the managerial modes of the four main French brokerage firms, which are all subsidiaries of investment banks. French analysts are subject to management modes which clearly favor the marketing dimensions of the activity, as can be seen through the way their work is organized, the recruitment practices, the internal communication flows, their assessments and salaries. One of the roles assigned to analysts is thus to generate higher brokerage volumes, which as a consequence drives them towards marketing activities. This marketing dimension however needs to must be into perspective. Depending on their professional backgrounds and the resources they access, research analysts develop specific strategies and differentiated identities.

This thesis investigates the role of network structure, brokerage, and framing in high-risk collective action. I use the protest movement that emerged in Russia following falsified national elections in 2011 and 2012 as an empirical case study. I draw on a unique dataset of nearly 30,000 online documents and the linking structure of over 3,500 Russian Web sites. I employ a range of computational social science methods, including Exponential Random Graph Modeling, an advanced statistical model for social networks, social network analysis, machine learning, and latent semantic analysis. I address three research questions in this thesis. The first asks if a protest network challenging a hybrid regime will have a polycentric or hierarchical structure, and if that structure changes over time. Polycentric networks are conducive to high-risk collective action and are robust to the targeted removal of key nodes, while hierarchical networks can more easily mobilize protesters and spread information. I find that the Russian protest network has a polycentric structure only at the beginning of the protests, and moves towards a less effective hierarchical structure as the movement loses popular support. The second research question seeks to understand if brokered text is actually novel, and if that text is more novel in polycentric networks than in hierarchical ones. Brokers are the individuals or nodes in a network that connect disparate groups through weak ties and close structural holes. Brokers are advantageous because they have access to and spread novel information. I find that the text among nodes in brokered relationships is indeed novel, but that information novelty decreases when networks have a hierarchical structure. The last research question asks if a protest movement in a high-risk political setting can be more successful than the government at spreading its preferred frames, and within such a movement, whether moderate or extremist framing is more prevalent. I find that the opposition is far more effective than the government in spreading its frames, even when the government organizes massive counter protests. Within the movement, moderates are more likely to have their framing adopted online than extremists, unless violence occurs at protests. The findings suggest that movements should build flatter, more diffuse networks by ensuring that brokers tie together diverse protest constituencies. The findings also provide evidence against those who claim that authoritarian governments are more effective in shaping online discourse than oppositional movements, and also suggest that movements should advance moderate framing in order to attract a wider base of support among the general population.