Background: Alongside the emergence of green marketing initiatives, consumers began questioning the authenticity and transparency of firms utilising such marketing practices, which consequently led to a low level of perceived credibility. Although green marketing has been a topic of research for many years, a gap in academia remains regarding the impact of legislative instruments on consumers' perceptions. As of 2023, the European Union introduced the EU Green Claims Directive, a legal framework that aims to ensure that all environmental claims are accurate and prevent the exploitation of misleading marketing practices. Purpose: The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to investigate the impact of the new EU Green Claims Directive on the credibility of green marketing from a consumer perspective. Specifically, this study aims to examine how the regulatory standards introduced by the EU on March 22, 2023, challenge previous notions of misleading green claims and their influence on consumer perceptions of environmental credibility. Method: The research follows an abductive approach, using qualitative methods to gather and investigate the empirical data. To address the purpose of this research, two focus groups were used, one identified as the control group and the other as the treatment group, allowing for an experimental design to test the impact on consumer perceptions. An expert interview was used to complement the information gathered about the EU Green Claims Directive, as the frame of reference only yields one source (the actual legislative instrument). A thematic analysis was used for identifying and retrieving any relevant data found in the empirical investigation. Conclusion: The results indicate that consumers remain sceptical towards green marketing even after the implementation of the new EU Directive, and the level of perceived credibility is still low. In conclusion, regulatory implementation seems important to consumers, however, the new EU Directive will not be enough to change previous notions of green claims from a consumer perspective.

The doctrine of sovereign immunity in Florida has evolved over time as the common law and statutory environment within the state has changed. Public schools and public-school employees enjoy some level of immunity protection under both common law and statutory law. Nonetheless, Florida law creates a duty to provide a safe environment for students and creates potential liability in certain circumstances when a public school or public school employee fails to do so. In this dissertation, I analyzed litigation efforts and protections provided to public schools and public-school educators in Florida under the Florida Tort Claims Act (FTCA) of 1973 for claims of negligent supervision of students. This dissertation provided an in-depth analysis of negligence cases, statutes, protections, and lawsuits brought under common law after the passage of the Florida Tort Claims Act of 1973.

La question litigieuse en matière contractuelle correspond aux sanctions du contrat que les parties, à la suite d'un différend, décident d'introduire dans le procès civil. Le concept se présente comme un trait d'union entre le droit des contrats et la procédure civile : il offre ainsi une vision processualiste des sanctions du contrat, qu'il replace dans le contexte du procès civil, doublée d'une perspective contractualiste de la procédure civile, celle-ci étant chargée de la réalisation des droits substantiels des parties. La question litigieuse s'avère un instrument utile pour préciser la nature des sanctions du contrat que les parties peuvent solliciter ensemble et celles pour lesquelles il est nécessaire d'opérer un choix (en les hiérarchisant éventuellement par le mécanisme du subsidiaire). L'intérêt est également de spécifier le régime de l'évolution de la question litigieuse tout au long de l'instance. L'analyse révèle ainsi dans quelle mesure les parties peuvent la modifier en première instance, en appel, ou encore devant la Cour de cassation. De surcroît, lorsqu'un nouveau procès est entamé par un contractant, il faut s'assurer que la question nouvellement posée n'est pas identique à la précédente. Le concept encadre enfin les pouvoirs du juge appelé à trancher un litige relatif au contrat : il permet de savoir de quelle manière le juge peut ajouter ou substituer une sanction à celle choisie par les parties, et s'il dispose, à cet égard, d'un pouvoir ou d'un devoir d'y procéder. De la sorte, l'étude de la question litigieuse concourt à améliorer le traitement procédural du droit des contrats. / The litigious question in contractual matters corresponds to the contractual sanctions that the parties enter into in a civil trial. It is the link between contract law and a civil proceeding: it offers a procedural vision of the contractual sanctions because they are analyzed in terms of their implementation by the civil trial, it also allows to have a contractualist's perspective about the procedural civil law inasmuch as the comprehension of the litigious question is based on a study of contract sanctions.On the one hand, the litigious question concept is used to specify which are the contractual sanctions that the parties have the right to solicit together and the sanctions between which it is necessary to choose (potentially by using a subsidiary claim). On the other hand, it also allows to define the rules of its evolution on the parties' or the judge's initiative. The study of the litigious question reveals to what extent the parties can change the question in the first instance, in appeal or before the Supreme Court. One of them can call a new trial as well; it should be checked that the new litigious question is not the same as the precedent one. Likewise, the concept frames the authority of the judge before which the sanction is requested. It clarifies especially how to proceed to add or substitute another penalty for that chosen by the parties, and if it is a faculty or an obligation. The study of the litigious question thus contributes to improve the procedural treatment of contractual law.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-07-29T18:49:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1441612.pdf: 7296177 bytes, checksum: 7e700ddc28ec670630100fd42e9aef61 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-07-29T18:49:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1441612.pdf: 7296177 bytes, checksum: 7e700ddc28ec670630100fd42e9aef61 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-07-29T18:49:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1441612.pdf: 7296177 bytes, checksum: 7e700ddc28ec670630100fd42e9aef61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T18:49:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1441612.pdf: 7296177 bytes, checksum: 7e700ddc28ec670630100fd42e9aef61 (MD5) / This dissertation intends to show that the State Civil Small Claims Courts, regulated by the Law 9.099/95, guided by the principIes of orality, simplicity, infonnality, procedural economy and celerity, which were created because of the need to make a greatest access to justice viable, mainly among the poorest, with the reduction of costs and simplification of procedures that could make the judgements within a reasonable period possible, in the forensic custom rcality, are being misconstrued from their purposes. In this sense, the study shows numbers that confinn that the Small Claims Courts accomplished their aim to provide the access to the judiciary, but started to sufTer from the same problem of ordinary justice: slowness in the delay of jurisdictional execution. Besides the structure incompatibility with the CUlTent demand that will obviously cause slowness in the Small Claims Courts, the study shows the reason for this way of acting of the judges, responsible for the administration of the process, that reproduce in the Small Claims Courts the fonnality and the inherent bureaucracy of regular Civil law, when it establishes, in evident lack of measure with the law in its principies, a procedure with two fonnal audiences, one for conciliation, another when an agreement is 110t reached, for instruction and judgement, in separated days, increasing the time of process duration. The study concludes that the use of a single fonnal audience, besides being a legal detennination, is also in syntony with its principIes, and provides celerity in the judgements, reducing the cost and the waiting time of the litigants, obstacles to the access to justice which the law 9.099/95 tried to remove. / Esta dissertação pretende demonstrar que os Juizados Especiais Cíveis Estaduais, regulados pela Lei n° 9.099/95, orientados pelos princípios da oralidade, simplicidade, informalidade, economia processual e celeridade, que foram criados em decorrência da necessidade de viabilizar um maior acesso à justiça, principalmente da população mais carente, com redução de custos e simplificação de procedimentos que possibilitassem os julgamentos dentro de um prazo razoável, na realidade da práxis forense, estão sendo desvirtuado dos seus objetivos. Neste sentido, o estudo apresenta números comprovando que os Juizados Especiais cumpriram seu desiderato de proporcionar o acesso ao judiciário, mas que passaram a padecer do mesmo problema da justiça comum: a morosidade na entrega da prestação jurisdicional. Além da incompatibilidade de estrutura com a atual demanda que obviamente vai ensejar lentidão nos Juizados, o estudo apresenta como motivo para esse quadro a conduta dos juizes, responsáveis pela administração do processo, que reproduzem nos Juizados o fomlalismo e a burocracia inerente ao processo civil comum, ao instituir, em evidente descompasso com a lei e seus princípios, um procedimento com duas audiências, sendo uma para conciliação e outra, nos casos em que não é obtido acordo, para instrução e julgamento, em dias distintos, aumentando o tempo de duração dos processos. O estudo conclui que a utilização de audiência única, além de ser uma detenninação legal e estar em sintonia com seus princípios, proporciona celeridade nos julgamentos. diminuindo o custo e o tempo de espera dos litigantes, obstáculos do acesso à justiça que a Lei n° 9.099/95 procurou remover.

The Food Safety and Quality Control System in Czech RepublicThe thesis describes the way how is the food safety control and quality protection provided in Czech republic. There is the law definition of the all forms of food during the food production chain from the primary production up to sale to the consumer in the work. The thesis focuses on the requirements laid down in the Czech and European food law on the food producers and sellers. The thesis also deals with the food contamination and quality aspects - nutrition value and quality branding. There is also chapter about the quality management system certification and chapter about the current cases related with the safe food area in the Czech republic in 2012 (Methanol, Polish technical salt and horse lasagne).

The graduation thesis aims to specify and define, with respect to the Czech legislation, the profit and loss statement of the insurance companies and those items of revenues and expenses that are specific for the insurance companies. The thesis deals with the principal characteristics of the revenues and the expenses of the insurance companies as well as with the matter whether insurance companies can in any means influence their management result. It also focuses on the field of the insurance security -- what is the insurance security in the Czech Republic in relation to the European Union, and on the quantity limits of the profit and loss statement, in the Czech insurance sector. It also assesses the efficiency of the local insurance companies in relation to this, what is the share of the earned premium when taking in account the insurance claims, the operating costs and the management result. The graduation thesis came to the conclusion that an insurance company can quite easily influence its accounting management result and therefore it is necessary for the company to respect the relevant accounting measures. Furthermore, the Czech Republic in comparison to the other EU countries indicates relatively low level of insurance security. With respect to the efficiency it is possible to conclude (in relation to the year 2012 and the local insurance companies) that the earned premium comprises of more that 60% of the claimed damages, 30% of the operating costs and 10% of the earned premium represents the net profit.

Macroeconomic indicators are amongst the most important and used tools for investors as they provide an outlook for the economy and thus improve the assessment of investments e.g. for asset allocation. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the short- and long-run relationship between the US stock market index S&P500 and six selected macroeconomic indicators during different time regimes during 2000-2016. The chosen indicators are Personal spending, Initial jobless claims, M1 Money supply, Building permits, Michigan Consumers Sentiment index and the ISM Manufacturing index as they measure different parts of the economy and are commonly used by investors. We achieve the purpose by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lags model (ARDL) as it has several advantages in relation to comparable time series models. The results show that all indicators except Personal spending are significant in the long-run on the 1-percent level, in at least one time-regime. All indicators have significant results also in the short-run except the Money Supply (M1), depending on which time period that is under investigation. Our conclusion is that our chosen indicators have different characteristics depending on the current dynamics of the stock market, economic state and other related markets. The practical implication for investors is that different indicators are of limited use depending on the current market dynamics and investors must evaluate the underlying premises of the development of the indicator rather than interpreting a specific datapoint. / Makroekonomiska indikatorer är bland de mest viktiga och använda verktygen av investerare eftersom man kan få en överblick av den ekonomiska utvecklingen och således förbättra beslutsunderlaget vid till exempel tillgångsallokering. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka de kort- och långsiktiga förhållandena mellan det amerikanska aktiemarknadsindexet S&P500 och sex utvalda makroekonomiska indikatorer under olika tidsperioder mellan 2000-2016. De valda indikatorerna är Personal spending, Initial jobless claims, M1 Money supply, Building permits, Michigan Consumers Sentiment index och ISM Manufacturing index eftersom de mäter olika delar av ekonomin och används kontinuerligt av investerare. Vi uppnår syftet genom att använda en Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) modell då den har flertalet fördelar i förhållande till jämförbara tidsseriemodeller. Resultaten visar att alla indikatorer utom Personal spending är signifikant på lång sikt på enprocentsnivån, över olika tidsperioder. Alla indikatorer har även signifikanta resultat på kort sikt förutom M1 Money supply, beroende på vilken tidsperiod som studeras. Vår slutsats är att dem valda indikatorerna har olika egenskaper beroende på den aktuella dynamiken i aktiemarknaden, ekonomin eller andra relaterade marknader. Den praktiska konsekvensen för investerare är att eftersom olika indikatorer är av begränsad användning beroende på den rådande marknadsdynamiken, måste investeraren noggrant utvärdera de underliggande villkoren för utvecklingen av en unik indikator snarare än att endast tolka en unik datapunkt.

Macroeconomic indicators are amongst the most important and used tools for investors as they provide an outlook for the economy and thus improve the assessment of investments e.g. for asset allocation. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the short- and long-run relationship between the US stock market index S&P500 and six selected macroeconomic indicators during different time regimes during 2000-2016. The chosen indicators are Personal spending, Initial jobless claims, M1 Money supply, Building permits, Michigan Consumers Sentiment index and the ISM Manufacturing index as they measure different parts of the economy and are commonly used by investors. We achieve the purpose by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lags model (ARDL) as it has several advantages in relation to comparable time series models. The results show that all indicators except Personal spending are significant in the long-run on the 1-percent level, in at least one time-regime. All indicators have significant results also in the short-run except the Money Supply (M1), depending on which time period that is under investigation. Our conclusion is that our chosen indicators have different characteristics depending on the current dynamics of the stock market, economic state and other related markets. The practical implication for investors is that different indicators are of limited use depending on the current market dynamics and investors must evaluate the underlying premises of the development of the indicator rather than interpreting a specific datapoint. / Makroekonomiska indikatorer är bland de mest viktiga och använda verktygen av investerare eftersom man kan få en överblick av den ekonomiska utvecklingen och således förbättra beslutsunderlaget vid till exempel tillgångsallokering. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka de kort- och långsiktiga förhållandena mellan det amerikanska aktiemarknadsindexet S&P500 och sex utvalda makroekonomiska indikatorer under olika tidsperioder mellan 2000-2016. De valda indikatorerna är Personal spending, Initial jobless claims, M1 Money supply, Building permits, Michigan Consumers Sentiment index och ISM Manufacturing index eftersom de mäter olika delar av ekonomin och används kontinuerligt av investerare. Vi uppnår syftet genom att använda en Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) modell då den har flertalet fördelar i förhållande till jämförbara tidsseriemodeller. Resultaten visar att alla indikatorer utom Personal spending är signifikant på lång sikt på enprocentsnivån, över olika tidsperioder. Alla indikatorer har även signifikanta resultat på kort sikt förutom M1 Money supply, beroende på vilken tidsperiod som studeras. Vår slutsats är att dem valda indikatorerna har olika egenskaper beroende på den aktuella dynamiken i aktiemarknaden, ekonomin eller andra relaterade marknader. Den praktiska konsekvensen för investerare är att eftersom olika indikatorer är av begränsad användning beroende på den rådande marknadsdynamiken, måste investeraren noggrant utvärdera de underliggande villkoren för utvecklingen av en unik indikator snarare än att endast tolka en unik datapunkt.

This dissertation deals with how the subject matter of performance under a contract for work is defined and issues related to formulating the rights and obligations ensuing therefrom. At the same time, it seeks common legal sources existing across national laws which provide definitions thereof. It attempts to find a common definition of contracts for work and how they differ from other similar contracts. It further defines some common basic features and problems related to contracts for work which apply in international trade or in cases where parties decide to formulate their contract by reference to international contract conditions. In that context, it primarily refers to construction contracts as the most common type of contract for work in international trade. At the same time, it focuses on the possible consequences of a breach of contract and emphasizes some parties' claims ensuing therefrom. Moreover, this work examines the definition of work defects and conditions for asserting claims as a specific topic, which relates to the definition of the subject matter of a contract for work and its basic features. Key words: contract for work, construction work, contractor, employer, international trade, sources for determining obligations, international contract conditions, subject matter of...

全民健康保險自1995年在台灣實施以來，從設立之初面臨整合困境，到近年來因應健保財務的收支平衡及社會保險財政收入公平性規劃，而於2013年通過了改良版二代健保規劃(補充保費)，此意謂著台灣健保也面臨了一般社會保險財務沉重負擔的必然困境，同時也讓主管的衛生機關對於醫療給付的支出更限縮、管制更加嚴格。 注重醫療服務品質、衡平健保財務規劃及醫事服務機構的合理費用支付等三者平衡皆是健康保險制度能夠長久維持的重大元素。然而在總額支付制度之嚴格管制財務規劃下，雖然在名義上，健保局將醫療費用審查委託總額受託團體辦理，但受託單位角色上仍扮演行政協助角色，但健保局仍負責所有審查人員聘任、解僱、及最後審查裁量決定權，最後由健保局執行之行政程序將醫療費用支付給予醫事服務機構。 在當前醫療服務費用審查制度下，招致眾多醫療機構及醫事人員批評審查不公、惡意核刪(viciousness payment subtraction)、欠缺公民參與之黑箱審查等聲浪。細究此指摘聲浪並非空穴來風，實務上仍不免有許多謬誤醫療費用核刪、不確定法律概念(indefinite law concept)及侵犯醫事服務機構及相關醫事人員之財產權、工作權及醫療專業自主權之疑慮。 本文嘗試探討醫療費用審查之法律關係及支付制度角色，並解析目前眾多謬誤醫療費用核刪的法律明確性(principle of clarity and definiteness of law)違反、欠缺法源依據及判斷餘地瑕疵(discretion flaws)。並提出審查機制調整建議，建議將醫療費用審查制度交由公正第三人團體獨立化、專業化、減少爭議審議案件發生及爭審會行政負擔、促進公正審查(impartial review)、公開透明及避免醫療品質快速崩壞。