Thèse diffusée initialement dans le cadre d'un projet pilote des Presses de l'Université de Montréal/Centre d'édition numérique UdeM (1997-2008) avec l'autorisation de l'auteur.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

La presente ricerca focalizza l’attenzione ad un approccio sociologico alla resilienza ai disastri. Nello specifico si vuole esplorare le relazioni sociali, che si sviluppano in un contesto di disastro naturale fra la popolazione colpita e i volontari di protezione civile. Gli ambiti di ricerca sono costituti dagli ultimi tre drammatici terremoti italiani: Umbria – Marche (1997), Molise (2002) e Abruzzo (2009). Nella prima parte della tesi si presentano le definizioni dei concetti fondamentali della sociologia dei disastri, un’analisi della letteratura presente per la tematica della resilienza nell’ambito delle scienze umane e sociali e l’organizzazione del sistema di protezione civile e difesa civile in Italia. In riferimento alla parte empirica, sono state raccolte importanti ed interessanti informazioni circa il possibile legame sociale fra volontari di protezione civile e popolazione colpita dai terremoti attraverso differenti metodologie di ricerca come le interviste semi strutturate agli esperti di protezione civile, un questionario on line per tutti i volontari di protezione civile ed i racconti di vita per la popolazione colpita dal terremoto. La ricerca conduce a interessanti risultati per la resilienza ai disastri in ambito sociologico e a suoi possibili sviluppi futuri. / The present research focalizes the attention on a sociological approach to disaster resilience. Specifically it would explore the social relationships established in a context of natural disaster and between population affected by natural disaster and civil protection volunteers. The research fieldworks are represented by last three dramatic Italian earthquakes: Umbria – Marche (1997), Molise (2002) e Abruzzo (2009). In the first part of the thesis will be presented the definitions of the fundamental concepts for the sociology of disasters, a literature review about the topic of disaster resilient presents within human and social science context and the organization of civil protection system and civil defence in Italy. Referring to the empirical part, there were collected important and interesting information about the possible social tie between civil protection volunteers and population affected by earthquakes through different methodologies of research as semi structured interviews to the civil protection experts, an on line questionnaire for all civil protection volunteers and life stories for population affected by earthquake. The research guides for interesting findings for disaster resilience within a sociological context and for its future possible developments.

Diss. Univ. Bern, 1951. / Tesi di laurea diritto Berna, 1951, con ulteriori considerazioni aggiuntive. Bibliogr.

La charge de la preuve constitue un concept original, qui porte le sceau des évolutions du temps et des fondements du Droit. Historiquement, la notion de charge de la preuve désigne une tâche individuelle, celle du plaideur qui doit, par son seul effort, convaincre le juge du bien-fondé de sa cause. Aujourd’hui, en raison de l’essor de l’idée de vérité et de la volonté de renforcer les liens de solidarité unissant les individus, elle est appréhendée comme une exigence générale de comportement imposant à tout justiciable de contribuer à la manifestation de la vérité. Or, il est inopportun d’assimiler l’ensemble des devoirs probatoires à des charges. De fait, seuls ceux dont un plaideur doit spontanément s’accomplir afin de faire triompher sa cause doivent être qualifiés ainsi. Cela permet alors de concevoir que la charge de la preuve n’impose pas uniquement des devoirs durant le procès mais, également, avant toute saisine du juge. Tenu de réunir des preuves et de les produire en justice, le titulaire de la charge de la preuve n’est pas toujours en mesure d’assumer la tâche qui lui incombe. Le législateur ou le juge peuvent alors fournir des remèdes en facilitant ou en dispensant le titulaire de la charge de la preuve d’accomplir ses devoirs. Rétablie dans sa cohérence, la charge de la preuve permet ainsi de comprendre l’utilité de certains mécanismes techniques et d’opérer une lecture nouvelle du droit positif. / The burden of proof constitutes an original concept which epitomizes the evolution of time and of the founding principles of law. Historically, the notion of burden of proof referred to the individual role of the litigant who, through his own effort, had to convince the judge of the soundness of his cause. Nowadays, considering the importance of truth in our society as well as the willingness to tighten solidarity between individuals, it is considered as a basic requirement for a litigant to contribute to the emergence of truth. Yet, it is inappropriate to make confusion between probationary duties and charges. As a matter of fact, only the duties that the litigant has to carry out in order to win over his cause can be qualified as burden of proof. This implies that the burden of proof not only imposes duties during the trial but also before the referral of the case to court. Bound to gather proofs and produce them in court, the incumbent is not always in a situation to assume the burden of the proof. Legal precedents (law, jurisprudence) can then be used to either facilitate or to exempt the former of his obligations. In light of this new coherence, the burden of proof facilitates the understanding of certain technical mechanisms and allows for a new reading of the applicable law.

La notion de cyberdélit est analysée, dans le cadre de la thèse, sous l'angle de la responsabilité civile. Le champ de l'étude est ainsi circonscrit à trois types de délits civils : les atteintes aux droits de la personnalité, les atteintes aux droits de la propriété intellectuelle et à la concurrence déloyale. Ces délits commis par le biais de l'Internet posent de nombreuses difficultés aux règles de droit international privé, justifiant qu'une nouvelle façon de les appréhender soit proposée, tant sur le terrain de la compétence juridictionnelle que sur celui de la loi applicable. Les propositions sont de deux ordres. La première, se fondant sur les difficultés de localisation du délit, suggère une nouvelle méthode de localisation adaptée aux cyberdélits. En effet, les méthodes du droit positif, la méthode de localisation objective du délit ainsi que la méthode de la focalisation, s'avèrent inadéquates. Il est ainsi proposé une méthode de localisation fictive des cyberdélits. La seconde, prenant appui sur la position délicate des victimes de cyberdélits qui engagent une 1e action aux fins d'obtenir une réparation ou la cessation de l'illicite, suggère une protection de ces dernières. La pertinence d'une protection des victimes se fonde sur l'identification d'une asymétrie structurelle à l'égard, à la fois des prestataires techniques de l'Internet et des auteurs des faits illicites eux-mêmes. Des règles protectrices des victimes de cyberdélits s'imposent donc afin de rétablir un juste équilibre entre les parties. / The study focuses on the analysis of three different types of cybertorts : defamation, violation of the right to privacy and copyright infringements occurring on the Internet. Cybertorts are a recent phenomenon challenging conflict of laws rules. The difficulties arising from the application of traditional rules to these specific torts justify that a new way to deal with them be adopted as regards conflicts of laws rules and rules for jurisdiction. The proposals are dual. The first one builds on the difficulties of localization of cybertorts to suggest a new method. The positive methods based on an objective localization or on the target or destination of the website are inadequate. The study proposes a fictitious localization of cybertorts. The second one, building on the difficulties encountered by the victims of cybertorts when they act for the defense of their rights, suggests that they should be granted some protection. Indeed, the analysis shows the existence of an asymmetric relationship between the victim and the online intermediaries and the tortfeasor. Some protective rules appear to be necessary to strike a fair balance between the parties.

PEIXOTO, Erika Gomes. Estado de exceção como paradigma entre a politização da vida e a despolitização da cidadania. 2016. 127f. - Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-10T14:49:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_egpeixoto.pdf: 1198887 bytes, checksum: e80ab0713b651984c5b3ed4d5ed1aec7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-11T16:47:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_egpeixoto.pdf: 1198887 bytes, checksum: e80ab0713b651984c5b3ed4d5ed1aec7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T16:47:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_egpeixoto.pdf: 1198887 bytes, checksum: e80ab0713b651984c5b3ed4d5ed1aec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Essa pesquisa se propõe a elucidar o paradigma do estado de exceção, bem como a sua relação com a vida humana, dentro da obra do pensador italiano Giorgio Agamben. Percorremos o caminho traçado pelo autor nas três primeiras obras da série Homo sacer, onde denuncia o processo de apropriação da vida posta em prática através das mais sofisticadas técnicas políticas e desvela como a vida biológica está no centro dos cálculos do poder. Inicialmente ilustraremos as influencias filosóficas de Michel Foucault, e sua perspectiva biopolítica em confronto com a análise do autor italiano. De forma diversa de Foucault, Agamben, se propõe a analisar o estatuto do poder soberano em relação à norma jurídica, procurando estabelecer suas contradições e questionar os limites da estrutura jurídico-política originária do Ocidente, sob uma ótica que busca reconhecer a inserção da vida humana nessa esfera. O autor italiano através das reflexões do jurista alemão Carl Schmitt, revela o paradoxo da soberania e a relação oculta existente entre norma e anomia. Posteriormente, buscamos esclarecer o caráter paradigmático do estado de exceção. Em um intermitente diálogo entre Schmitt e o filósofo alemão Walter Benjamin fica patente a relação existente entre violência e a exceção soberana. Utilizando-se da locução “intima solidariedade” Agamben reconhece pontos de ligação entre as práticas de exceção dos regimes totalitárias do século XX, o nazismo e o fascismo, e os métodos utilizados nos regimes democráticos contemporâneos. A partir da tese benjaminiana, compreende como o estado de exceção não é apenas uma experiência isolada na história humana, mas é então concebida como uma técnica de governo, cada vez mais utilizada, como uma prática não declarada de muitos governos. A noção de segurança tomou conta do Estado, transformando-se em uma prerrogativa utilizada por muitos governos democráticos para operarem sem limites práticas de exceção. De forma conclusiva, o trabalho se adentra na perspectiva apresentada pelo autor sobre a stasis, na experiência clássica e na modernidade. O paradigma da stasis é deste modo singular para compreender a relação de politização da vida, que acompanha a despolitização da cidadania, bem como a estrutura de exceção implícita na ordem moderna. A guerra civil é uma prática estatal, como uma estrutura análoga ao estado de natureza, mas que persiste dentro da cidade. Para Agamben, a forma que a guerra civil assume durante o estado de exceção é de indiscernibilidade, entre estado de natureza e estado de direito, deste modo a vida enquanto tal é posta na base do poder soberano.

Un possible, impossible, la coproduction des connaissances entre science et société. La recherche est une activité sociale principalement déléguée aux chercheurs professionnels au sein des laboratoires académiques ou privés, dans une certaine mise à distance du reste de la société. A la faveur du « tournant participatif », des acteurs de la société civile sont invités aux côtés des chercheurs professionnels, par de nouveaux dispositifs de financement de la recherche, à contribuer à la production de connaissances nouvelles dans des domaines d’intérêt sociétal. Que se passe-t-il dans ces recherches collaboratives? Des connaissances scientifiques peuvent-elles y être co-construites ? Et de telles collaborations sont-elles en mesure de renouveler les modes de production de la connaissance déléguée aux chercheurs ? C’est au travers d’un regard qui postule la question de la traduction comme majeure dans l’émergence d’une possible co-construction entre acteurs et chercheurs qu’est conduite cette étude de dispositif de recherche collaborative. La traduction implique des plans multiples de l’interaction qui sont autant des manières de passer entre les registres de connaissances et les intérêts des uns et des autres que des interprétations qu’ils produisent pour leur donner du sens. Cette dimension centrale de la traduction entre des mondes scientifiques et associatifs est abordée dans une double perspective épistémologique. Une première approche issue de la sociologie de la traduction permet de saisir comment acteurs et chercheurs s’associent et relient leurs différentes identités et intérêts, ainsi que leurs savoirs et les différents objets de recherche pour réaliser des inscriptions scientifiques. Il en émerge des agencements collaboratifs dont les configurations plurielles témoignent de conditions de co-construction. Une seconde approche mobilise l’herméneutique de la traduction pour rendre compte des capacités d’interprétation et d’apprentissage qui peuvent émerger de ces collaborations de recherche. Elle place au cœur des interactions les capacités de délibération et de reconnaissance qui orientent les agencements collaboratifs vers une capacité collective de recherche.A l’issue de cette analyse, l’identification de conditions d’interaction favorisant la co-construction de connaissances entre acteurs de la société civile et chercheurs professionnels permet de réinterroger la possibilité d’inscrire, au côté des modes dominants de production scientifique, un mode de coproduction qui participe d’un renouvellement des rapports entre science et société. / A possible, impossible, the co-production of knowledge between science and society. Research is primarily a social activity delegated to professional researchers in academic and private laboratories, with a certain distancing from the rest of society. Taking advantage of the "participatory turn", actors in civil society are invited alongside professional researchers, with new research funding arrangements, to contribute to the production of new knowledge in areas of societal interest. What is happening in this collaborative research? Can scientific knowledge be co-constructed? And are such collaborations able to renew the modes of production of knowledge delegated to researchers?It is from this way of looking at things that the question is posited regarding translation as a major premise in the emergence of a possible joint construction between civil society actors and researchers who are driving this collaborative research plan. Translating involves multiple planes of interaction which are in as many ways, ways of passing between different people's different registers of knowledge and interests as they are interpretations which are produced to give these registers meaning. This central dimension of translation between scientific and associative worlds is addressed in a double epistemological perspective. A firstly sociological approach to translation captures how actors and researchers combine and link their different identities and interests and their knowledge and different research objects to achieve scientific inscriptions. Collaborative arrangements emerge from this with various configurations which demonstrate the conditions of co-construction. A second approach mobilizes the hermeneutics of translation to account for interpretation and learning abilities that can emerge from these research collaborations. It places deliberation and recognition capabilities at the heart of interactions, which guide collaborative arrangements towards a collective research capacity.Following this analysis, the identification of interaction conditions favouring the co-construction of knowledge between civil society actors and professional researchers can re-examine the possibility of including, alongside the dominant modes of scientific production, a way of co-producing which is part of a renewal of the relationship between science and society.

Bien que les droits des pays européens continentaux ne prévoient pas expressément les dommages-intérêts punitifs, les tribunaux de ces pays peuvent être confrontés à cet élément juridique lorsqu'il s'agit de la reconnaissance ou l'exécution d'une décision étrangère, ou lorsque la notification d'un acte judiciaire est demandée. Alors que le droit civil de la France et de l'Allemagne soit le principe de la réparation intégrale ; la jurisprudence des cours suprêmes des deux pays se distingue quant à la reconnaissance de l'exécution des jugements étrangers allouant des dommages-intérêts punitifs. La thèse a pour objectif d'expliquer les différences dans l'interprétation de l'ordre public international dans les deux pays. Elle vise à fournir des solutions aux questions posées, en analysant les différences entre les deux ordres juridiques. La thèse plaide pour une convergence du droit français et du droit allemand : il est souhaitable que la Cour de justice allemande opère un revirement de sa jurisprudence en adoptant l'approche de la Cour de cassation selon laquelle une condamnation à l'étranger au paiement de dommages-intérêts punitifs n'est pas en soi contraire à l’ordre public, mais lorsque la somme allouée est excessive. Les tribunaux français, en revanche, pourraient s'inspirer des solutions adoptées par les juges et le législateur d’outre-Rhin pour trancher les questions que la Cour de cassation n'a pas encore traitée. Ils devraient permettre l'entraide juridictionnelle concernant des procédures étrangères où des dommages punitifs sont réclamés, mais s'abstenir d'allouer des dommages punitifs dans l'application du droit étranger selon les règles du conflit de lois. / Even though the law of continental European countries does not explicitly contain punitive damages, the tribunals of these states can be confronted with this legal instrument when dealing with the recognition or enforcement of a foreign decision awarding punitive damages or when the notification of a foreign legal act is requested. Despite the fact that the law of France and Germany follows the principle of full compensation, the case law of the supreme courts of both countries differs regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments awarding punitive damages The thesis aims at explaining the different interpretation of the international public policy exception in both countries .The thesis argues for a convergence in French and German law regarding foreign punitive damages: it is recommended that the German Supreme Court changes its case law by adopting the same approach as the French Cour de cassation did, according to which a foreign decision awarding punitive damages is not as such contrary to public policy, but that enforcement must be denied if the sum awarded is disproportionate. The French courts, on the other hand, could be inspired by the solutions applied by the judges and the legislator in Germany in order to deal with those issues on which the Cour de cassation has not had to decide yet : they should provide judicial assistance regarding foreign proceedings in which punitive damages are claimed, but refrain from awarding punitive damages when applying foreign law according to rules of conflict of laws .