When Anatole France died 1n 1924, he had the satisfaction of knowing that he had lived long enough to enjoy the honors which are not usually bestowed upon men until their death. His long life filled with years of labor and earnest endeavor to improve the lives of his fellow-men, through a better adjustment to society, culminated in his election to the French Academy. By some critics he has been called the greatest writer of today. It is difficult to tell exactly upon what merits this distinction is based. Anatole France was not content to simply call himself a skeptic. On the contrary we find in him a curious combination of novelist, historian and critic. His works show an interest in many literary activities. In La Vie Litteraire he reveals himsel as a lover of ancient literation. In L'histoire Contermporaine and L'eglise et la Republique he is an anti-clerical and supporter of the seperation of Churcn and State; a bitter critic of all dogma. In Crainquebille we see him as the Socialist and champion of the rights of the people, and in Vere Les Tempa Mellicum and Sur La Pierre Blanche he is the optimist, strongly confident in a future Utopia. Probably it is in the realm of social satire that he can make his greatest claim to fame. So elusive is France in his feelings that his readers are not certain whether his is an intense interest in society or a context for it. Whatever we may think, we cannot deny that it is a strong feeling against what he calls evils of the day -- the church, politics, class inequalities, and many others which gave birth to such novels as L'Histoire Contemporaire, Sur La Pierre Blanche, and the little story Crainquebille. The strange combination of feelings which France arouses added to the fact that he is still a contemporary, makes it difficult to assign him any definite place in literature. So strong are his feelings that they dominate the contents of his work, and his satire is abundant in contradictions. Difficult as it may be to assign him a niche in literature, it cannot be denied that as a sincere disciple of justice and liberty, he has left a deep influence on France.

No description available.

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle entre le Centre de recherche en droit prospectif de l'Université de Montréal (Canada) et le Centre d'études et de recherches internationales et communautaires de l'Université d'Aix-Marseille (France). / La présente thèse entend démontrer un phénomène d’instrumentalisation tant du champ conceptuel que de l’ingénierie humanitaires, servant les intérêts de l’impérialisme capitaliste. Nous montrerons en effet que les concepts, les normes et les outils de l’humanitaire sont utilisés par divers acteurs comme un cheval de Troie visant à ouvrir de nouveaux marchés de manière à satisfaire les impératifs expansionnistes du capitalisme. Convoquant une approche à la fois critique, pragmatique et interdisciplinaire, la thèse analyse le rôle et les interactions d’un triptyque d’acteurs humanitaires – civils, militaires et financiers – à travers une déconstruction en deux temps du champ conceptuel puis de l’ingénierie humanitaires. Cette analyse révèle, in fine, un phénomène d’instrumentalisation de la dynamique globale humanitaire, visant à satisfaire la dynamique fondamentalement expansionniste du capitalisme et les besoins impérieux propres au maintien de ce modèle économique hégémonique. / The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to demonstrate, in the light of the analysis of the global humanitarian dynamics, that both the conceptual field of humanitarian and the engineering of humanitarian are instrumentalized in order to serve the interests of capitalist imperialism. Indeed, it will be demonstrated that humanitarian concepts, norms and tools are used by various actors as a Trojan horse to open new markets in order to satisfy the expansionist imperatives of capitalism. The pragmatic deconstruction of the humanitarian conceptual field and the humanitarian engineering reveals the instrumentalization of the global humanitarian dynamics, serving the fundamentally expansionist dynamics of capitalism and the imperative needs for maintaining this hegemonic economic model. / La presente tesis pretende demostrar un fenómeno de instrumentalización tanto del campo conceptual como de la ingeniería humanitaria, al servicio de los intereses del imperialismo capitalista. En efecto, demostraremos que los conceptos, normas e instrumentos humanitarios son utilizados por diversos actores como un Caballo de Troya para abrir nuevos mercados con el fin de satisfacer los imperativos expansionistas del capitalismo. Convocando un enfoque crítico, pragmático e interdisciplinario, la tesis analiza el papel y las interacciones de un tríptico de actores humanitarios -civiles, militares y financieros- a través de una deconstrucción en dos etapas del campo conceptual humanitario y luego de la ingeniería humanitaria. Este análisis revela, en fin, un fenómeno de instrumentalización de la dinámica humanitaria mundial, con el fin de satisfacer la dinámica fundamentalmente expansionista del capitalismo y las necesidades imperiosas de mantener este modelo económico hegemónico.

Reinforcement learning (RL) is one of the three main areas in machine learning (ML) with a solid theoretical background and progress. Generally, RL can provide solutions to many real- world applications, such as self-driving cars and protein folding. A class of RL problems with an infinite number of actions from each state has recently received significant attention, namely infinite action space RL problems. There are several standard algorithms for RL problems, and depending on the nature of the problem, one should choose a proper RL algorithm which can be a challenging task. To compare RL algorithms, we carefully implement them on different tasks and store the relevant results. To have a fair comparison, we tune the algorithms and iteratively test and update them beforehand. This study compares four different RL algorithms. Our results show that the RL algorithms that store the steps of their path, or have a model for the environment, have the highest rate of convergence. By updating the value of every step of the path after a reward, instead of only looking backward a single step, the algorithms find a solution faster and more often. Having a model to help the algorithm plan ahead also contributed to faster and more stable learning. RL algorithms that use a deep neural network for evaluation are the least stable. Our results can provide a good basis for selecting appropriate algorithms for infinite action space RL problems. It can be built upon, simplifying the development of improvements for researchers on the RL algorithms that exist today. / Förstärkningsinlärning är ett av de tre huvudområdena inom maskininlärning med en stark teoretisk bakgrund och stor utveckling. I allmänhet kan förstärkningsinlärning tillhandahålla lösningar för många applikationer som används i praktiken, såsom självkörande bilar och proteinveckning. En klass av förstärkningsinlärningsproblem med oändligt antal handlingar från varje tillstånd har nyligen fått betydande uppmärksamhet, nämligen förstärkningsinlärningsproblem med oändliga handlingsrum. Det finns flera standardalgoritmer för förstärkningsinlärningsproblem och en utmanande uppgift blir därför att välja en passande förstärkningsinlärningsalgoritm beroende på problemets natur. För att jämföra algoritmerna implementerar vi dem noggrant på olika uppgifter och lagrar relevanta resultat. För att få en rättvis jämförelse justerar vi och testar algoritmerna iterativt och uppdaterar dem i förväg. Denna studie jämför fyra olika förstärkningsinlärningsalgoritmer. Våra resultat visar att de algoritmer som lagrar varje steg under vägen, eller har en modell för miljön, har den högsta konvergensgraden. Genom att uppdatera värdet för varje steg på vägen efter en belöning, istället för att bara se bakåt ett steg, hittar algoritmerna en lösning snabbare och oftare. Att ha en modell för att hjälpa algoritmen att planera sina handlingar bidrar också till snabbare och mer stabilt lärande. Förstärkningsinlärningsalgoritmer som använder ett djupt neuralt nätverk för evaluering är minst stabila. Våra resultat kan ge en bra grund för att välja lämpliga algoritmer för förstärkningsinlärningsproblem med oändliga handlingsrum. Det här kan byggas vidare på, vilket förenklar utvecklingen av förbättringar för forskare på de förstärkningsinlärningsalgoritmer som finns idag.

L’agriculture verticale permet de contrôler presque totalement les conditions pour croître des plantes, qu’il s’agisse des conditions météorologiques, des nutriments nécessaires à la croissance des plantes ou même de la lutte contre les parasites. Il est donc possible de trouver et de définir des paramètres susceptibles d’augmenter le rendement et la qualité des récoltes et de minimiser la consommation d’énergie dans la mesure du possible. À cette fin, ce mémoire présente des algorithmes d’optimisation tels qu’une version améliorée du recuit simulé qui peut être utilisée pour trouver et donner des lignes directrices pour les paramètres de l’agriculture verticale. Nous présentons égalementune contribution sur la façon dont les algorithmes de contrôle, p. ex. l’apprentissage par renforcement profond avec les méthodes critiques d’acteurs, peuvent être améliorés grâce à une exploration plus efficace en prenant en compte de l’incertitude épistémique lors de la sélection des actions. cette contribution peut profiter aux systèmes de contrôle conçus pour l’agriculture verticale. Nous montrons que notre travail est capable de surpasser certains algorithmes utilisés pour l’optimisation et le contrôle continu. / Vertical farming provides a way to have almost total control over agriculture, whether it be controlling weather conditions, nutrients necessary for plant growth, or even pest control. As such, it is possible to find and set parameters that can increase crop yield, and quality, and minimize energy consumption where possible. To that end, this thesis presents optimization algorithms such as an enhanced version of Simulated Annealing that can be used to find and give guidelines for those parameters. We also present work on how real-time control algorithms such as Actor-Critic methods can be made to perform better through more efficient exploration by taking into account epistemic uncertainty during action selection which can also benefit control systems made for vertical farming. We show that our work is able to outperform some algorithms used for optimization and continuous control.

[ES] La presente investigación de doctorado tiene como objetivo reivindicar una mayor importancia para la actividad del conservador de las instituciones museológicas, partiendo de un cambio de paradigma que coloque al conservador en el centro de las discusiones referentes a la toma de decisiones relacionadas con las obras de arte pertenecientes a colecciones de estas instituciones. Partiendo del presupuesto de que es posible, por analogía, comparar a la institución museo con un ecosistema, es decir como un sistema mayor formado por varios sistemas menores, se pretende examinar como tienen lugar las relaciones entre los conservadores, que actúan en un subsistema específico, y los diversos agentes que actúan en otros subsistemas. Los museos, como otros campos sociales, son espacios de relación en los cuales estructuras jerárquicas de poder pueden generar conflictos entre los agentes que allí actúan. Esta constatación expone problemas variados que pueden afectar a las obras de arte, desde la adquisición, pasando por la conservación y guarda y por la restauración propiamente dicha, hasta llegar a la exhibición entre otros. El entendimiento del conservador como gestor se propone como una alternativa, que busca dar respuesta a los diversos problemas relacionados al proceso de toma de decisiones en beneficio de las obras de arte. La hipótesis defendida es la de que el conservador, como agente poseedor de las prerrogativas para operar como interlocutor político en la interfaz entre los diversos subsistemas del sistema museo, es el agente que puede conducir las discusiones y opinar sobre los diversos aspectos relacionados a los objetos que confieren identidad a la institución museo. De esta manera, el cambio de paradigma propuesto puede contribuir para el equilibrio del ecosistema museo, en favor de todos los que allí comparten relaciones de trabajo buscando el bien común. / [CA] La present investigación de doctorat té com a objectiu reivindicar una major importància per a l'activitat del conservador de les institucions museològiques, partint d'un canvi de paradigma que col.loque al conservador en el centre de les discussions referents a la pressa de decisions relacionades amb les obres d'art pertanyents a col.leccions d'aquestes institucions. Partint del pressupost que és possible, per analogía, comparar a la institució museu amb un ecosistema, és a dir com un sistema major format per diversos sistemes menors, es pretén examinar com tenen lloc les relacions entre els conservadors, que actuen en un subsitema específic, i els diversos agents que actuen en altres subsistemes. Els museus, com altres camps socials, són espais de relació en els quals estructures jeràrquiques de poder poden generar conflictes entre els agents que allí actuen. Aquesta constatació exposa problemes variats que poden afectar les obres d'art, des de l'adquisició, passant per la conservación i guarda i per la restauració pròpiament dita, fins a arribar a l'exhibició entre altres. L'enteniment del conservador com a gestor es proposa com una alternativa, que busca donar resposta als diversos problemes relacionats amb el procés de presa de decisions en benefici de les obres d'art. La hipòtesi defensada és la que el conservador, com a agent poseeïdor de les prerrogativas per a operar com a interlocutor polític en la interfície entre els diversos subsistemes del sistema museu, és l'agent que pot conduir les discussions i opinar sobre els diversos aspectes relacionats amb els objectes que confereixen identitat a la institució museu. D'aquesta manera, el canvi de paradigma proposat pot contribuir per a l'equilibri de l'ecosistema museu, en favor de tots els que allí comparteixen relacions de treball buscant el bé comú. / [EN] The aim of this doctoral research is to assert that the activity of the conservator of museological institutions is of great importance, emanating from a paradigm shift that places the conservator at the centre of discussions regarding decision-making on works of art belonging to the collections of these institutions. Starting from the presupposition that it is possible, by analogy, to compare the museum institution to an ecosystem, that is, as a larger system made up of several minor systems, it is intended to examine the relationships between conservators, acting within a specific subsystem, and various individuals acting within other subsystems. Museums, like other social fields, are spaces of social interaction in which hierarchical structures of power can generate conflicts between the individuals who participate in them. The acknowledgement of this exposes various problems that can affect works of art, from acquisition, through to conservation and storage and restoration itself, and even the exhibition of these works, amongst other things. As an alternative, it is proposed that the conservator must be recognised as a kind of manager, who seeks to react to the various problems related to the decision-making process for the benefit of the works of art. The hypothesis asserts that the conservator, as an individual possessing the power to operate as a political interlocutor at the interface between the various subsystems of the museum system, is the person best-placed to lead discussions and give opinions on the various aspects related to the objects that confer an identity upon the museum institution. Thus, the proposed paradigm shift can contribute to the balance of the museum ecosystem, to the benefit of all those who share working relationships there, in search of the common good. / Farias De Carvalho, H. (2022). El conservador como gestor: posibilidad de acción política en la interfaz institucional [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/190097

[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo a análise e exposição da teoria da legislação de Jeremy Bentham, configurando-se como um recorte metodológico e uma análise eminentemente autoral. Na primeira parte, examina-se a origem dos elementos materiais de sua teoria, destacando seu debate com William Blackstone à luz do Princípio da Utilidade. A segunda parte aborda a sua proposta relacionada aos aspectos formais e estruturais das leis, apresentando a Nomografia de Bentham como uma consolidação de regras para prevenir defeitos nos textos legislativos. A terceira parte abrange críticas feitas por alguns autores à teoria de Bentham. A conclusão tentará demonstrar os pontos positivos e negativos da teoria benthamiana, dando encerramento do trabalho. / [en] The present work has as its main purpose to analyze and expose Jeremy Bentham s theory of legislation, constituting a methodological cut and an authorial analysis. In the first part, the origin of the material elements of his theory is examined, highlighting his debate with William Blackstone in the light of the principle of utility. The second part addresses his proposal related to the formal and structural aspects of laws, presenting Bentham s Nomography as a consolidation of rules to prevent defects in legislative texts. The third part encompasses criticisms made by some authors of Bentham s theory. The conclusion will attempt to demonstrate the positive and negative topics in Bentham s theory, providing closure to the research.

This thesis studies offline reinforcement learning as an optimization technique for downlink link adaptation, which is one of many control loops in Radio access networks. The work studies the impact of the quality of pre-collected datasets, in terms of how much the data covers the state-action space and whether it is collected by an expert policy or not. The data quality is evaluated by training three different algorithms: Deep Q-networks, Critic regularized regression, and Monotonic advantage re-weighted imitation learning. The performance is measured for each combination of algorithm and dataset, and their need for hyperparameter tuning and sample efficiency is studied. The results showed Critic regularized regression to be the most robust because it could learn well from any of the datasets that were used in the study and did not require extensive hyperparameter tuning. Deep Q-networks required careful hyperparameter tuning, but paired with the expert data it managed to reach rewards equally as high as the agents trained with Critic Regularized Regression. Monotonic advantage re-weighted imitation learning needed data from an expert policy to reach a high reward. In summary, offline reinforcement learning can perform with success in a telecommunication use case such as downlink link adaptation. Critic regularized regression was the preferred algorithm because it could perform great with all the three different datasets presented in the thesis. / Denna avhandling studerar offline reinforcement learning som en optimeringsteknik för nedlänks länkanpassning, vilket är en av många kontrollcyklar i radio access networks. Arbetet undersöker inverkan av kvaliteten på förinsamlade dataset, i form av hur mycket datan täcker state-action rymden och om den samlats in av en expertpolicy eller inte. Datakvaliteten utvärderas genom att träna tre olika algoritmer: Deep Q-nätverk, Critic regularized regression och Monotonic advantage re-weighted imitation learning. Prestanda mäts för varje kombination av algoritm och dataset, och deras behov av hyperparameterinställning och effektiv användning av data studeras. Resultaten visade att Critic regularized regression var mest robust, eftersom att den lyckades lära sig mycket från alla dataseten som användes i studien och inte krävde omfattande hyperparameterinställning. Deep Q-nätverk krävde noggrann hyperparameterinställning och tillsammans med expertdata lyckades den nå högst prestanda av alla agenter i studien. Monotonic advantage re-weighted imitation learning behövde data från en expertpolicy för att lyckas lära sig problemet. Det datasetet som var mest framgångsrikt var expertdatan. Sammanfattningsvis kan offline reinforcement learning vara framgångsrik inom telekommunikation, specifikt nedlänks länkanpassning. Critic regularized regression var den föredragna algoritmen för att den var stabil och kunde prestera bra med alla tre olika dataseten som presenterades i avhandlingen.

Gabriel Bounoure (1886-1969) a été durant plus de trente ans un acteur important de la vie littéraire française, collaborateur régulier de nombreuses revues prestigieuses. Il fut même, selon d’excellents juges, l’un des plus grands critiques littéraires de son temps. Il fut par ailleurs diplomate. Il vécut ainsi près de 30 ans à Beyrouth (1923-1952) avant de s’installer au Caire puis à Rabat. Au cours de sa carrière diplomatique, il a assumé de hautes responsabilités dans les domaines de la culture et de l’éducation. Gabriel Bounoure, garda, dans son exil oriental, des relations étroites avec la France. Par ses fonctions diplomatiques mais également par ses critiques qui, loin de s’attacher exclusivement aux écrivains les plus en vue de l’époque (Claudel, Gide) ou aux figures littéraires marquantes du XIXe siècle (Rimbaud, Nerval) ont contribué à faire découvrir des poètes alors jeunes comme Henri Michaux. Parallèlement, il éprouvait pour l’Orient une attirance et une affinité profondes. Il révéla ainsi au public français de jeunes auteurs francophones arabes comme Georges Schéhadé.Les liens entre Bounoure et l’espace méditerranéen sont complexes. La Méditerranée était alors le lieu de changements historiques décisifs. Quel rôle politique Bounoure a-t-il joué ? Quel acteur de la vie littéraire française fut-il à cette même époque ? De quelle façon ces deux facettes de sa personnalité, poétique et politique, ont-elles évolué ? Enfin, dans quelle mesure la réflexion politique et la réflexion critique se sont articulées ? Cette thèse rassemble ses articles critiques éparpillés dans les revues, donne à lire des témoignages et exploite de nombreuses archives inédites. / For more than thirty years, Gabriel Bounoure (1886-1969) played a major role in the French literary life, a regular contributor to many prestigious journals. According to excellent judges, he was even one of the greatest literary critics of his time. He was also a diplomat. He lived for nearly 30 years in Beirut (1923-1952) before moving to Cairo and Rabat. During his diplomatic career, he held positions of high responsibility in culture and education. During his eastern exile, Gabriel Bounoure remained closely linked with France, as a diplomat but as a critic as well, who did not focus exclusively on the writers most popular at the time (Claudel, Gide) or on prominent literary figures of the nineteenth century (Rimbaud, Nerval). He helped to discover young poets like Henri Michaux. Meanwhile, he felt an attraction for and a deep affinity with the East. He thus introduced to the French audience young Arab francophone writers like Georges Schéhadé.The links between Bounoure and the Mediterranean area are complex. The Mediterranean was then the place of decisive historical changes. What political role did Bounoure play? What was his role in the French literary life at the time? How did these two facets of his personality, poetic and political, evolved? Finally, to what extent did his thoughts and views both as a diplomat and a critic meet?This thesis gathers his critical articles scattered in journals, offers testimonials and uses numerous unpublished archives.

[pt] Esse trabalho busca responder à seguinte questão: é possível uma Filosofia do Direito a partir da utilização dos conceitos, dos métodos e da filosofia de Michel Foucault? Ou seja, essa questão não é idêntica àquela que busca na trajetória do pensador francês o conjunto transformado de suas formulações, colocações e enunciações de problemas relativos ao direito. Aqueles que o conhecem sabem da importância desse objeto nas preocupações filosóficas de Foucault. Assim, apostando numa afirmativa, dirigi meus esforços no sentido de determinar a forma específica a ser dada ao que chamei, pelo menos provisoriamente, nova filosofia do direito, cujo distanciamento em relação às filosofia instituídas do direito seria equivalente àquele que se verifica entre a arqueologia e a genealogia relativamente ao conjunto das filosofias acadêmicas. Admitida essa hipótese inicial, era preciso então definir a arqueologia e a genealogia como instrumentos críticos de interpretação (abstraindo-me de toda problemática envolvendo as relações desse método específico de Foucault, elaborado para dar conta dos discursos das ciências humanas, com a hermenêutica em geral e seus postulados filosóficos) e transformação da realidade histórica e política (e de nós mesmos), pois o uso que dela estamos legitimado a fazer no âmbito de construção de uma outra filosofia do Direito está condicionado à orientação imprimida por Foucault em seus trabalhos históricos. Como poderíamos fazer valer os postulados nietzsheanos do autor de As Palavras e as Coisas, Vigiar e Punir, A Vontade de Saber, tomando como referência o conjunto dos discursos, dos procedimentos e das práticas jurídicas no interior de formações históricas específicas que o arqueologista e genealogista deve recortar e descrever. Uma filosofia do Direito, construída em oposição à uma Filosofia do Estado de Direito; um pensamento pragmático, orientado criticamente (busca do a priori do conhecimento e da ação) pela história, cuja característica pós-moderna está em recusar qualquer tipo de antropologismo transcendental, e cujo objetivo é a descrição do funcionamento das práticas jurídicas sem se valer jamais dos universais históricos, a não ser para denunciá-los, desmascará-los. O contrário, portanto, de uma crítica que pressupõe a transcendência desses universais históricos em seu próprio interior, prisioneira de uma tensão permanente entre as estruturas transcendentais do sujeito e suas formas empíricas de existir, ou seja, aquilo que Foucault chamava de sono antropológico, nosso novo sono dogmático. Assim, aproveitei-me estrategicamente de um texto que se tornou central para o desenvolvimento das hipóteses dessa dissertação de mestrado. Em O Que São as Luzes?, Foucault busca inserir seu pensamento crítico, o tipo específico de crítica histórica que ele buscou desenvolver, em relação ao conjunto das filosofias modernas que buscaram, de formas diferentes, responder à questão kantiana lançada em 1784 por um periódico alemão, a Berlinische Monatsschrift: Was ist Aufklärung? O pensamento que ele descreve como constituindo o tipo de crítica que ele propõe abandonar é justamente o de Habermas1. Ao defini-la como um ethos filosófico, uma ontologia histórica de nós mesmos, Foucault aponta para a necessidade de se transformar a crítica kantiana tradicionalmente transcendental, antropológica, cujos limites são negativos, interditórios, numa crítica históricagenealógica do próprio sujeito que assuma uma atitude positiva diante dos limites historicamente (não mais transcendentais) configurados que nos determinam como sujeitos do que pensamos, dizemos e fazemos; uma crítica direcionada, portanto, para uma ultrapassagem possível desses limites historicamente arbitrários. Podemos dizer que esta dissertação é essencialmente um trabalho de método, de planejamento metod / [en] This paper aims answering the following question: is it possible a Philosophy of Law starting from the use of concepts, methods and Michel Foucault s philosophy? That is, this question is not identical to that which searches in the French philosopher s path, the transformed group of his formulations, statements and enunciation of problems related to Law. Those who know him are aware of the importance of this object in Foucault s philosophical concerns. Thus, betting on this statement, I focused my efforts in the sense of determining the specific form to be given to what I called, at least temporarily, new philosophy of Law, whose distance towards the instituted philosophies of Law would be equivalent to those seen between archeology and genealogy relatively to the group of academic philosophies. Admitting this initial hypothesis, it was necessary to define archeology and genealogy as critical interpretation instruments (abstracting me from the whole problem involving the relationships of this specific method of Focault, elaborated to fit the discourses of human sciences, as hermeneutics in general and its philosophical postulates) and transformation of historical and political reality (and of ourselves),since the its use from which we are legitimated to do in the field of the construction of na other philosophy of Law is linked to the guidelines highlighted by Foucault in his historical trials. How could we make Nietzshe s postulates worth by the autor of Les Mots et les Choses, Surveiller et Punir, Volonté de savoir takin as reference the group of discourses, procedures and juridical practices inside the formationof specific histories which the archeologist and genealogist must cut out and describe? Other philosophy of Law erected in opposition to a Philosophy of the Rule of Law; a pragmatic thought, critically guided (searching for the a priori of knowledge and action) by history, whose post-modern characteristic lies in refusing any kind of transcendental anthopologism, and whose objectives is the functioning description of juridical practices without considering the historical universals, only if it is to denounce and expose them. The contrary, however, of a critic which presupposes the transcendence of those historical universals in their inner selves, prisoner of a permanent tension between the subject s transcendental structures and its empiric forms of existing, that is, what Foucault called anthropologic sleep, our new dogmatic sleep. Thus, I strategically took chance of a text that has become central for the development of the hypothesis of this Master s degree dissertation. In Qu est-ce que les Lumières?, Focault attempts to insert his critical thought, the specific type of historical critic that he aimes to develop, regarding the group of modern philosophies which tried, in different ways, to answer to Kant s issue introduced in 1784 by a German newspaper, the Berlinische Monnatsschrift: was ist Aufklarung? The line of thought which he describes as constituting the type of critic that he proposes to abandon is just the same as Habermas. When defining it as a philosophical ethos, na ontology of ourselves, Foucault points out the need of turning Kant s critic traditionally anthropologic, whose limits are negative, into a historical genealogical critic of the individual who assumes himself a positive attitude about historically configured limits which determines us as subjects of what we think, say and do; na addresses critic, therefore, to possibly exceed these historically arbitrary limits. It could be said that this paper is essentially a work of methods, methodological planning of a line of though which seeks production, adapting new concepts to this new philosophy of Law that it is not only supposed to be possible, but could truly be found in classes, lectures, interviews, in the works of a French historian. It is in this sense that the name critic mus be understood, fundam