Au cours de son assemblage, une communauté végétale va subir de nombreux changements : immigration de nouvelles espèces de plantes possédant de nouveaux traits, disparition de certaines espèces de plantes avec d’autres traits, immigration de nouveaux organismes associés aux plantes (insectes, champignons…), changements de traits chez les espèces présentes… Tous ces changements sont susceptibles de modifier la décomposition de la litière produite par la communauté végétale. En effet, la décomposition de la litière est gouvernée par les traits des espèces végétales, par l’activité des organismes décomposeurs, et par le degré d’adaptation de ces organismes aux traits des espèces végétales. Cependant, les conséquences de l’assemblage de la communauté végétale pour la décomposition de la litière demeurent inconnues. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer les conséquences de l’assemblage des communautés végétales prairiales sur la décomposition de leur litière, et ce à différentes échelles. Tout d’abord, nous avons étudié, très localement, les conséquences des plantes voisines que possèdent un individu pour la décomposition de sa litière (i.e. échelle intraspécifique). Nous avons distingué le cas où la litière de l’individu était seule, du cas où sa litière était mélangée à de la litière provenant d’autres espèces végétales. Puis, nous avons étudié les conséquences de l’assemblage sur la décomposition de la litière au niveau plus global de l’ensemble de la communauté végétale (i.e. échelle interspécifique). Enfin, nous avons exploré la rétroaction de la décomposition sur l’assemblage de la communauté. Deux grandes démarches expérimentales ont été développées, la première utilisant un dispositif de mésocosmes permettant de manipuler le voisinage local des individus, la seconde utilisant un dispositif Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) impliquant un vaste réseau de prairies avec différentes durées d’assemblage. À l’échelle locale, nos résultats indiquent qu’un individu qui possède des plantes voisines fonctionnellement dissemblables produit une litière plus décomposable et peut également abriter des décomposeurs plus efficaces. Lorsque la litière de cet individu est mélangée avec de la litière d’autres espèces, la décomposition du mélange est accélérée par des effets synergiques lorsque les plantes voisines sont évolutivement dissemblables et fonctionnellement éloignées du mélange. À l’échelle globale de l’ensemble de la communauté, nos résultats indiquent que tout au long de l’assemblage, de nombreux changements de traits fonctionnels des espèces végétales ont lieu (ratio C:N foliaire, teneur en matière sèche des feuilles, etc.) ainsi que des changements dans la composition de la communauté de décomposeurs (ratio C:N microbien). Ces changements impactent fortement la décomposition de la litière de la communauté prairiale mais s’annulent, maintenant le même taux global de décomposition. Enfin, nos résultats indiquent que plus la litière de couples d’espèces se décompose vite, notamment via des effets synergiques, plus ces espèces coexistent entre elles. Cette thèse met en évidence l’influence majeure de l’assemblage des communautés végétales prairiales sur la décomposition de leur litière, de l’invidu jusqu’à la communauté végétale toute entière. L’assemblage des communautés végétales peut donc influencer les processus écosystémiques d’après-vie tels que la décomposition de la litière. Cette influence se produit via les traits des plantes et l’activité de leurs décomposeurs. En retour, la décomposition de la litière impacte l’assemblage de la communauté végétale. La décomposition de la litière ne semble donc pas une conséquence collatérale des traits des espèces végétales, mais bien un élément important de leur stratégie écologique et de leurs interactions biotiques, situé au coeur d'une boucle de rétroaction avec les processus d'assemblage des communautés. / During its assembly, a plant community will be strongly modified: immigration of new plant species with new traits, disappearance of particular species with other traits, immigration of new plant-associated organisms (insects, fungi…), trait changes in existing species… All these changes are likely to drive the decomposition of litter produced by the plant community. Litter decomposition is indeed controlled by plant traits, activity of decomposer community, and adaptation of decomposer organisms to plant traits. However, the consequences of plant-community assembly on plant litter decomposition remain entirely unknown. This thesis aims at determining the consequences of plant-community assembly on plant litter decomposition, at distinct scales. First of all, we studied, locally, the consequences of neighboring plants on litter decomposition of plant individuals (i.e. intraspecific scale). We distinguished the case where litter of plant individuals was alone from the case where litter of plant individuals was mixed with litter from other species. Then we studied, more globally, the consequences of plant-community assembly on decomposition at the scale of the entire plant community (i.e. interspecific scale). Finally, we investigated whether plant litter decomposition feedbacks on plant-community assembly. We used two experimental approaches, the first one using a long-term mesocosm experiment for manipulating the local plant neighborhood of plant individuals, and the second one using of Long Term Ecological Research network involving grasslands with different time for assembly. At the local scale, our results indicate that plant individuals grown in functionally dissimilar neighborhood produce a more decomposable litter, and can also harbor more efficient decomposers. When the litter of these individuals is mixed with litter from other species, the decomposition of the litter mixture is accelerated by synergistic effects when neighboring plants are phylogenetically diverse, and functionnally dissimilar to the litter mixture. At the scale of whole plant community, our results show that numerous trait changes occur during assembly (leaf C:N ratio, leaf dry matter content…), as well as changes in the composition of the decomposer community (soil microbial C:N ratio). These changes strongly affect litter decomposition but offset each other, maintaining litter decomposition constant. Finally, our result show that the faster the decomposition of mixed-litter from two species is, the more both species coexist. This thesis demonstrates the major influence of plant-community assembly on plant litter decomposition in grassland ecosystems, from the scale of plant individuals to the scale of entire plant community. Plant-community assembly hence affects after-life ecosystem processes like litter decomposition. This influence occurs through plant traits and decomposer activity. In turn, litter decomposition feedbacks on plant-community assembly. Consequently, litter decomposition does not seem to be a collateral consequence of plant traits, but rather an important part of their ecological strategies and biotic interactions, participating to a feedback loop involving community assembly processes.

Quand deux espèces exploitent la même niche écologique, elles entrent en compétition. Cette compétition interspécifique peut conduire à l’exclusion de l’une d’entre elles. Toutefois, il est possible qu’un équilibre s’installe et que les deux espèces coexistent en sympatrie. Eupelmus vuilleti et Dinarmus basalis sont deux espèces de parasitoïdes solitaires, exploitant la même niche écologique, les larves et les nymphes de Callosobruchus maculatus un coléoptère séminivore. En situation de compétition par exploitation, E. vuilleti présente les caractéristiques d’une espèce dominante, potentiellement capable d’exclure D. basalis. Aussi, nous nous sommes demandés comment D. basalis peut se maintenir dans la même niche écologique qu’E. vuilleti, comme cela est observé dans certaines zones africaines ? Nos résultats montrent qu’en présence de compétitrices (compétition par interférence), les femelles des deux espèces expriment des comportements agonistiques et la résolution des conflits est principalement influencée par la valeur que les femelles placent dans la ressource. Nous montrons finalement que dans les conditions de compétition interspécifique directe, les femelles de D. basalis sont plus agressives et font du self-suparparasitisme pour augmenter leur gain en fitness. Au contraire, les femelles d’E. vuilleti s’éloignent et attendent pour finalement revenir multiparasiter après le départ de cette dernière. En conséquence, la coexistence de ces deux espèces est le résultat d’un équilibre entre les stratégies adoptées par les femelles dans ces deux situations de compétition. / When two species exploit the same ecological niche, interspecific competition may lead to the exclusion of one of them. For the two species to co-exist, resource exploitation strategies developed by both species must somehow counter-balance each other. Eupelmus vuilleti and Dinarmus basalis are two solitary parasitoid species exploiting the same hosts, larvae and pupae of Callosobruchus maculatus. When confronted to already parasitized hosts (i.e. exploitative competition), Eupelmus vuilleti seems to be dominant and potentially able to exclude D. basalis. Here, we aim at understanding how E. vuilleti and D. basalis can coexist when in sympatry. More particularly, we investigate the behavioral strategies adopted by females of both species when exploiting the resource (i.e. host) in presence of a competitor female (conspecific or interspecific) (i.e. interference competition). Our study reveals that in presence of a competitor female, E. vuilleti and D. basalis females display agonistic behaviors and the contest resolution is mainly influenced by the value that contestants place on the resource. Finally, under interspecific direct competition, D. basalis females tend to outcompete E. vuilleti females: they are more aggressive. In contrast, E. vuilleti females adopt a waiting strategy, waiting for the opponent female’s departure to multiparasitize hosts after committing an ovicide. Thus, both species seem to show counterbalancing strategies which could promote their coexistence in nature and granaries.

À partir de l’exemple du Sud de l’Aquitaine, véritable condensé des sensibilités protestantes de l’Europe du XIXe siècle, une analyse multi-scalaire permet d’appréhender les processus de réintégration et d’affirmation du protestantisme qui, au terme d’un siècle de persécutions et de clandestinité, devient une confession reconnue. De la promulgation des Articles organiques du 18 germinal an X à la Séparation des Églises et de l’État, l’étude du pluralisme protestant permet de définir de nouveaux espaces ainsi que de nouvelles et multiples formes de structuration institutionnelle. L’existence de lignes de partage externes, visibles au travers des modalités de coexistence, et internes, par les points de tension inhérents à cette pluralité, révèle, quant à elle, les différents traits d’une identité protestante qui ne se conçoit que dans la diversité. Au-delà de ses divergences, cette minorité active fait preuve d’une vision collective et spatiale : par la création d’un territoire concurrent de l’Église catholique, par sa reconstruction institutionnelle, par ses réseaux, par ses engagements politiques, par la relecture de son histoire, elle se forge une identité originale et prétend jouer un rôle moteur dans la société de son temps. / Using as example the South of Aquitaine, a veritable concentration of protestant school of thought in Europe in the 19th century, a multi-scalar analysis throws light on the processes of reintegration and affirmation of Protestantism which, after a century of persecution and clandestinity, became a recognized religious faith. From the promulgation of the Organic Articles of 18th Germinal Year X to the Separation of the Churches and State, the study of Protestant Pluralism enables new areas to be defined as well as new and multiple forms of institutional structuration. The existence of external divisions visible through methods of coexistence, and internal ones seen in the points of friction inherent to this plurality, reveals the different characteristics of protestant identity that could only be imagined in a context of diversity. This active minority affirmed, beyond its differences, a collective and spatial vision through the creation of a territory in competition with the Catholic Church, through its institutional reconstruction, through its networks, through its political commitments, through the rethinking of its history, it created an original identity and expected to be a driving force in the society of its time.

En écologie des populations, les distributions spatiales d'espèces sont étudiées afin d'inférer l'existence de processus sous-jacents, tels que les interactions intra- et interspécifiques et les réponses des espèces à l'hétérogénéité de l'environnement. Nous proposons d'analyser les données spatiales multi-spécifiques sous l'angle des assemblages d'espèces, que nous considérons en termes d'abondances absolues et non de diversité des espèces. Les assemblages d'espèces sont une des signatures des interactions spatiales locales des espèces entre elles et avec leur environnement. L'étude des assemblages d'espèces peut permettre de détecter plusieurs types d'équilibres spatialisés et de les associer à l'effet de variables environnementales. Les assemblages d'espèces sont définis ici par classification non spatiale des observations multivariées d'abondances d'espèces. Les méthodes de classification basées sur les modèles de mélange ont été choisies afin d'avoir une mesure de l'incertitude de la classification et de modéliser un assemblage par une loi de probabilité multivariée. Dans ce cadre, nous proposons : 1. une méthode d'analyse exploratoire de données spatiales multivariées d'abondances d'espèces, qui permet de détecter des assemblages d'espèces par classification, de les cartographier et d'analyser leur structure spatiale. Des lois usuelles, telle que la Gaussienne multivariée, sont utilisées pour modéliser les assemblages, 2. un modèle hiérarchique pour les assemblages d'abondances lorsque les lois usuelles ne suffisent pas. Ce modèle peut facilement s'adapter à des données contenant des variables de types différents, qui sont fréquemment rencontrées en écologie, 3. une méthode de classification de données contenant des variables de types différents basée sur des mélanges de lois à structure hiérarchique (définies en 2.). Deux applications en écologie ont guidé et illustré ce travail : l'étude à petite échelle des assemblages de deux espèces de pucerons sur des feuilles de clémentinier et l'étude à large échelle des assemblages d'une plante hôte, le plantain lancéolé, et de son pathogène, l'oïdium, sur les îles Aland en Finlande / In population ecology, species spatial patterns are studied in order to infer the existence of underlying processes, such as interactions within and between species, and species response to environmental heterogeneity. We propose to analyze spatial multi-species data by defining species abundance assemblages. Species assemblages are one of the signatures of the local spatial interactions between species and with their environment. Species assemblages are defined here by a non spatial classification of the multivariate observations of species abundances. Model-based clustering procedures using mixture models were chosen in order to have an estimation of the classification uncertainty and to model an assemblage by a multivariate probability distribution. We propose : 1. An exploratory tool for the study of spatial multivariate observations of species abundances, which defines species assemblages by a model-based clustering procedure, and then maps and analyzes the spatial structure of the assemblages. Common distributions, such as the multivariate Gaussian, are used to model the assemblages. 2. A hierarchical model for abundance assemblages which cannot be modeled with common distributions. This model can be easily adapted to mixed mode data, which are frequent in ecology. 3. A clustering procedure for mixed-mode data based on mixtures of hierarchical models. Two ecological case-studies guided and illustrated this work: the small-scale study of the assemblages of two aphid species on leaves of Citrus trees, and the large-scale study of the assemblages of a host plant, Plantago lanceolata, and its pathogen, the powdery mildew, on the Aland islands in south-west Finland

Cette thèse porte sur le modèle d'Ising dilué, dans la région de transition de phase. Le modèle d'Ising est un modèle classique de la mécanique statistique ; il a la particularité de présenter deux phases distinctes à basse température, ce qui a motivé, entre autres, son utilisation pour l'étude rigoureuse de la coexistence de phases. Notre objectif était d'étendre la description du phénomène de coexistence de phases au cas du milieu aléatoire, c'est-à-dire au modèle d'Ising dilué, lorsque la température et la dilution sont suffisamment faibles pour que deux phases d'aimantation opposées apparaissent.<br /><br />La thèse comporte quatre chapitres. Dans un premier chapitre, nous adaptons les travaux de Pisztora au cas du milieu aléatoire et établissons une procédure de renormalisation compatible avec la dilution. Dans un second chapitre, nous étudions en détail la tension superficielle de ce modèle, pour la mesure de Gibbs correspondant à un milieu fixé, et pour la mesure moyennée. Nous caractérisons la limite à basse température de chacune de ces quantités et décrivons les formes des cristaux correspondants. Nous montrons que les déviations inférieures de la tension superficielle ont un coût surfacique et donnons une borne inférieure sur la fonction de taux à l'aide de méthodes de concentration de la mesure. Dans un troisième chapitre, nous décrivons le phénomène de coexistence de phases, sous la mesure Gibbs et sous la mesure moyennée. Dans un quatrième et dernier chapitre, nous concluons la thèse avec une application à la dynamique de Glauber, et montrons que l'autocorrélation décroît au plus vite comme une puissance inverse du temps.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Alexia Dorneles.pdf: 2214256 bytes, checksum: 9ee8a50d97b42e6297463c32cbf4b64c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-08 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze how the care of the families of children and adolescents hosted institutionally and assisted by the Social Assistance Policy in a municipality of the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre / RS has been constituted in the perspective of guarantee the right to family and community living, in order to contribute with subsidies in the qualification of this public policy. This is a qualitative research, developed through documentary research in ten (10) judicial processes, concerning the institutional reception of children and adolescents, which were in process in the Juiz de Inf?ncia e Juventude (JIJ), in the municipality of the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, in the years 2016 and 2017, as well as in documents that give guidelines for institutional reception in Brazil, which deal with the right to family and community coexistence of children and adolescents: National Plan for the Promotion, Protection and Defense of the Right of Children and Adolescents to Family and Community Coexistence (2006a); Technical Guidelines for Reception Services for Children and Adolescents (2009) and Law No. 12.010, of August 3, 2009, which provides for Adoption (2009). Empirical research was also developed through interviews with seven (7) professionals who are included in the Social Assistance Policy and in the Tutelary Council of said municipality. In this way, through this study, it was observed that the reasons that contribute to the institutional reception of children and adolescents refer to the situation of social vulnerability, poor housing conditions, neglect and intra-family violence. In addition, some families were in a situation of unemployment and informal work, which also corroborated for the weakening of the bonds. In this way, it is understood that, in the present times, a journey back to the past is lived, since there is a regression in the realization of the rights of childhood and adolescence, because one advances in the legal context, however, through the advance of the neoliberal offensives and conservative, returns to the minorist logic in meeting the demands presented by children and adolescents. Also, it is understood that the legal argument has been constructed through perspectives of the moralization of the social question. In this way, a cycle is created, where the family suffers the impact of the capital dynamics, but is blamed, which corroborates for the institutional reception and the loss of family power. Thus, it has been observed that families that have their children institutionally are exposed to a context of (de) social protection. Among the challenges identified for the realization of the right to family and community coexistence of children and adolescents, the current context of precariousness of the Social Assistance Policy of the municipality under investigation is highlighted, since this public policy is surrounded by manifestations of the process of precariousness of the such as outsourcing and the high turnover of professionals, mid-level and higher. In addition, it was observed that there is a lack of investment in the service that offers basic social protection, which, together with the manifestations of the precarious work process, contributes to the discontinuity of care and follow-up of families. In addition, through this study, it was observed that the right to family and community coexistence of children and adolescents who are institutionally welcomed has been effected by violating the right to live with the family of origin. Regarding the possibilities, it is understood that, by means of a public tender, stability would be guaranteed to the professionals, for the development of intersectoral work. In addition, it is necessary to invest more in social policies - in this case in the Social Assistance Policy, with human and material resources, in order to develop a work based on integral protection, contributing with the families in facing the expressions of the social question; in the reduction of the chances of referral of children and adolescents to the institutional reception, as well as the length of stay of these subjects in the host institutions, with a view to the realization of the right to family and community coexistence. / O objetivo da presente disserta??o consiste em analisar como vem se constituindo o atendimento das fam?lias de crian?as e adolescentes acolhidas (os) institucionalmente e atendidas (os) pela Pol?tica de Assist?ncia Social em um munic?pio da regi?o metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS, na perspectiva da garantia do direito ? conviv?ncia familiar e comunit?ria, a fim de contribuir com subs?dios na qualifica??o dessa pol?tica p?blica. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, desenvolvida atrav?s de pesquisa documental em dez (10) processos judiciais, referentes ao acolhimento institucional de crian?as e adolescentes, que estavam em tramita??o no Juizado da Inf?ncia e Juventude (JIJ), no munic?pio da regi?o metropolitana de Porto Alegre, nos anos de 2016 e 2017, como tamb?m em documentos que d?o as diretrizes do acolhimento institucional no Brasil e que versam sobre o direito ? conviv?ncia familiar e comunit?ria de crian?as e adolescentes: Plano Nacional de Promo??o, Prote??o e Defesa do Direito de Crian?as e Adolescentes ? conviv?ncia Familiar e Comunit?ria (2006a); Orienta??es T?cnicas para os Servi?os de Acolhimento para Crian?as e Adolescentes (2009) e a Lei n? 12.010, de 3 de Agosto de 2009 que disp?e sobre a Ado??o (2009). Tamb?m se desenvolveu pesquisa emp?rica, por meio de entrevistas com sete (7) profissionais que est?o inseridos na Pol?tica de Assist?ncia Social e no Conselho Tutelar do referido munic?pio. Nesse caminho, atrav?s desse estudo, observou-se que as raz?es que contribuem para o acolhimento institucional de crian?as e adolescentes se referem ? situa??o de vulnerabilidade social, condi??es prec?rias de moradia, neglig?ncia e viol?ncia intrafamiliar. Ademais, algumas fam?lias se encontravam em situa??o de desemprego e trabalho informal, o que tamb?m corroborou para a fragiliza??o dos v?nculos. Dessa maneira, entende-se que, na contemporaneidade, vive-se uma viagem de volta ao passado, pois h? um retrocesso na efetiva??o dos direitos da inf?ncia e da adolesc?ncia, pois se avan?a no contexto legal, contudo, atrav?s do avan?o das ofensivas neoliberal e conservadora, retorna-se ? l?gica menorista no atendimento ?s demandas apresentadas pelas crian?as e adolescentes. Outrossim, compreende-se que o argumento jur?dico tem sido constru?do por meio de perspectivas da moraliza??o da quest?o social. Dessa forma, cria-se um ciclo, onde a fam?lia sofre o impacto da din?mica do capital, mas ? culpabilizada, o que corrobora para o acolhimento institucional e para a perda do poder familiar. Sendo assim, percebeu-se que as fam?lias que t?m os filhos acolhidos institucionalmente est?o expostas a um contexto de (des)prote??o social. Dentre os desafios identificados para a efetiva??o do direito ? conviv?ncia familiar e comunit?ria de crian?as e adolescentes, destaca-se o atual contexto de precariza??o da Pol?tica de Assist?ncia Social do munic?pio investigado, visto que essa pol?tica p?blica est? envolta por manifesta??es do processo de precariza??o do trabalho, tais como a terceiriza??o e a alta rotatividade de profissionais, de n?vel m?dio e superior. Al?m disso, observou-se que h? falta de investimento no servi?o que oferta prote??o social b?sica, que somada as manifesta??es do processo de precariza??o do trabalho contribui para a descontinuidade do atendimento e acompanhamento ?s fam?lias. Ademais, atrav?s desse estudo observou-se que o direito a conviv?ncia familiar e comunit?ria das crian?as e adolescentes que encontram-se acolhidas (os) institucionalmente vem sendo efetivado por meio da viola??o do direito a conviv?ncia com a fam?lia de origem. Quanto ?s possibilidades, entende-se que, por meio de concurso p?blico, se garantiria estabilidade aos profissionais, para o desenvolvimento de um trabalho intersetorial. Ademais, se faz necess?rio maior investimento nas pol?ticas sociais ? neste caso na Pol?tica de Assist?ncia Social, com recursos humanos e materiais, a fim de desenvolver um trabalho baseado na prote??o integral, contribuindo com as fam?lias no enfrentamento das express?es da quest?o social; na diminui??o das chances de encaminhamento das crian?as e adolescentes para o acolhimento institucional, bem como no tempo de perman?ncia desses sujeitos nas institui??es de acolhimento, na perspectiva da efetiva??o do direito ? conviv?ncia familiar e comunit?ria.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar a realização do objeto pronominal acusativo de 3ª pessoa nas variedades de espanhol de Madri e Montevidéu, comparar as tendências encontradas com o português brasileiro e tecer uma interpretação teórica para essas construções, tendo em vista os desenvolvimentos minimalistas (CHOMSKY, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004). Analisamos entrevistas orais das variedades de espanhol de Madri (CESTERO MANCERA et al., 2012) e Montevidéu (ELIZAINCÍN, s/d), pertencentes ao PRESEEA. Como referencial teórico, aliamos, portanto, a concepção biológica de língua e gramática (CHOMSKY, 1981, 1986, 1999) a aspectos sociolinguísticos (LABOV, 2008; WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2009). O espanhol seria uma língua na qual os antecedentes [+específicos] deveriam ser retomados por um clítico, enquanto os objetos nulos se restringiriam a antecedentes [-específicos; -definidos] (CAMPOS, 1986a, b; FERNÁNDEZ SORIANO, 1999). Conforme Groppi (1997), a variedade de espanhol de Montevidéu seguiria essa mesma tendência. Considerando-se esses estudos, partimos da hipótese de que nas variedades de espanhol investigadas os objetos nulos estariam restringidos a antecedentes [-determinados; -específicos]. Contudo, os resultados encontrados contrariaram parcialmente nossa hipótese, já que observamos a omissão do objeto não apenas com antecedentes [-determinados; -específicos], como também algumas ocorrências com antecedentes [+determinados; +/- específicos] e, inclusive, [+animados]. Encontramos indícios de que o objeto nulo nessas variedades de espanhol teria uma natureza pronominal, sendo, portanto, um pro. Além disso, observamos que os objetos nulos ocorreram em construções que favoreceriam o apagamento do objeto tanto em outras variedades de espanhol (LANDA, 1993, 1995; FERNÁNDEZ ORDÓÑEZ, 1999; SUÑER; YÉPEZ, 1988) quanto no português brasileiro (CASAGRANDE, 2012; DUARTE, 1986). Por um lado, as construções que apresentam um clítico no espanhol ou um pronome lexical no português brasileiro envolveriam a operação de movimento e esses pronomes seriam a manifestação visível da concordância de objeto. Por outro lado, as construções que apresentam um objeto nulo envolveriam apenas a operação de concordância e seriam os traços- de pro que possibilitariam a identificação do objeto. Nessas construções, teríamos uma concordância de objeto que se manifesta de uma forma não visível, mediante um elemento pronominal sem traços fonéticos. / The aim of this research is to investigate the 3rd person accusative pronominal object occurrence in the Spanish varieties of Madrid and Montevideo, to compare the tendencies that were found to Brazilian Portuguese and to propose a theoretical interpretation to these constructions, based on minimalist developments (CHOMSKY, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004). For that purpose, oral interviews of the varieties of Madrid (CESTERO MANCERA et al., 2012) and Montevideo (ELIZAINCÍN, s/d), taken from PRESEEA, were analysed. Thereby, regarding the theoretical approach, the biological conception of language and grammar (CHOMSKY, 1981, 1986, 1999) and some sociolinguist aspects (LABOV, 2008; WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2009) were combined. In Spanish, [+specific] antecedents should be expressed by a clitic, while null objects would be restricted to [-specific; -definite] antecedents (CAMPOS, 1986a, b; FERNÁNDEZ SORIANO, 1999). According to Groppi (1997), the Spanish variety of Montevideo presents the same tendency. Considering these studies, our first hypothesis was that in the Spanish varieties analyzed the null objects would be restricted to [-determined; -specific] antecedents. However, the results contradicted partially our hypothesis, since it was observed that the omission of the object not only occurred when the antecedent was [-determined; -specific], but also when the antecedent was [+determined; +/-specific] and, in addition, [+animate]. We found evidence that the null object in these Spanish varieties would have a pronominal nature, and, consequently, it would be a pro. Furthermore, the null objects appeared in constructions that allow the object ellipsis both in other Spanish varieties (LANDA, 1993, 1995; FERNÁNDEZ ORDÓÑEZ, 1999; SUÑER; YÉPEZ, 1988) and in Brazilian Portuguese (CASAGRANDE, 2012; DUARTE, 1986). On the one hand, constructions that present a clitic in Spanish or a lexical pronoun in Brazilian Portuguese would involve Move and correspond to a visible object agreement. On the other hand, constructions that present a null object would involve only Agree and the -features would be related to the object identification. In these constructions, the object agreement happens in a non visible form, through a pronominal element without phonetic features.

Ce travail de thèse a été consacré à l'étude des noyaux avec quelques trous dans la fermeture de couche N = 82, qui présente une très riche variété d'excitations à hauts spins. La particularité de ces noyaux est la présence de coexistence de forme (sphérique et/ou triaxiale) à des spins très élevés. Durant ma thèse, j’ai analysé une expérience effectuée avec le multidétecteur Euroball à l’IPHC (Strasbourg) pour l'étude des états de haut spin dans le noyau ¹⁴¹Nd, peuplé en utilisant la réaction de fusion-évaporation : ⁹⁶Zr (⁴⁸Ca, 3n). Nous avons identifié plusieurs bandes à spin élevé et développé le schéma de niveaux jusqu'à une énergie d'excitation et spin de l’ordre de 19 MeV et 81/2⁻ respectivement, qui sont bien plus élevés par rapport à celui publié précédemment (9.4 MeV et 49/2h). Trois nouvelles bandes dipôlaires et trois nouvelles bandes rotationnelles quadrupolaires ont été identifiées. La séquence principale yrast a aussi été étendue jusqu’au spin 61/2⁻.Nous avons réalisé des calculs théoriques détaillés des bandes observées, en intégrant, pour la première fois, les résultats qu’on a obtenus par les modèles Cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky (CNS) et Tilted Axis Cranking (TAC). Une interprétation cohérente de la plupart des bandes observées a été réalisée, qui semblent être basées sur des minimas d’énergies presque sphérique pour les séquences principales, légèrement déformée pour les bandes dipoalires et triaxiale déformée pour les bandes quadrupolaires. La structure de niveau observée dans le noyau ¹⁴¹Nd révèle la capacité des noyaux avec quelques trous dans la fermeture de couche N = 82 à acquérir des formes différentes de tourner autour d'un axe principal ou d'un axe incliné par rapport au système de référence intrinsèque, comme dans le cas des noyaux ¹³⁸Nd et ¹⁴⁰Nd récemment étudiés par notre groupe. Tous ces résultats représentent donc un fort soutien à l'existence de la forme nucléaire triaxiale stable à hauts spins dans cette région de masse. / This PhD work was devoted to the study of exotic nuclear rotation and stable triaxiality at very high spin. In, nuclei with a few holes in the N = 82 shell closure, which exhibit a large variety of excitations at medium and high spins. The peculiar feature of these nuclei is the existence of coexisting shapes, spherical and triaxial, up to very high spins.During my PhD I analyzed an experiment performed with the Euroball multidetector at IPHC (Strasbourg) for the study of high-spin states in ¹⁴¹Nd populated using the ⁹⁶Zr (⁴⁸Ca, 3n) fusion-evaporation reaction. We have identified several high-spin bands and developed the level scheme up to an excitation energy and spin of 19 MeV and 81/2⁻ , respectively, which are much higher than previously published (9.4 MeV and 49⁄2 ℏ). Three new dipole bands and three new ΔI = 2 rotational bands have been identified. The main yrast sequence was extended up to spin 61/2⁻.A detailed interpretation of the observed bands was performed, for the first time, using theoretical calculations with Cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky (CNS) and the Tilted Axis Cranking (TAC) models. A consistent interpretation of most of the observed bands was realized. They appear to be based on nearly spherical for the main sequence, slightly deformed for the dipole bands and triaxially deformed minima for the ΔI = 2 bands. The observed level structure of ¹⁴¹Nd reveals the capability of the nuclei with a few holes in the N = 82 shell closure to acquire different shapes and to rotate around a principal or a tilted axis relative to the intrinsic reference system, as in the case of the ¹³⁸Nd and ¹⁴⁰Nd nuclei recently studied by our group.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-17T21:01:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 José Neiva Mesquita Neto.pdf: 2799737 bytes, checksum: 590e98d41066ac6babc47eeb04637796 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Marlene, olhe nas orientações a questão da citação, a qual deve ser de acordo com a NBR 6023: ALCÂNTARA, Guizelle Aparecida de. Caracterização farmacognostica e atividade antimicrobiana da folha e casca do caule da myrciarostratadc.(myrtaceae). 2012. 41 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 2012. on 2014-09-18T12:33:01Z (GMT) / Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-18T19:01:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) José Neiva Mesquita Neto.pdf: 2799737 bytes, checksum: 590e98d41066ac6babc47eeb04637796 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-09-19T11:32:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) José Neiva Mesquita Neto.pdf: 2799737 bytes, checksum: 590e98d41066ac6babc47eeb04637796 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-19T11:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) José Neiva Mesquita Neto.pdf: 2799737 bytes, checksum: 590e98d41066ac6babc47eeb04637796 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-19 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Plant-pollinator interactions in syncronopatric species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae). Psychotria species are commonly found in the understory of forested areas in tropical regions, and are important components for the functioning of these ecosystems. Many species of the genus are sympatric and bloom during the same period, being considered potentially syncronopatrics. For this reason, this genus has been considered as a good model to infer general patterns and mechanisms of speciation in the tropics. In the first paper of this dissertation, the interactions between potentially sympatric species of Psychotria and their pollinators were analyzed in order to verify the possible existence of sharing, specialization or generalization of pollinators and plants in the analyzed system. Then, data of secondary studies that contained identifying pollinators of Psychotria were analyzed From these data, we generated graphs and analyzes of interaction networks and niche overlap. Altogether, nine species of Psychotria and 25 species of pollinators of occurrence in the Atlantic Forest were included in the analyzes. The plant with the most generalist network is Psychotria tenuinervis and the pollinators with the highest proportion of links and consequently with more important role in the network belonged orders Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Psychotria species showed niche overlap in pollination and pollinator sharing. The period of greatest intensity of flowering coincided with the rainy season in the Atlantic Forest, with up to seven species coflowering. Because Psychotria species occur in sympatry and have flowering overlap and asymmetric interactions with flower visitors, it is possible that they are involved in a process of facilitation in pollination. The second paper aimed to investigate if four sympatric populations of Psychotria show pollinators sharing and pollination niche overlap . Another objective was to determine if their flowering season are synchronics. We found a dual synchrony in this system, the first in the intensity of flowering among the populations of Psychotria and the second in the increase of the abundance of flowers and pollinators. The species of Psychotria showed sharing fundamental niche of pollination and positive impact on reproductive success. However, we note that the sharing of pollinators can not be generalized to the entire system, but to the modules or pairs of species. Thus, each species of Psychotria has one or more species of preferential pollinator for sharing and that this relationship is not always reciprocal. This reinforces that the interactions among the plant species are asymmetric. / Interação planta-polinizador em espécies sincronopátricas de Psychotria (Rubiaceae). Psychotria contribui de forma importante para a diversidade florística tropical e são comumente encontradas em sub-bosque de áreas florestadas em regiões tropicais, sendo importantes componentes para o funcionamento destes ecossistemas. Muitas espécies do gênero são simpátricas e florescem em um mesmo período do ano, sendo consideradas potencialmente sincronopátricas. Por esta razão, este gênero tem sido considerado como um bom modelo para inferir padrões e mecanismos gerais de especiação nos trópicos. No primeiro artigo, as interações entre espécies potencialmente simpátricas de Psychotria e seus polinizadores foram analisadas com o objetivo de verificar a possível existência de partilha, de especialização ou generalização de polinizadores e plantas no sistema analisado. Para isso, foram incluídas informações secundárias de estudos que continham a identificação em nível de espécie de polinizadores de Psychotria. A partir desses dados, foram gerados grafos e realizadas análises de redes de interação e sobreposição de nicho. Ao todo, foram incluídas nas análises nove espécies de Psychotria com registro de ocorrência para a Mata Atlântica, sendo que elas interagiram com 25 espécies de polinizadores. A planta mais generalista da rede foi Psychotria tenuinervis e os polinizadores que concentraram maior número de links e consequentemente com papel mais importante na rede pertenceram as ordens Lepidoptera e Hymenoptera. As espécies de Psychotria apresentaram sobreposição de nicho na polinização com partilha de polinizadores. O período de maior intensidade de floração coincidiu com o período chuvoso na Mata Atlântica, com até sete espécies apresentando coflorescimento. Assim, pode-se inferir que a polinização em Psychotria demanda polinizadores generalistas. Pelo fato das espécies de Psychotria ocorrerem em simpatria, possuírem floração sobreposta e interações assimétricas com visitantes florais, é possível que estejam envolvidas em um processo de facilitação na polinização. Já o segundo artigo objetivou averiguar se quatro populações simpátricas de Psychotria, em cofloração, apresentaram partilha de polinizadores e sobreposição de nicho na polinização. Além disso, objetivou verificar se existe sincronia entre as populações vegetais e destas com comunidade de polinizadores. Foi encontrada uma dupla sincronia nesse sistema, sendo a primeira na intensidade de floração entres as populações de Psychotria e a segunda no aumento da abundância de flores e de polinizadores. As espécies de Psychotria apresentaram partilha fundamental do nicho da polinização e com reflexo positivo no sucesso reprodutivo. No entanto, verificamos que a partilha de polinizadores não pode ser generalizada a todo o sistema, mas sim a módulos ou pares de espécies. Dessa forma, cada espécie de Psychotria possui uma ou mais espécies preferencias para partilha de polinizadores e que nem sempre essa relação é reciproca. Isso reforça que as interações entre as plantas são assimétricas.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-26T10:24:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Rafael Sousa Rodrigues.pdf: 2935295 bytes, checksum: c8d29737cc1dbea08ea979f5566e42bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-26T10:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Rafael Sousa Rodrigues.pdf: 2935295 bytes, checksum: c8d29737cc1dbea08ea979f5566e42bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The implementation of governmental programs of decentralization of water access and management stands as an important chapter in the recent trajectory of state intervention in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Public policies such as the One Million Cisterns Program (P1MC) and the One Land and Two Waters Program (P1 + 2), proposed by the Articula??o Semi?rido Brasileiro (ASA -Articulation in the Brazilian Semi-arid), undergo, currently, a process of consolidation as innovative experiences of social participation in the formulation and implementation of public policies. Several technologies developed as a result of historical processes of interaction established between sertanejo peasants and nature in the semi-arid region, or generated in the realm of civil society organizations or research institutions, started to be developed as an alternative to the hegemonic model of State intervention centered in large scale development projects oriented by the concept of ?drought combat?. ASA was a fundamental actor in the recovery, systematization, valuing and development of several technologies, presented as an alternative to large scale engineering works historically advocated by public policies. ASA's work and the critique of social organizations against the criticism of the drought combat model placed the technological issue at the center of public debate. In a context of enhancing interactions between civil society and the State, enabled by the political democratization of the country, this debate reached the spaces of policy formulation. In the present work, we will try to understand the trajectory of construction of public policies oriented by the approach of coexistence with the semi-arid and how the interactions established between the public power and civil society organizations, influenced the generation, dissemination and institutionalization of the technologies proposed by P1MC and P1 + 2. As conceptual references, we used approaches related to the field of Social Studies on Science and Technology, particularly social constructivism and the Muti-level Perspective. Research methods encompassed interviews with key stakeholders involved in the process of formulation and implementation of the studied policies, analyzing, as well, audit documentation, meeting minutes and technical and executive projects related to the various phases of implementation of the programs analyzed. The research findings show that the interaction between civil society and the State in the legislation process constitutes a key arena in the pattern making and manualization procedures of the technologies of coexistence with the semi-arid / A implanta??o de programas governamentais de descentraliza??o do acesso ? ?gua figura como um cap?tulo importante na trajet?ria recente de interven??o estatal no semi?rido brasileiro. Propostas pela Articula??o Semi?rido Brasileiro (ASA), pol?ticas como o Programa Um Milh?o de Cisternas (P1MC) e o Programa Uma Terra e Duas ?guas (P1+2) v?m se consolidando, no per?odo mais recente, como experi?ncias inovadoras de participa??o social na formula??o e implementa??o de pol?ticas p?blicas. Nesse processo, diversas tecnologias desenvolvidas na intera??o hist?rica dos camponeses sertanejos com a natureza semi?rida, ou geradas no ?mbito de organiza??es da sociedade civil e institui??es de pesquisa passaram a ser implementadas como alternativas ao modelo de interven??o estatal hegem?nico, centrado nas grandes obras de ?combate ? seca?. A cria??o da ASA foi um ator fundamental no resgate, sistematiza??o, valoriza??o e desenvolvimento de muitas tecnologias alternativas ao modelo das grandes obras preconizado, historicamente, pelas pol?ticas governamentais. A atua??o da ASA e a cr?tica das organiza??es sociais ao modelo de combate ? seca colocaram a quest?o tecnol?gica no centro do debate p?blico. Em um contexto de crescentes intera??es entre a sociedade civil e o Estado, oportunizado pelo processo de democratiza??o pol?tica do pa?s, este debate alcan?ou os espa?os de formula??o de pol?ticas. No presente trabalho, buscaremos compreender como se deu a trajet?ria de constru??o das pol?ticas p?blicas orientadas pelo enfoque da conviv?ncia com o semi?rido e como as intera??es estabelecidas entre o poder p?blico e as organiza??es da sociedade civil influenciaram o processo de gera??o, dissemina??o e institucionaliza??o das tecnologias propostas pelo P1MC e P1+2. Para tanto utilizamos enfoques situados no campo dos Estudos Sociais da Ci?ncia e da Tecnologia, com destaque para o construtivismo social e a Perspectiva Multin?vel. Em termos metodol?gicos, realizamos entrevistas com atores-chave, diretamente envolvidos no processo de formula??o e implementa??o das pol?ticas estudadas, analisando, tamb?m, um extenso conjunto de documentos, incluindo auditorias, minutas de reuni?es e projetos t?cnicos e executivos referentes ?s diversas fases de implanta??o dos programas analisados. A pesquisa constatou que a intera??o entre a sociedade civil e o Estado na constru??o destas pol?ticas ? um espa?o fundamental no processo de modeliza??o e manualiza??o das tecnologias de conviv?ncia com o semi?rido