The core of the present master's thesis is a sociolinguistic analysis of the conversational marker 'che' in Rioplatense Spanish. Initially, the history and concept of conversation analysis are presented. The process of grammaticalization and the classification of pragmatic markers are also described. Secondly, the author defines sociolinguistics and, on the basis of William Labov's work, explains methodological problems related to collecting real language data. The terms Rioplatense Spanish and 'porte?o' are widely described as well. Further, 'che' is investigated theoretically as a case of interjection that resulted in a conversational particle. The proper sociolinguistic investigation is based on three methods: introspection, qualitative and quantitative analysis. Functions of 'che', as well as its occurence according to different social factores are studied in this work.

This dissertation investigates a common methodology of staging Cuban and Cuban exile historiography in three novels by Roberto G. Fernández (b. 1950), Antonio Benítez Rojo (1931-2005), and Ana Menéndez (b. 1970). This methodology develops a counterpoint between, first, the diagetic (strictly fictional) stories of characters who attempt to research or write Cuban history from exile and, second, the extradiagetic (extra or non-fictional) use of actual sources and tendencies of Cuban, Caribbean, and U.S. historiography structuring the narrative fiction. Reinforcing the density of the discursive field, the authors additionally incorporate works of Spanish, Latin-American, Caribbean, and/or Cuban literatures as constitutive elements of their fictions’ extradiagetic “noise.” I make the case that Fernández’s, Benítez Rojo’s, and Menéndez’s U.S.-produced historical novels develop a critical and investigative approach to the politics of Cuban exile and diaspora historiography. As such, they participate in the emergence of a post-exile Cuban literature, in dialogue with broader Caribbean and Latin American literatures. I analyze what I call archival dissonance in (1) the first, paradigm-setting novel in the body of historical fiction narrated from the frame of a dystopian future by Roberto G. Fernández, La vida es un special; (2) in Ana Menéndez’s use of reader response and archival research methods to critically recast a history of family division under the Cuban Revolution as popular romance fiction in Loving Che and (3) in the only novel Antonio Benítez Rojo lived to write in the United States, Mujer en traje de batalla (about the accidental arrival to New York City of the “first female Cuban physician” Enriqueta Faber, 1791-1827). Departing from the methodology presented with the narrative structure of each of the novels, in which a diagetic process of a character’s reading and/or writing Cuban history from a site of exile is countered by extradiagetic documentary and metaliterary information, I examine each novel’s metacritical approach to the politics of exile and diaspora historiography, as well as toward Cuban, Caribbean, Latin American, and/or U.S. literary textual economies. / text

文學是人類思想最真誠的反應，故文學之作用，固不得僅以詞章視之。唐宋古文，在中國散文史上，居於承先起後的階段，而宋文承唐代韓柳古文運動之後而健康發展，以平易流暢之體開啟新途，影響元明清文風甚巨。因此，研究宋文，不僅有助於吾等對古典文學的承繼與了解，更可加強充實新文學創作的內涵。宋六家中，蘇軾的文學魅力，使他有廣大的讀者群，其父其弟的光芒，是難以與之匹敵的。但因有父親的著意栽培，才能灌溉長養蘇軾這株文學的巨樹，因有弟弟蘇轍的羽翼之功，才能使蘇軾的影響更深更遠。可以說，老蘇和小蘇是使蘇軾更突顯其價值的人。其中小蘇因與蘇軾相隨之歲月久，更具有他重要的地位。本於欲對蘇軾之認識更深入，更基於對蘇轍其文其人的好奇，而有此論文之作。 本論文除緒論和結論外，共分三大章：第一章、蘇轍的古文淵源：蘇轍的古文，受他本身稟賦與學習的影響最深，其次是父親的用心培植，母親的身教，及兄長的終身肯定、支持。師長中影響他較多的是歐陽修與張方平。歐陽修較偏於文學方面，張方平則文學、政治、為人處世等均對他起了相當作用。 第二章、蘇轍的古文寫作藝術：第一節、議論之文：蘇轍的議論文，數量多且精，並深受歷來選文家的青睞，尤以茅坤，更是推崇備至。他的議論文，早年洋洋灑灑，氣勢豪縱，中晚期轉而內斂深沉，重人生事理的闡發。第二節、敘記之文：他的敘記文，數量雖不多，但篇篇精妙，其優點，可由六方面來談，即：一、寄寓深遠。二、敘事簡鍊。三、融入議論。四、寫景逼真。五、運用對答法。六、謀篇富變化。第三節、傳記之文：蘇轍的傳記文，最特殊是他的自傳＜潁濱遺老傳＞，此文是古人罕見的長篇自傳，內容豐富，對研究他的文學或北宋的政治、民生、軍事?等，均…有重要價值。其他關於小人物的傳記，篇篇都能塑造特殊的類型。寫墓誌、碑銘等，都能切合事理，對傳主作最恰當的描寫。第四節、書信之文：蘇轍的書信，「上書」類寫得氣勢非凡，而一般書信則溫婉莊重，二者均能因人立言，態度懇摯。 第三章、古文評價：蘇轍之古文，宋明清時期尚多有好者。近代以來，研究者較寡，但不影響他存在的價值。他的古文價值，可從四方面來談。一、具有獨創性。二、「穩」的文學風格。三、有得於養氣的文學家。四、古文藝術之繼承者張耒。經過對蘇轍古文之研究，可得到以下結論：蘇轍之文學，雖不如其兄發展全面，乍看也不似他光彩耀人，但若仔細品味，則他的古文意蘊深、用筆老，自有風貌，又非其兄所能籠罩。

Depuis une vingtaine d'années, l'industrie de la microélectronique et en particulier le marché des mémoires non-volatiles connaît une évolution considérable, en termes d'augmentation de la capacité d'intégration et de diminution du prix de revient. Ceci a permis au grand public d'accéder aux produits électroniques (téléphones portables, baladeurs MP3, clés USB, appareils photos numériques...) qui connaissent actuellement un énorme succès. Cependant, la miniaturisation des mémoires Flash risque de rencontrer des limitations. C'est pourquoi les industriels et les laboratoires recherchent actuellement de nouvelles voies qui permettraient de prolonger la durée de vie de ces dispositifs. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif premier de cette thèse est l'étude expérimentale et théorique des mémoires non-volatiles à nanocristaux de silicium. Nous avons montré les différentes possibilités d'intégration des nanocristaux de silicium à partir d'un procédé de fabrication standard. Un démonstrateur Flash NOR 32 Mb à nanocristaux de silicium a été réalisé à partir d'un produit ATMEL. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à la caractérisation électrique des cellules et matrices mémoires. Une étude exhaustive de l'influence des conditions de programmation ainsi que des paramètres technologiques sur les performances électriques a été menée. La modélisation de l'effacement Fowler-Nordheim et du « gate disturb » a permis de comprendre l'influence de certains de ces paramètres. Concernant l'écriture par porteurs chauds, nous avons étudié l'influence des conditions d'écriture sur la localisation de la charge à l'aide de simulations TCAD et d'un modèle analytique couplé à des mesures expérimentales.

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This dissertation explores the central paradox of Mexico's foreign relations with Cuba and the United States in the decade following the Cuban Revolution--why did a government that cooperated with the CIA and practiced conservative domestic policies defend Castro's communist regime? It uses new sources to prove that historians' previous focus on the foreign and ideological influences on Mexico's relations with Cuba was misplaced, and that the most important factor was fear of the domestic Left. It argues that Mexican leaders capitalized upon their country's "special relationship" with Castro as part of their efforts to maintain control over restive leftist sectors of the Mexican population. This project uses new sources to illuminate how perceptions of threat shaped Mexico's foreign and domestic politics. In 2002, the Mexican government declassified the records of the two most important intelligence organizations--the Department of Federal Security and the Department of Political and Social Investigations. The files contain the information that Mexico's presidents received about potential dangers to their regime. They reveal that Mexican leaders overestimated the centralization, organization, and coordination of leftist groups, and in so doing gave them more influence over policy than their actual numbers or resources logically should have afforded. The dissertation uses the concept of threat perception as an analytic and organizational tool. Each chapter considers a different potential source of danger to the Mexican regime in the context of the Cold War and the country's relations with Cuba. For the sake of clarity, it breaks the threats into the categories of individual, national, and international, even though these subjective categories may blend into one another throughout the course of the analysis. The first chapter begins with an individual threat: Lázaro Cárdenas, a powerful former president who became one of Fidel Castro's most dedicated supporters. The next three chapters analyze threats on the national level by looking at the domestic groups that Mexican leaders perceived to be the greatest dangers to their regime. The final two chapters move to the international level and examine the roles of Cuba and the United States. As a whole, this study of the connections between Mexico's foreign and domestic politics makes a significant and timely contribution to the historiographies of modern Mexico, U.S.-Latin American relations, and the Cold War. / text

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdnaldaS_DISSERT.pdf: 2512528 bytes, checksum: be32dc4b1d520eaf2f897ad7d4630b54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Cette th?se concerne dans une lecture po?tique du roman Campo Geral, de Guimar?es Rosa, du film Mutum - bas? sur le roman mentionn? et r?alis? par Sandra Kogut, et de l investigation das les villes de Minas Gerais/MG impliqu?s dans la production du film. Le but de cette lecture est de communiquer l'exp?rience onirique faite ? partir d'une oeuvre cin?matographique, ? partir d un r?cit litt?raire et la rencontre avec cinq acteurs non-professionnels et de trois membres de l'?quipe de Mutum. Pour ?a, le r?ve po?tique, propos? par Gaston Bachelard, il est utilis? comme une ressource cognitive ? l'exp?rience de la r?alit? de semi-imaginaire l'homme, a partir de l actionnement du double dans le processus de participation affective (MORIN, 1997). Le film choisi abord des impressions d un enfant qui vit avec ses parents, avec ses fr?res, avec sa grand-m?re et avec sa chienne Rebeca, dans un place appel? Mutum. Sous la perspective de l ?tre r?veur, qui medite sur les images de l enfance onirique dans le contexte des r?gions s?ches de la campagne, des r?gions qui sont transform?es et ?tendues ? travers le r?ve po?tique, nous arrivons ? l enfance m?ditative (BACHELARD, 2006). Tout au long de la narration de cette recherche, Guimar?es Rosa, la r?alisatrice Sandra Kogut, moi-m?me comme un individu / chercheur et les interlocuteurs de la famille Mutum que j'ai trouv? dans Minas Gerais, nous sommes tous pris comme Miguilins qui r?vent de La r?gion Caba?a Azul. Incandescents, multiples, primitives, ces Miguilins sont porteurs des papiers colores et avec elle ils comprennent la participation de l'homme dans le Grand R?cit (SERRES, 2005) / A presente disserta??o empreende uma leitura po?tica da novela Campo Geral, de Guimar?es Rosa, do filme Mutum, baseado na novela citada e dirigido por Sandra Kogut e da investiga??o em campo realizada em cidades de Minas Gerais-MG envolvidas na realiza??o desse filme. O prop?sito dessa leitura ? comunicar a experi?nica devaneadora realizada a partir de uma obra f?lmica, de uma narrativa liter?ria e do encontro com cinco atores n?o-profissionais e tr?s pessoas da equipe t?cnica de Mutum. Para isso, o devaneio po?tico, proposto por Gaston Bachelard, ? usado como recurso cognitivo para experienciar a realidade semi-imagin?ria do homem, a partir do acionamento do duplo no processo de participa??o afetiva (MORIN,1997). O filme escolhido trata das impress?es de uma crian?a, que vive com seus pais, seus irm?os, sua av? e sua cachorra Rebeca num lugar chamado Mutum. Sob a perspectiva do ser devaneador, que medita sobre as imagens da inf?ncia on?rica dentro do contexto do sert?o, de um sert?o que ? transformado e alargado por meio do sonho po?tico, alcan?amos a inf?ncia meditada (BACHELARD, 2006). Ao longo da narrativa desta pesquisa, Guimar?es Rosa, a diretora Sandra Kogut, eu mesma enquanto indiv?duo/pesquisadora e os interlocutores da Fam?lia Mutum que encontrei em Minas Gerais, todos n?s somos tomados enquanto Miguilins que sonham o sert?o da caba?a azul. Incandescentes, m?ltiplos, palimpsestos, esses Miguilins s?o portadores da carteira de identidade multicolorida e com ela compreendem a participa??o humana na Grande Narrativa (SERRES, 2005)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GeorgeCS_DISSERT.pdf: 2052095 bytes, checksum: 94bcb92ee6c4f6a8299833c1b6b33205 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-12 / New materials made from industrial wastes have been studied as an alternative to traditional fabrication processes in building and civil engineering. These materials are produced considering some issues like: cost, efficiency and reduction of nvironmental damage. Specifically in cases of materials destined to dwellings in low latitude regions, like Brazilian Northeast, efficiency is related to mechanical and thermal resistance. Thus, when thermal insulation and energetic efficiency are aimed, it s important to increase thermal resistance without depletion of mechanical properties. This research was conducted on a construction element made of two plates of cement mortar, interspersed with a plate of recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS). This component, widely known as sandwich-panel, is commonly manufactured with commercial EPS whose substitution was proposed in this study. For this purpose it was applied a detailed methodology that defines parameters to a rational batching of the elements that constitute the nucleus. Samples of recycled EPS were made in two different values of apparent specific mass (ρ = 65 kg/m?; ρ = 130 kg/m?) and submitted to the Quick-Line 30TM that is a thermophysical properties analyzer. Based on the results of thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and thermal diffusivity obtained, it was possible to assure that recycled EPS has thermal insulation characteristics that qualify it to replace commercial EPS in building and civil engineering industry / Novos materiais desenvolvidos a partir de res?duos industriais v?m sendo estudados como alternativa aos modelos tradicionalmente empregados na constru??o civil. Para desenvolvimento desses materiais s?o considerados fatores como: custo, efici?ncia e redu??o de passivo ambiental. No caso espec?fico de materiais para aplica??o em habita??es situadas em baixas latitudes, como no Nordeste do Brasil, a efici?ncia diz respeito ?s resist?ncias mec?nica e t?rmica, onde o aumento da resist?ncia t?rmica, sem comprometimento da resist?ncia mec?nica, ? desej?vel quando se buscam a isola??o t?rmica e a efici?ncia energ?tica das edifica??es. No presente trabalho s?o apresentados os resultados do estudo de um elemento construtivo composto de placas de argamassa de cimento intercaladas por placa de EPS reciclado, constituindo um painel sandu?che para emprego na ind?stria da constru??o civil. Estuda-se detalhadamente a metodologia de execu??o desses pain?is, definindo-se par?metros para dosagem racional dos materiais que comp?em o n?cleo. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova com massas espec?ficas aparentes de 65 kg/m? e 130 kg/m?. As propriedades termof?sicas dos corpos de prova foram analisadas utilizando-se o equipamento Quick-Line 30TM, que forneceu dados de condutividade t?rmica, capacidade calor?fica e difusividade t?rmica. Com base nos resultados obtidos foi poss?vel constatar as boas caracter?sticas do EPS reciclado como material termoisolante, estando esse apto ? substitui??o do EPS comercial em pain?is de constru??o

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