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Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla kunskapen om skickliga lärares ledarskap i förhållande till elevers utmanande beteende. Studien genomfördes med sju lärare som arbetade i sju olika skolor. Frågorna som undersöktes var hur skickliga lärare agerar för att utveckla lärandet hos elever med utmanande beteende och hur skickliga lärare beskrev sitt stöd till elever med utmanande beteende. Dessa frågor undersöktes genom strukturerad observation och efterföljande intervju. I den strukturerade observationen användes ett observationsprotokoll inspirerat av CLASS. CLASS bygger på begreppsapparaten Teaching Through Interactions (TTI), en teori om hur lärare interagerar med elever och hur det främjar lärande. TTI består av de tre domänerna Emotionellt stöd, Klassrumsorganisering och Lärandestöd. TTI användes även tillsammans med KASAM (Känsla av samhörighet) som teori i analysen av resultatet. Studien visade att stödet för lärandet till eleverna löpte genom alla tre domäner inom TTI med betoning på Emotionellt stöd och Klassrumsorganisering. Det innebar att lärarna arbetade för att det skulle vara lugnt i klassrummet innan eleverna kunde lära sig men att de därmed inte nådde fram till den nivå av metakognition och högre tänkande som Lärandestöd till stor del står för. Framtida studier kan inriktas på att studera hur arbetet med att utveckla utmanande elevers lärande kan ske genom det didaktiska ledarskapet och Lärande stöd i stället för att börja med Emotionellt stöd och Klassrumsorganisering. / The aim of this study was to develop the knowledge of skilled teachers' leadership in relation to students' challenging behavior. The study was conducted with seven teachers who worked in seven different schools. The questions investigated were how skilled teachers act to develop the learning of students with challenging behavior and how skilled teachers described their support for students with challenging behavior. These questions were investigated through structured observation and subsequent interview. In the structured observation, an observation protocol inspired by CLASS was used. CLASS is based on the concept Teaching Through Interactions (TTI), a theory about how teachers interact with students and how it promotes learning. The TTI consists of the three domains Emotional Support, Classroom Organization and Learning Support. TTI was also used together with KASAM (Sense of belonging) as a theory in the analysis of the results. The study showed that support for students learning was evident in all three domains within TTI with an emphasis on Emotional Support and Classroom Organization. This meant that the teachers worked to make the classroom quiet before the students could learn, but that they did not reach the level of meta-cognition and higher thinking that Learning Support largely stands for.Future studies can be focused on studying how the work of developing challenging students' learning can be done through didactic leadership and Learning support instead of starting with Emotional support and Classroom Organization.

Students with disabilities, some with emotional and behavior disorders, are included in almost all elementary music classes. Students with emotional behavior disorders are one of the greatest challenges for teachers. To be effective, teachers must develop strategies and inclusive practices specifically geared towards intervention. With the quantity of students served and only limited class time with students, the music teacher is often unaware of the unique needs of specific special learners. Music teacher preparation has been inadequate in training teachers for inclusion. Elementary music educators rarely have outside support to deal with classroom challenges as they serve students with disabilities and at-risk students. Music teacher training is focused on content, not behavior management. This study examined the perceptions of randomly selected elementary music educators who were members of MENC: The National Association for Music Education regarding their preparedness to effectively manage five areas of severe behavior often exhibited by students with emotional behavior disorders: withdrawal, impulsivity, argumentative behavior, aggression towards peers, and aggression towards the teacher. The researcher devised a 39 item online survey instrument based on supporting literature. The survey was given to randomly selected participants. Two hundred sixty-nine elementary music educators from across the United States completed the survey providing information on incidence frequency, preparedness, training in behavior management, and the amount of behavior support available. Elementary music teachers felt prepared to handle impulsivity (58.2%), and argumentative behavior (55.7%). They were not prepared for withdrawal (50.8%), aggression towards peers (50.9%), and least prepared to handle aggression towards the teacher (58.1%).Over 94% of the music teachers had adult assistance less than 25% of the time and 45.9% never had adult assistance with included classes. More than 74% of the teachers indicated that they have adult assistance with self-contained special education classes less than 25% of the time and 35.7% never having adult assistance with those classes. Forty-six point two percent of the music teachers had no behavior specialist available or were unaware if one was available. Only 3.7% of the respondents felt they had all the support they needed. Thirty-six point one percent of the music teachers had no crisis plan in case of an eruption of severe behavior in their classes.

Bakgrund: Forskning visar på att barn med funktionsnedsättningar vill delta i alla aktiviteter i skolan men att de inte kan. Detta kan bero på brist på anpassningar och stöd, insatser kopplade till arbetsterapeutens kompetensområden. I många länder är arbetsterapeuter anställda inom skolan men i Sverige är det mindre vanligt att en arbetsterapeut ingår i skolverksamheten.Syfte: Att beskriva hur arbetsterapeuter arbetar med barn med autismspektrumtillstånd i skolan. Metod: Studiedesignen som användes var scoping review. Datainsamlingen skedde genom en litteratursökning med sökord relevanta för syftet, sökningarna gjordes i databaserna AMED, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Medline och ERIC. Litteratursökningen kompletterades med manuella sökningar i andra studiers referenslistor. Litteratursökningen resulterade i 14 artiklar samt 6 artiklar från de manuella sökningarna, vilket blev totalt 20 artiklar. Resultat: Studien resulterade i två övergripande kategorier; utredningar och interventioner, med sex underkategorier; intervju, observation, interventioner för utmanande beteende, hjälpmedel och träning i att använda hjälpmedel, sensoriska interventioner samt interventioner för sociala färdigheter. Slutsats är att det förekommer många interventioner för barn med autismspektrumtillstånd i skolan som kan bidra till att dessa barn får samma möjligheter att klara av skolan som andra. / Background: Research shows that children with disabilities wants to participate in all activities in school but that they can’t. This may be due to lack of adaptations and support, interventions linked to the occupational therapist's areas of competence. In many countries, occupational therapists are employees of the school, but in Sweden it is less common for an occupational therapist to be included in the school staff. Purpose: To describe how occupational therapists work with children with autism spectrum disorder in school. Method: The study design used was scoping review. The data collection was done through a literature search with keywords relevant to the purpose, the searches were made in the databases AMED, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Medline and ERIC. The literature search was supplemented with manual searches in other studies reference lists. The literature search resulted in 14 articles and 6 articles from the manual searches, a total of 20 articles were included. Result: The study resulted in two overarching categories; investigations and interventions, with six subcategories; interview, observation, interventions for challenging behavior, aids and training in using assistive devices, interventions for sensory processing and interventions for social skills. Conclusion: there are many interventions for children with autism spectrum in school that can help these children to have the same opportunities to cope with school as others.

This study examined the reliability and validity of the Teacher Attribution Measure for Early Elementary (TAM-EE), a measure adapted from the Preschool Teaching Attributions (PTA) measure, to assess the challenging behavior attributions of early elementary teachers. Like the PTA, the TAM-EE uses a series of student-specific behavior scenarios as prompts for teachers who then rate statements aligned with dimensions of attribution theory on a 6-point scale. A sample of 41 teachers completed the TAM-EE on 79 students in grades K-3 screened for risk of emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). Teachers also completed reports of student behavior, self-efficacy, and perceptions of the student-teacher relationship. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis suggest that the two-factor model (Causal and Responsibility) used for the PTA was best fit. Combined with significant correlations with measures assessing teacher perceptions and practices, this study provides both an initial psychometric evaluation of the TAM-EE and additional support for the validity and reliability of the PTA.

This study was conducted to comparatively examine child specific expulsion rates and parent satisfaction of children who received early childhood mental health consultation (ECMHC) services delivered in 2 states for the 2012 program year: Maryland (unlicensed) and Delaware (licensed) . This current study examined secondary data to determine whether unlicensed (Maryland) ECMHC professionals are equally or more effective than licensed (Delaware) ECMHC professionals. Of the total number of child specific consultations or cases referred for services in Maryland (unlicensed), N = 370, n = 266 children avoided expulsion and were able to remain at their childcare placements while n = 17 children were expulsed. Of the total number of child specific consultations or cases referred for services in Delaware (licensed), N = 135, n = 119 children were able to remain in their childcare placements while n = 3 children were expulsed. The results of this study revealed that there is no statistically significant difference in expulsion rates between Unlicensed (Maryland) professionals and Licensed (Delaware) professionals. Results suggest that licensure status of ECMHC professionals has no affect on expulsion rate outcomes and should receive further examination. Additionally, results could support policy changes that could lead to a national credentialing process that would address the current gap in ECMHC services due to the shortage of qualified ECMHC professionals. This study was unable to determine the outcome of parent satisfaction due to missing data. Future direction should include replication using a mixed longitudinal study.

Personal inom gymnasiesärskolan arbetar i en verksamhet som kan vara farlig. Det är inte så ovanligt att personal möts av hot och våld i sin vardag. Elever gör rätt om de kan och frustration och stress i situationer som de upplever att de inte kan behärska kan leda till utmanande beteenden. Det är därför personalens uppgift att arbeta förebyggande för att elever inte ska behöva känna stress och frustration. Syftet med denna studie var således att få en fördjupad kunskap om hur personal inom gymnasiesärskolan kan arbeta proaktivt med elever och utmanande beteenden. Elever som upplever att lärmiljön är begriplig, hanterbar och meningsfull behöver inte känna stress och frustration. För att uppnå studiens syfte utfördes intervjuer med elva personal inom två gymnasiesärskolor. I personalens beskrivningar av sin verksamhet visar de att de har ett proaktivt förhållningssätt och att de med metoder, strategier och i sitt bemötande av elever aktivt försöker reducera belastningar så att elever inte ska behöva känna stress och frustration. Det finns dock ramfaktorer som innebär att personalen inte alltid lyckas i det proaktiva arbetet. / Personnel in upper secondary schools for students with special needs work in a field that can be dangerous. It is not uncommon for personnel to be faced with threats and violence in their everyday lives. Students do well if they can and frustration and stress in situations that they find that they cannot master can lead to challenging behaviors. It is therefore the task of the personnel to work preventively so that students do not have to feel stress and frustration. The aim of this study was thus to gain an in-depth knowledge of how personnel in the upper secondary school for students with special needs can work proactively to avoid stress and frustration among students. Pupils who feel that the learning environment is understandable, manageable and meaningful need not feel stress and frustration. To achieve the aim, interviews were carried out with eleven personnel within two upper secondary schools for students with special needs. In the personnel's descriptions of their activities, they show that they have a proactive approach and that, with methods, strategies and in their treatment of pupils, they actively try to reduce pressure so that students do not have to feel stress and frustration. However, there are framework factors that mean that the personnel does not always succeed in the proactive work.

Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of a behavioral parent training program for increasing the accuracy of trained skills; however, few studies have examined the extent to which those skills generalize to the natural environment (i.e., the home) and are used with the target individual (i.e., the child). In addition, little is known about the direct effect that caregiver implementation of the skills has on child behavior. A multiple baseline across participants design was used to (a) assess caregiver accuracy with implementation of three parenting skills, and (b) assess subsequent effects of the parenting skills on child behavior. Results demonstrated that three caregiver participants successfully generalized parenting skills taught during behavioral skills training (BST) to naturally occurring routines by recognizing appropriate and inappropriate child behaviors as opportunities to implement the trained skills. In addition, the behavior of each caregiver's child improved following BST, suggesting that the parenting skills were effective in addressing challenging child behavior. All caregivers rated the training and skills to be highly socially valid. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Preschool special education students lack of personal-social skills is affecting their kindergarten readiness and placing them at risk for exposure to school discipline in a large school district in the Southeastern United States. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between the quality of school discipline policies and personal-social skills of preschool special education students within the focus district. Ecological systems theory provided the framework for the study. Data collection included archived personal-social skills scores, as measured by the Battelle Developmental Inventory 2 (BDI 2), of 354 preschool special education students. Four trained educators rated the effectiveness of the schools' discipline policies using the Teaching and Guidance Policies Essentials Checklist (TAGPEC). Findings from simple linear regression analysis indicated no significant relationship between the TAGPEC ratings and students' BDI 2 scores. An ANCOVA was used to compare BDI 2 scores of students in Title I and non-Title I schools (n = 96 students per group) while conrolling for TAGPEC ratings, but results showed no statistically significant differences. The average quality of the discipline policies was rated as inadequate overall. Findings may be used by district administrators to improve the quality of current discipline policies. A policy recommendation was developed to encourage effective discipline policies and create a supportive school environment to promote positive social behaviors of all students, including the youngest and most vulnerable.

Syftet med denna pilotstudie var att lyfta fram erfarenheter om hur förskollärare hanterar situationer med barn med utmanande beteende i förskolan. Pilotstudien fokuserar på förskollärares erfarenheter av stödåtgärder för att kunna bemöta barn med utmanande beteende samt vikten av kunskaper och möjligheter till vidareutbildning. De frågor som pilotstudien avsåg att besvara var följande: Vilka pedagogiska strategier använder sig förskollärarna av i sitt arbete i förskolan samt finns det möjlighet för förskollärarna att vidareutveckla sina pedagogiska strategier? För att kunna få insikt i problemområdet har vi som utgångspunkt använt oss av ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och genomfört en pilotstudie med enkät som medel för datainsamling. 34 rektorer och totalt 137 förskollärare tillfrågades om de ville medverka i studien. Vårt resultat bygger på svar från sju förskollärare. Samtliga sju förskollärare framhåller att det finns möjligheter till vidareutbildning och att de anser att de får möjlighet att utvidga sina kunskaper via de olika strategier som tillämpas i barngruppen i undervisningen. Sammantaget visar pilotstudien på varierande grundkunskaper utifrån vad förskollärarna fått ta del av under sin utbildning. Men framför allt visar resultaten från pilotstudien att förskollärare faktiskt fått kunskap under sin utbildning i att bemöta barn med utmanande beteende. Samtidigt pekar pilotstudien på vikten av möjligheter till vidareutbildning för att kunna hantera framtida situationer med barn med utmanande beteende. Slutsatsen blir att pilotstudien ger en inblick i ett komplext problemområde där pilotstudien kan ligga till grund fortsatta studier där det kan avsättas mer tid för datainsamling.