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Bakgrund: Långvarig smärta är ett stort problem världen över. Egenvård är en viktig faktor för hanteringen av smärta för att uppnå livskvalitet. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka patienters upplevelse av att leva med och hantera den långvariga smärtan i det dagliga livet. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt baserad på 15 kvalitativa artiklar, analyserade med en innehållsanalys med en manifest ansats. Resultat: Acceptans upplevdes vara det första steget mot hanteringen av smärta. Att leva med långvarig smärta upplevdes påverka både fysiska och psykiska aspekter. Genom att utöva egenvård upplevdes hanteringen av den långvariga smärtan underlätta. Patienterna upplevde ett behov av stöd från familj, vänner och hälso-och sjukvård. Diskussion: Upplevelsen av att leva med långvarig smärta i det dagliga livet varierade och det fanns både positiva och negativa erfarenheter. Slutsats: Hanteringen av smärta visade sig vara en pågående process. Om sjuksköterskan har kunskap och kompetens om hur patienterna upplever sitt långvariga tillstånd så kan det vara lättare att förstå och vägleda dessa patienter. Det ger en kunskap om hur patienterna kan uppleva smärt situationen och hanteringen av smärtan. / Background: Chronic pain is a major problem worldwide. Self-care is an important factor when it comes to managing pain to achieve quality of life. Aim: The purpose was to investigate patients' experience of living with and manage the chronic pain of daily life. Method: A general literature review based on 15 qualitative articles, analyzed with a qualitative content analysis with a manifest approach. Result: Acceptance was perceived to be the first step towards the management of pain. Living with long-term pain was felt to affect both physical and mental aspects. By practicing self-care, the management of the chronic pain was made easier. Patients experienced a need for support from family, friends and healthcare. Discussion: The experience of living with chronic pain in daily life varied and there were both positive and negative experiences. Conclusion: The management of pain proved to be an ongoing process. If the nurse has knowledge and skills about how patients experience their chronic condition, it may be easier to understand and guide these patients. It provides a knowledge of how patients can experience the pain situation and the management of pain. / <p>Examinationsdatum: 2019-12-04</p>

The aim of the theoretical part of this thesis was to summarize the knowledge about the phenomenon of pain, attachment theory, their interconnection and the implication of this knowledge in physiotherapeutic practice. This thesis presents different views on pain and health problems. Patients with chronic pain are still a major challenge for physiotherapeutic interventions, this interconnection seems to be a good way to offer more purposefull and more complex physical therapy treatment. The work summarize modern knowledge from related fields, especially in the issue of chronic pain and attachment theory, although it can not be fully achieved today because of the very rapid development of research. Nevertheless, it could serve as a springboard or as an inspiration for further interest in this issue. The aim of the practical part of this thesis is to verify the possible relationship between attachment and the clinical and demographic variables of the patients seeking physiotherapy and between the clinical and demographic factors and the outputs of physiotherapy. For this reason, as a subject of statistical analysis, the following hypotheses were determined: H1: Attachment anxiety and avoidance is related to clinical and demographic factors before physiotherapy treatment, H2: Attachment anxiety and...

Chronic pelvic pain is a condition which receives less attention in men than in women. It is often difficult to diagnose and more difficult to treat. The new classification of prostatitis and its variants has introduced the term ‘chronic pelvic pain syndrome’ which underlines the difficulties in dealing with this disorder which may represent a variety of chronically painful conditions with a large functional component. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Chronic pain is a complex health issue and a major cause of disability worldwide. Although multimodal rehabilitation (MMR) has been recognized as an effective form of treatment for chronic pain, some patients do not benefit from it. If treatment outcomes could be reliably predicted, then patients who would benefit more from MMR could be prioritized over others. Machine learning has been proven capable of accurately predicting outcomes in other healthcare related domains. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the use of it to predict outcomes of MMR, using data from the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation (SQRP). XGBoost regression was used for this purpose, and its predictive performance was compared to Ridge regression. 12 models were trained on SQRP data for each algorithm, in order to predict pain and quality of life related outcomes. The results show similar performances for both algorithms, with mean cross-validated R² values of 0.323 and 0.321 for the XGBoost and Ridge models respectively. The average root mean squared errors of 6.744 for XGBoost and 6.743 for Ridge were similar as well. Since XGBoost performed similarly to a less computationally expensive method, the use of this method for MMR outcome prediction was not supported by the results of this study. However, machine learning has the potential to be more effective for this purpose, through the use of different hyperparameter values, correlation-based feature selection or other machine learning algorithms.

Långvarig smärta innebär ofta stora påfrestningar för individen med konsekvenser på många livsområden vilket utgör en utmaning för hälso- och sjukvården gällande bemötande utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv. En central aspekt av att leva med långvarig smärta är hur stress och påfrestningar hanteras exempelvis genom användning av psykologiska försvar. Syftet med denna studie var att bidra till ökad kunskap om psykologiska försvar hos personer med långvarig smärta utifrån frågeställningen:  vilka psykologiska försvar och psykologiska försvarsstrukturer framkommer när vuxna personer med långvarig smärta intervjuas om personligt relevanta områden. Datainsamlingen bestod av tio telefonintervjuer som transkriberades och analyserades med Defense Mechanism Rating Scales (DMRS). Resultaten visade på en varians av psykologiska försvar i deltagargruppen. Mest förekommande var högadaptiva försvar, särskilt humor och anknytning.  Utmärkande var även förekomsten av flertalet medeladaptiva försvar såsom annullering, samt det lågadaptiva försvaret nedvärdering av sig själv. Resultaten kan bidra till ökad förståelse om omedvetna hanteringsstrategier som kan påverka upplevelsen av smärta och även vara av vikt för hälso- och sjukvårdens bemötande av patienter med långvarig smärta. Vidare forskning inom området behövs för att undersöka samband mellan psykologiska försvar och andra relevanta faktorer såsom smärtdiagnos, smärtsymtom och behandlingsutfall. / Chronic pain is associated with extensive distress for the individual with consequences on several areas of life and constitutes a challenge for the healthcare system in approaching chronic pain from a holistic perspective. How individuals cope with distresses for example by using psychological defences is of significance for the chronic pain condition. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the body of knowledge regarding psychological defences that are used by individuals with chronic pain. The research question was: what psychological defences and structures of psychological defences appear when adults with chronic pain are being interviewed on personally relevant topics.  Ten telephone interviews were conducted, the material from interviews was transcripted and analysed using Defense Mechanism Rating Scales (DMRS). The results showed a variety of different psychological defences used by participants. High adaptive defences such as humour and affiliation were the most appearing. Furthermore, the occurrence of middle adaptive defences such as undoing was also detected in the material. Among the low adaptive defences devaluation of self stood out the most. The results contribute to the understanding of involuntary coping-strategies that may influence the experience of chronic pain. In addition, the results are important for the treatment of chronic pain patients within the healthcare. Further research in this field is needed to study links between defence mechanisms and other relevant aspects such as pain diagnosis, pain symptoms and treatment outcome.

Background: Chronic pain is a major public health problem. The impact of stages of chronic pain adjusted for disease load on societal burden has not been assessed in population surveys. Methods: A cross-sectional survey with 4360 people aged ≥ 14 years representative of the German population was conducted. Measures obtained included demographic variables, presence of chronic pain (based on the definition of the International Association for the Study of Pain), chronic pain stages (by chronic pain grade questionnaire), disease load (by self-reported comorbidity questionnaire) and societal burden (by self-reported number of doctor visits, nights spent in hospital and days of sick leave/disability in the previous 12 months, and by current unemployment). Associations between chronic pain stages with societal burden, adjusted for demographic variables and disease load, were tested by Poisson and logistic regression analyses. Results: 2508 responses were received. 19.4% (95% CI 16.8% to 22.0%) of participants met the criteria of chronic non-disabling non-malignant pain. 7.4% (95% CI 5.0% to 9.9%) met criteria for chronic disabling non-malignant pain. Compared with no chronic pain, the rate ratio (RR) of days with sick leave/disability was 1.6 for non-disabling pain and 6.4 for disabling pain. After adjusting for age and disease load, the RRs increased to 1.8 and 6.8. The RR of doctor visits was 2.5 for non-disabling pain and 4.5 for disabling pain if compared with no chronic pain. After adjusting for age and disease load, the RR fell to 1.7 and 2.6. The RR of days in hospital was 2.7 for non-disabling pain and 11.7 for disabling pain if compared with no chronic pain. After adjusting for age and disease load, the RR fell to 1.5 and 4.0. Unemployment was predicted by lower educational level (Odds Ratio OR 3.27 [95% CI 1.70-6.29]), disabling pain (OR 3.30 [95% CI 1.76-6.21]) and disease load (OR 1.70 [95% CI 1.41-2.05]). Conclusion: Chronic pain stages, but also disease load and societal inequalities contributed to societal burden. Pain measurements in epidemiology research of chronic pain should include chronic pain grades and disease load.:Background; Methods; Results; Discussion; Conclusion

De nombreuses études ont analysé l'impact de la douleur chronique sur la qualité de vie. Cependant, aucune n'a vérifié si la qualité de vie d'un individu précédant un épisode de douleur aiguë permettrait d'identifier les personnes qui sont plus à risque de développer une douleur chronique. Le présent mémoire contient un article empirique qui a pour but de répondre à l’hypothèse selon laquelle les patients ayant une moins bonne qualité de vie précédent leur douleur aiguë seront plus susceptibles de développer une chronicisation de leur douleur initiale. Il s'agit d'une étude de cohorte longitudinale prospective avec un suivi post douleur aiguë à trois mois. L'association entre la qualité de vie (sous-échelles du SF-12) et la douleur chronique (indice d'incapacité reliée à la douleur) a été estimée par des rapports de cotes (odds ratio) et leurs intervalles de confiance à 95% calculés via une régression logistique multivariable. Au total, 462 patients ont été recrutés (55 % de femmes, 45 % d’hommes) dans cette étude. Nos résultats démontrent une relation négative entre la qualité de vie et la chronicisation de la douleur. Après ajustement statistique, les dimensions physique (AOR 0,53 IC 95% 0,34-0,83, P 0,006) et mentale (AOR 0,60 IC 95% 0,42-0,84, P 0,003) de la qualité de vie sont associées à la chronicisation de la douleur initiale. Cette étude suggère que les patients ayant une mauvaise qualité de vie avant leur douleur aiguë sont plus susceptibles de développer une chronicisation de leur douleur initiale. La mise en place d'interventions préventives pour les patients ayant une mauvaise qualité de vie, avant un évènement douloureux, pourrait améliorer le pronostic de la douleur aiguë et éviter sa chronicisation. / Many studies have analyzed the impact that chronic pain has on the quality of life. However, no one has verified whether the quality of life of an individual, preceding an episode of acute pain, would allow us to identify people who are at a greater risk of developing chronic pain. This dissertation contains an empirical article that aims to address the hypothesis that patients with a poor quality of life preceding their acute pain will be more likely to develop chronicization of their initial pain. This is a prospective longitudinal cohort study with a three-month longitudinal follow-up. The association between quality of life (SF-12 subscales) and chronic pain (pain disability index) was estimated by odds ratios, and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated by multivariable logistic regression. A total of 462 patients were enrolled (55% female, 45% male) in this study. Our results demonstrate a negative relationship between quality of life and chronicization of pain. After multivariable adjustment, physical (AOR 0.53 95% CI 0.34-0.83, P 0.006) and mental dimension (AOR 0.60 95% CI 0.42-0.84, P 0.003) of quality of life are associated with the chronicization of the initial pain. This study suggests that patients with a poor quality of life preceding their acute pain are more likely to develop chronicization of their initial pain. Implementing preventive interventions for patients with poor quality of life, prior to a painful event, could improve the prognosis of acute pain and avoid its chronicization.

Chronic pain in children and adolescents is common; approximately 5% of children and adolescents report chronic pain along with moderate to high pain-related disability. Chronic pain is a subjective experience and can best be explained by a bio-psycho-social approach, which suggests reciprocal relations between different levels of this multidimensional phenomenon. The different dimensions of chronic pain need to be considered for a comprehensive assessment. Due to the subjective nature of pain, the child’s self-report is usually considered the best available and most valid estimate of the pain experience. A reliable and multidimensional assessment is an indispensable requirement for treatment planning. To date, questionnaires in German language are available to assess a wide range of relevant parameters in pediatric chronic pain. However, so far, no validated self-report tool exists to assess sensory and affective pain perception in children. These two parameters are of relevance since they describe aspects of the biological as well as the psychological dimension of chronic pain. Furthermore, a comprehensive diagnostic approach combining parameters from the three dimensions of chronic pain does not yet exist for children and adolescents. Such a comprehensive approach could be used for sample descriptions and standardized comparisons across different populations; it could serve as an approach for treatment planning or to classify outcome. This doctoral thesis is aimed at further developing the available diagnostic measures for older children and adolescents with chronic pain based on the above mentioned gaps in pediatric pain assessment. Research was performed on three patient samples. Sample 1 includes data from a prospective assessment at the German Pediatric Pain Centre from August 2008 to March 2009 (N(1)=139). Sample 2 includes retrospective data from patients who were treated at the German Pediatric Pain Centre from July 2005 to June 2010 (N(2)=1242). Sample 3 consists of pediatric pain patients who started an intensive interdisciplinary inpatient treatment between November 2009 and July 2011 (N(3)=83). In a first study, a tool to assess sensory and affective pain perception, the Pain Perception Scale for Adolescents, was adapted and validated in an adolescent clinical sample (Sample 1). The Pain Perception Scale for Adolescents allows pain patients to provide a valid and reliable self-report of parameters for both the biological and psychological dimensions of pain. In a second study, this tool was applied to a further sample of adolescents with migraine and tension-type headache (subsample of Sample 2). It was demonstrated that, contrary to the official headache classification guidelines, the sensory pain perception in this sample did not differentiate between migraine and tension-type headache. To develop a multidimensional assessment approach, in a third study, an adult classification system (Chronic Pain Grading) was applied to a sample of pediatric pain patients (Sample 2). This approach proved useful as a valid measure for a brief operationalization of pain problem severity, including pain intensity and pain-related disability only, and as an outcome measure. However, it displayed major shortcomings with regards to treatment stratification. To further develop an approach for treatment stratification and treatment planning, a fourth study focused on developing a new multidimensional approach for subgroup classification (subsample of Sample 2). The stability of subgroups was demonstrated in a cross-validation with an independent sample (Sample 1). Furthermore, the identified subgroups displayed distinct treatment outcomes after a standardized treatment program (Sample 3). In conclusion, this doctoral thesis offers an addition to diagnostic measures for older children and adolescents with chronic pain by adding the Pain Perception Scale for Adolescents and by proving the validity of the Chronic Pain Grading for the application in this patient group. These tools allow a valid description of adolescents’ subjective pain experience. Results from this doctoral thesis also indicate that the findings from adults cannot be readily transferred to children and adolescents. The final output of this doctoral thesis is a bio-psycho-social classification approach that identifies subgroups of adolescents with chronic pain with treatment relevant differences. This is a first step toward the development of subgroup-specific treatment.

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