Inom det vetenskapliga fältet för kvinnligt och manligt missbruk beskrivs ofta att kvinnan har andra och mer komplexa behov än mannen. Mannen och hans sociala situation, problematik och behov har generellt beskrivits som norm. Socialsekreterare grundar sina bedömningar och beslut på föreställningar om vad kvinnor och män har för specifika behov. Dessa föreställningar produceras och reproduceras genom rådande diskurser som verkar inom denna specifika sociala domän. Denna studie undersöker vilka centrala diskurser som kan identifieras i socialsekreterares föreställningar om kvinnligt och manligt missbruk, samt hur dessa verkar och reproduceras samt vad det kan få för implikationer för den sociala praktiken. Detta har undersökts genom en kritisk diskursanalys av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med missbrukshandläggare. I resultatet framkommer tre centrala diskurser: 1) kvinnans utsatthet och komplexa vårdbehov, 2) männen i skuggan, samt 3) individen i fokus. Dessa tre utgör vad som i uppsatsen benämns den vetenskapliga diskursen om kvinnligt och manligt missbruk. Trots att de till viss del är motsägelsefulla visar studien hur socialsekreterare formar sina uttalanden i linje med alla tre och på så vis rättfärdigar sitt sätt att agera och organisera arbetet. Diskursen om individen i fokus framträder dock som dominant i förhållande till de andra två och förefaller vara en diskurs som skapar goda socialsekreterare och främjar klienters autonomi. Genom diskursens status förpassas de andra två, med fokus på genus, till bakgrunden och samhällets rådande könsordning riskerar vidmakthållas. Slutligen förefaller diskursen om individen i fokus verka oproblematiserat både inom det vetenskapliga och praktiska fältet för socialt arbete med missbruk, vilket kan få konsekvensen att socialsekreterare oreflekterat och omedvetet placerar klienter i kategorier som verkar förtyckande. / Within the scientific field of female and male substance abuse, women have often been described as if they have other and more complex needs than men. The man and his social situation, problems and needs are in general described as the norm. Social workers base their assessments and decisions on ideas of what specific needs men and women have. These ideas are produced and reproduced by the prevailing discourses that operate in this specific social domain. This study examines which central discourses that can be identified in the social workers notions about female and male abuse, further how these discourses operate and are reproduced and how that may implicate the social practise. This has been investigated through a critical discourse analysis of six semi-structured interviews with social workers active on the field of substance abuse. The results show three main discourses: 1) women’s vulnerability and complex care needs, 2) men in the shadow, and 3) the individual in focus. These three constitute what in this paper is called the scientific discourse on female and male abuse. Despite they are somewhat contradictory, the study shows how social workers form their statements in line with all three, thus justifying the way they act and organize their work. The discourse about the individual in focus emerges as dominate in relation to the other two and appears to be a discourse that creates good social workers and encourages clients' autonomy. Through this discourse status the other two, with a focus on gender, are relegated to the background and the prevailing gender order in society risks being maintained. Finally, it appears the discourse of the individual in focus seem un- problematized both in the scientific and practical field of social work with substance abuse, which may have the consequence that social workers unreflective and unknowingly puts clients into oppressive categories.

This is an interdiscliplinary qualitative study which uses an exploratory research design and builds on Fariclough's Critical Discourse Analysis methodology to analyze the discourses surrounding an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for livelihood development project in Jamaica, introduced by the United Nations Development Programme - the Jamaica Sustainable Development Networking Programme (JSDNP). The primary objective of this project is to provide the poor in Jamaican communities with access to, and training in ICTs. In this research, I specifically focus on the discourses surrounding the JSDNP Cybercentre Project for a group of microenterprise entrepreneurs in the Jamaican tourism industry to access the epistemological assumptions of this project. From the data collected it was found that at one level, the JSDNP Cybercentre Project encouraged specific ways of acting and organizing congruent with the configurations, processes and structures of corporate firms of industrialized countries, by representing the achievement of livelihood expansion through the use of specific ICTs in a particular way which excluded other discourses. The particular ways of acting and organizing promoted by the Cybercentre encouraged the use of non-indigenous technologies, undervalued indigenous technologies and excluded the indigenization of non-indigenous technologies. These discourses were incompatible with the operational and structural configurations of trans-temporal poor entrepretrepreneurs interviewed and were more favourable to the non-poor and spatio-temporal ones. One of the wider implications of the discourse therefore was that they play a fundamental role in perpetuating entrenched inequalities through the preservation of social practices, along with their associated systems and structures. It was also found that these modalities limited the operational processes of all microenterprise entrepreneurs who were exposed to the Cybercentre Project. These entrepreneurs have limited control over the configuration of non-indigenous technologies; their technological and creative capabilities are restricted; their ability to indigenize non-indigenous technologies impaired; and they are highly dependent on non-indigenous technologies (which themselves have a number of limitations).

The aim of this study is to systematize and advance the Systemic-FunctionalLinguistic method of analysing Ergativity such as it has potential to be employedfor linguistically oriented Critical Discourse Analysis. By applying the termMetaphor of Ergativity, and distinguishing and defining a variety of suchMetaphors, different realizations of Ergativity can be identified and categorized.The method is subsequently adopted for an analysis of a newspaper material. Theanalysis reveals that Ergativity is realized differently depending on which Agent isassociated with an Ergative process, and that different Metaphors of Ergativity tendto be used with slightly different functions. Such differences may carry significancefor Critical Discourse Analyses, and the method could therefore be a usefuladdition to future linguistically oriented Critical Discourse Analyses.

Ce travail de thèse a pour enjeux de rendre accessible à la communauté scientifique francophone en analyse dudiscours la manière dont le postulat critique s’est mis en place dans les sciences du langage européennes delangue anglaise à partir des années 1970 avec la Critical Linguistics jusqu’à son évolution actuelle donnant formeet programme à un courant de recherche connu sous les noms de Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) et de CriticalDiscourse Studies (CDS). Au moyen de nombreuses traductions réalisées dans le but de donner accès aux textes dece courant, nous faisons émerger, à travers leurs publications marquantes, comment sont nés ces courants, etcomment ils se sont établis scientifiquement et institutionnellement dans le paysage des sciences du langageanglophones en tant que disciplines désormais pleinement reconnues et disposant d'une reconnaissanceimportante dans les institutions universitaires. Malgré l’éclectisme de ces disciplines, qui pourrait à première vues’apparenter à un éclatement, nous identifions dans une exploration épistémologique ce qui fait leur unité et leurcohésion interne : principe critique appliquée à l’analyse du discours, posture définie du chercheur comme partieprenante de la société, focalisation sur des problématiques sociales construites comme objets de recherche,interdisciplinarité théorique pour ne jamais se limiter dans l’analyse, et pragmatisme dans le choix desméthodologies de recherche, toujours envisagées comme étant au service d’une analyse la plus complète possibledes aspects sémiotiques et discursifs des problèmes sociaux. Dans notre dernière partie, nous donnonsprécisément à voir des manières de faire de l’analyse du discours en CDS. À travers la présentation et l’analysedes grandes approches et tendances méthodologiques des CDS, nous montrons comment les chercheurss’emparent de problèmes sociaux concrets pour proposer des analyses répondant à une visée d’émancipation,démêlant ce qu'il en est des rapports entre langage et pouvoir. Nous montrons que ces analyses sont basées à lafois sur une théorisation critique du discours, de l’idéologie et de la société dans une visée interdisciplinaire(mêlant librement aux théories linguistiques des concepts issus des sciences sociales, de l’homme ou de lacognition), et sur des méthodologies qui empruntent sans restriction à toutes les branches des sciences dulangage pour appréhender le discours de manière complète, tant sous l’angle de son contenu que de samatérialité, analysant par exemple conjointement les macropropositions sémantiques, les stratégies rhétoriques,la représentation des acteurs sociaux ou les microphénomènes syntaxiques. / With this thesis, we are aiming at presenting how critique was incorporated into linguistics and discourseanalysis, first in the United-Kingdom in the 1970s and later spread to all European Anglophone discourseanalysis where it became its own discipline, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) or alternatively, Critical DiscourseStudies (CDS). With a francophone audience in mind, we have translated excerpts of the major publications ofthe field to French in order to present first how CDA and CDS came into being as established disciplines, startingfrom Critical Linguistics. Then, we explore the main tenets of CDA and CDS and what constitutes them ascoherent scientific fields despite what appears at first sight to be a very eclectic body of works gathered underthese labels. We show that it has to do with critique as a governing principle for discourse analysis; how theresearcher’s position in society is defined; social problems as starting points for research; and a very pragmaticapproach when choosing methodological tools. Our last part presents the major approaches to “doing CDA”,from the founders’ approaches (Wodak’s Discourse Historical Approach, Fairclough’s Dialectical-RelationalApproach, Van Dijk’s Socio-Cognitive Approach, Van Leeuwen’s Representation of Social Actors) to largercurrent trends (CDA with a Cognitive Linguistics or Gender Studies input, Social Semiotics, Forensic Linguistics).

Våld i nära relationer är ett omfattande socialt problem i Sverige och problemet förekommer regelbundet i nyhetsmedier. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka beskrivningarna av mäns våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer i två välspridda svenska tidningar. Studiens frågeställningar gällde hur våldsutsatta kvinnor och våldsutövande män beskrivs samt hur relationen, våldet och dess händelseförlopp beskrivs. Kritisk diskursanalys, med utgångspunkt i Norman Faircloughs tredimensionella modell, utgjorde studiens metod och teoretiska ramverk. Analysen visade att våldsutsatta kvinnor beskrivs som anonyma, rädda eller som objekt i motsats till våldsutövande män som porträtteras som subjekt med makt. Det framkom en diskurs kring en viss typ av våldsförövare och ett motsatsförhållande mellan våld och kärlek. Resultatet visade på en fascination vid våldet och detaljerna kring våldet samtidigt som kopplingen mellan våldsutövaren och ansvaret för våldet ofta var svag. Istället kopplades våldet, som kunde beskrivas som extrema våldshandlingar, ofta till själva relationen. / Intimate partner violence is an extensive social problem in Sweden and a recurring subject in Swedish newspapers. This study aimed to explore descriptions of men’s violence against women in intimate partner relationships in two well distributed Swedish newspapers. The research questions focused on how the men and women were described and how the relationship and the violence were depicted. Critical discourse analysis, with inspiration from Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model, constituted the theoretical framework and method of analysis. The analysis showed descriptions of the women as anonymous, frightened and as objects in contrast to the men who were depicted as subjects with power. A discourse regarding a certain type of perpetrator was revealed as well as an opposite relationship between violence and affection. A fascination with the violence itself was found and it was often depicted in vivid details. The violence was often connected to the relationship itself while the connection between the perpetrator and the violence was less distinct.

The aim of this study is to analyse the discourse surrounding the preservation of the Icelandic language in light of the growing immigrant population in Iceland. This is done by analysing and comparing two public language policies through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis, more specifically Discourse Historical Approach. This thesis contributes to the academic research on the Icelandic language and its immigrant population by offering a comparative study of a previously unexplored research topic. The findings indicate that there has been a discursive shift from conservative to more progressive attitudes towards the preservation of the Icelandic language, and the connection between language preservation and purification is beginning to weaken. The study shows that immigrants’ role as language users and language preservers is not sufficiently addressed or met, and a more inclusive approach towards the language is needed to facilitate the prosperous growth of a multicultural society and immigrants’ sense of belonging.

Länge har det funnits en föreställning om att den rasism som riktas mot öst- och sydostasiater är en ”positiv” sådan, eller så har asiater helt enkelt varit frånvarande i anti-rasistiska diskurser. I samband med covid-19 eskalerade hatbrott mot asiater, vilket synliggjorde anti-asiatisk rasism som ett aktuellt samhällsproblem som alltid funnits. I denna uppsats undersöks hur öst- och sydostasiater representeras diskursivt i det svenska internetforumet Flashback i syfte att öka medvetenhet om rasism mot asiater och vidare bidra till att motarbeta de kvarstående ojämlikheterna mellan olika etniska grupper. Studien tar avstamp i ett konstruktivistiskt perspektiv på språk och diskriminering och den kritiska diskursanalysen (CDA) som övergripande analysramverk. Sammanlagt 22 diskussionstrådar som behandlar ämnen som Asien, asiat och de östasiatiska nationerna har analyserats med hjälp av Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA) och den diskurshistoriska analysen (DHA).   Undersökningen utgörs av tre delstudier som ska belysa tre olika aspekter av diskriminering av asiater: 1) kategorisering av asiater; 2) de diskursiva strategier som används av skribenterna för att förneka och rättfärdiga nedsättande kommentarer; 3) diskussioner om den så kallade ”guling-humorn”, det vill säga de rasstereotypiska framställningarna av asiater som präglas av humor och komik. Resultatet visar bland annat hur kategorin asiat tillskrivs högst motsägelsefulla egenskaper och förväntningar, och att kontexten spelar en avgörande roll för att interaktionsdeltagarna ska kunna välja ut de mest relevanta föreställningarna om asiater. Detta påvisar att diskrimineringen av asiater inte enbart är ”positiv” utan kategorin kan ofta förknippas med tydligt negativa värderingar i olika sammanhang. Den andra delstudien har sedan belyst att olika diskursiva strategier kan användas beroende på två sammanhang: när rasism som sådan förnekas och när de enskilda nedvärderande kommentarerna riktade mot asiater rättfärdigas. Förnekandet av rasism förekommer främst i de diskussionsämne som har direkt koppling till det svenska samhället såsom mångkulturalism och invandring, medan nedsättande kommentarer om östasiater framträder mer frekvent i de trådar där de enskilda östasiatiska nationerna står i fokus. I den sista delstudien identifieras de olika diskursiva strategier som skribenterna använder för att förneka den kränkande aspekten hos ”humoristiska” karikatyrer av östasiater, vilket bidrar till att bevara Sveriges positiva självbild som världens mest toleranta och antirasistiska samhälle.

The European refugee crisis sparked many debates within the European Union member states, as European countries had different ideas about handling the situation. As a result to the long negotiations without decisions, the crisis escalated, resulting in anti-immigrant, populist parties to emerge with big support among European citizens.The Hungarian government was among the first countries in the European Union to capitalise upon the refugee crisis by politicising the question of immigration, therefore, several anti-immigration campaigns were initiated in Hungary during 2015 and 2016.By analysing and comparing two campaign materials (one from 2015 and one from 2016) via the three-dimensional critical discourse analysis model of Fairclough, the thesis sought to identify the milestones and the rhetoric shifts of the communication of the Hungarian government that changed the public discourse in Hungary, as well as to point out similarities with populist practices in the anti-immigrant campaigns. The empirical analysis was carried out in the theoretical framework of discourse and power, populism, post-factuality, and agenda setting and framing.The text argued for a rhetorical shift between 2015 and 2016, in which the target of the governmental communication changed from refugees towards the European Union and its immigration policy. The thesis found evidence for the usage of populist practices that vastly affected the way Hungarians approach the question of immigration.It is hoped that this thesis could highlight the imbalance in the power relations of the public discourse in Hungary, and the findings could contribute to further analyses of populist campaigns in the period of the European refugee crisis.

The thesis identifies and further examines the role of propaganda in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, more specifically in the period around the annexation of the Crimean peninsula by the Russian Federation in March 2014. Critical discourse analysis is employed in order to analyse selected speeches of the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin, and the President of the United States of America, Barack Obama, relevant to the topic and in the period under investigation. The first chapter introduces a theoretical framework on propaganda in international relations, its definition, history and research. The methodology is described in detail in the second chapter. The historical context of the conflict is provided at the beginning of the empirical part of the thesis closely followed by a detailed analysis of the selected speeches. The findings support the prediction that there is a presence of propaganda identified within the speeches of both political leaders, thus in the conflict itself, and offer valuable insights into the hidden meanings and possible motives behind its use. The study advances our understanding of the phenomenon and helps us to expose and confront propaganda further.

This classroom ethnography documents the developing critical literacy pedagogy of an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) instructor over the course of several terms. My research, which involved extensive collaboration with the EAP instructor, explores how specific classroom practices and discourses are enacted and mediated through dialogic intertextualities, material objects, and social actions that frame representations about language, literacy, and what Lefebvre (1988) called “le quotidien” – the everyday, and how these affect the students’ meaning-making potential in specific ways. It also traces the contours (and detours) of the instructor’s classroom practices after the researcher’s mediation in the form of collaborative inquiries on functional grammar and critical literacy, and the effects of these classroom practices on making meaning in her EAP classes. I consider several issues from an integrated theory and practice perspective. Because of an urgent need to understand the students’ practices and epistemologies as they engage in ever newer forms of multimodal text productions, I contend that EAP classroom practices must be reshaped to facilitate more (inter)active engagements of the multimodal texts that saturate students’ lives, both inside the class and outside. Related to this, I highlight in my classroom data what actually counts as the ‘critical’ or the ‘uncritical’ in this EAP classroom and argue why these distinctions matter. Lastly, I suggest ways in which the role of a critical multiliteracies education in EAP can meet the pragmatic needs of both students and teachers. My research contributes to a much-needed dialogue between critically oriented researchers and practitioners in the field of TESOL/Applied Linguistics by bridging the gap between theory and practice. The lessons learned from this collaborative classroom praxis point to concrete ways to help EAP teachers and students utilize their meaning-making potential. This involves equipping them with an expanded social semiotic tool-kit that can enable them to not only meet their immediate academic needs, but also help create a more active and possibly transformative role in the social constructions of discourse, language, and society. This doctoral dissertation has implications for those who are involved in EAP teaching and research, curriculum planning, teacher training, and student needs assessment.