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1	Studies of the cavitational effects of clinical ultrasound by sonoluminescence Pickworth, M. J. W. January 1988 (has links) Ultrasound is now a widely used technique in medicine. The precise mechanisms by which ultrasound interacts with tissues are still not fully understood, however, and it is possible that ultrasound presents a small hazard to those who receive it. An understanding of the possible mechanisms by which ultrasound may be hazardous is necessary if reliable safety levels are to be set. One possible damage mechanism is transient cavitation, which is the creation, expansion and collapse of small bubbles in tissues in response to the variations in pressure produced by the ultrasound wave. During the collapse stage, very high temperatures can be produced within the bubble and it is likely that free radicals are formed. Sonoluminescence is the name given to the light emissions that accompany transient cavitation, and is an indication that cavitation has occurred. In this thesis the phenomenon of sonoluminescence, and various factors that influence it, are investigated under similar conditions to those obtaining in clinical practice. When the effect of physiotherapeutic ultrasound on a tank of water was investigated and light output was detected using either a photomultiplier or an image intensifier, sonoluminescence was found to increase with increasing ultrasonic intensity above a well defined threshold. Sonoluminescence also increased with increasing temperature and was found to depend on duty cycle and standing wave ratio. Subsequently sonoluminescence was also recorded from water after insonation with quite short pulses of ultrasound, but thresholds, were much higher than with long pulses. The effect of ultrasound on monolayers of cells growing in culture was found to depend on the position of the monolayer in the standing wave field. Finally a direct attempt to measure sonoluminescence from the human cheek was made, but none was observed. 610 Clinical effects of ultrasound
2	An epidemiological study of some clinical and immunological aspects of the effects of air conditioning systems on man Finnegan, M. J. January 1986 (has links) No description available. 610 Clinical effects of indoor air
3	Efeitos clínicos e comportamentais da injeção de medetomidina em equinos pré-medicados com hioscina Perotta, João Henrique [UNESP] 26 June 2009 (has links) (PDF) Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:30:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 perotta_jh_me_jabo.pdf: 623926 bytes, checksum: fd1742e9755f2d3558b2e7aae947f3e1 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Entre os animais domésticos, os equinos são os que apresentam maior taxa de mortalidade sob intervenção anestésica, sendo a principal causa a depressão cardiovascular. Os agonistas 2 produzem efeitos sedativos e analgésicos, porém, causam hipertensão transitória seguida de hipotensão, bradicardia com redução do débito cardíaco, às vezes, associada ao bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau. A medetomidina é um agonista 2 de alta especificidade produzindo sedação e analgesia mais profundas e duradouras em relação aos outros agentes desta classe. A hioscina minimiza os efeitos cardíacos dos agonistas 2, com discreto efeito sobre a motilidade gastrintestinal dos equinos. Avaliaram-se os efeitos clínicos e comportamentais induzidos pela injeção de medetomidina em oito equinos pretratados com hioscina por via IV ou IM ou solução de NaCl 0,9% alocados em três grupos: GSFM (grupo solução de NaCl 0,9% seguida de medetomidina, dose 7,5 g/kg); GHivM (grupo hioscina IV, dose de 0,14 mg/kg, seguida de medetomidina); e GHimM (hioscina IM, dose de 0,3 mg/kg, seguida de medetomidina). O segundo fármaco foi aplicado cinco minutos após o primeiro. A hioscina, tanto por via IV quanto por via IM elevou significativamente a FC, as pressões arteriais e o débito cardíaco. Houve diminuição da PA no GHivM. Houve diminuição significativa na f e na altura da cabeça nos três grupos. Não houve diferenças significativas na PaO2 e PaCO2. A hioscina diminuiu o tempo de sedação, sendo este efeito dependente de dose. A hioscina, tanto por via intravenosa quanto por via intramuscular preveniu os efeitos cardiovasculares da medetomidina, sendo que por via intramuscular, este efeito foi mais tardio, porém de maior duração. / Between domestic animals, the horses have the biggest mortality rate during general anaesthesia, and the main cause is the cardiovascular depression. The 2 agonist produces sedative and analgesic effects, but they produce transitory hypertension followed by hypotension, bradycardia with decrease in cardiac output, and, sometimes, second-degree atrioventricular block. The medetomidine is a high specificity the 2 agonist producing sedation and analgesia more profound than other being more potent than the other 2 agonist. The hyoscine minimizes the cardiovascular effects of 2 agonist and has minimal effects over the gastrointestinal tract. We evaluated the behavioural and clinical effects of medetomidine in eight horses pre-treated with IV or IM hyoscine put in three groups: GSFM (group NaCl 0,9% solution before medetomidine, at dose 7.5 g/kg); GHivM (group IV hyoscine, at dose 0.14 mg/kg, before medetomidine); GHimM (group IM hyoscine, at dose 0.3 mg/kg, before medetomidine). The second drug was administered five minutes after first. The IV and IM hyoscine increased significantly the heart rate, the arterial pressures and the cardiac output. Fall in MAP had occurred late in the group GHivM. There were significantly decrease in respiration rate and head height in all groups. There were no changes in partial pressure of oxygen and carbonic gas. The hioscyne reduced the sedation time, dose-dependent. Both intravenous and intramuscular hioscyne administrations prevented the cardiovascular effects of medetomidine. The intramuscular route started your effect late, but lasted more than the intravenous administration. Equino Medetomidina Hioscina Efeitos clinicos e comportamentais Medetomidine Hyoscine Horse Behavioural and clinical effects
4	Efeitos clínicos e comportamentais da injeção de medetomidina em equinos pré-medicados com hioscina / Perotta, João Henrique. January 2009 (has links) Orientador: Carlos Augusto Araújo Valadão / Banca: Anderson Farias / Banca: Francisco José Teixeira Neto / Resumo: Entre os animais domésticos, os equinos são os que apresentam maior taxa de mortalidade sob intervenção anestésica, sendo a principal causa a depressão cardiovascular. Os agonistas 2 produzem efeitos sedativos e analgésicos, porém, causam hipertensão transitória seguida de hipotensão, bradicardia com redução do débito cardíaco, às vezes, associada ao bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau. A medetomidina é um agonista 2 de alta especificidade produzindo sedação e analgesia mais profundas e duradouras em relação aos outros agentes desta classe. A hioscina minimiza os efeitos cardíacos dos agonistas 2, com discreto efeito sobre a motilidade gastrintestinal dos equinos. Avaliaram-se os efeitos clínicos e comportamentais induzidos pela injeção de medetomidina em oito equinos pretratados com hioscina por via IV ou IM ou solução de NaCl 0,9% alocados em três grupos: GSFM (grupo solução de NaCl 0,9% seguida de medetomidina, dose 7,5 g/kg); GHivM (grupo hioscina IV, dose de 0,14 mg/kg, seguida de medetomidina); e GHimM (hioscina IM, dose de 0,3 mg/kg, seguida de medetomidina). O segundo fármaco foi aplicado cinco minutos após o primeiro. A hioscina, tanto por via IV quanto por via IM elevou significativamente a FC, as pressões arteriais e o débito cardíaco. Houve diminuição da PA no GHivM. Houve diminuição significativa na f e na altura da cabeça nos três grupos. Não houve diferenças significativas na PaO2 e PaCO2. A hioscina diminuiu o tempo de sedação, sendo este efeito dependente de dose. A hioscina, tanto por via intravenosa quanto por via intramuscular preveniu os efeitos cardiovasculares da medetomidina, sendo que por via intramuscular, este efeito foi mais tardio, porém de maior duração. / Abstract: Between domestic animals, the horses have the biggest mortality rate during general anaesthesia, and the main cause is the cardiovascular depression. The 2 agonist produces sedative and analgesic effects, but they produce transitory hypertension followed by hypotension, bradycardia with decrease in cardiac output, and, sometimes, second-degree atrioventricular block. The medetomidine is a high specificity the 2 agonist producing sedation and analgesia more profound than other being more potent than the other 2 agonist. The hyoscine minimizes the cardiovascular effects of 2 agonist and has minimal effects over the gastrointestinal tract. We evaluated the behavioural and clinical effects of medetomidine in eight horses pre-treated with IV or IM hyoscine put in three groups: GSFM (group NaCl 0,9% solution before medetomidine, at dose 7.5 g/kg); GHivM (group IV hyoscine, at dose 0.14 mg/kg, before medetomidine); GHimM (group IM hyoscine, at dose 0.3 mg/kg, before medetomidine). The second drug was administered five minutes after first. The IV and IM hyoscine increased significantly the heart rate, the arterial pressures and the cardiac output. Fall in MAP had occurred late in the group GHivM. There were significantly decrease in respiration rate and head height in all groups. There were no changes in partial pressure of oxygen and carbonic gas. The hioscyne reduced the sedation time, dose-dependent. Both intravenous and intramuscular hioscyne administrations prevented the cardiovascular effects of medetomidine. The intramuscular route started your effect late, but lasted more than the intravenous administration. / Mestre Equino. Medetomidine. eng Hyoscine. eng Horses. eng Behavioural and clinical effects. eng
5	The clinical effects of specific exercise interventions in CHF and COPD patients Wright, Peter Richard 06 January 2014 (has links) (PDF) End-stage conditions such as chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have shown some of the most dramatic increases in mortality in the developed world over the past 40 years. Both are therefore leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and should be considered as a major economic and social burden that is both substantial and increasing. In these conditions, exercise therapy should play an integral part in maintaining the patient’s maximal level of independence and functioning, as well as slowing or possibly even stopping the progression of the condition. In this context the main objectives of these doctoral theses are: a. Proving the safety of different exercise modalities. b. Identifying the most effective exercise interventions in regards to clinical parameters. c. Proving the feasibility of outpatient rehabilitation programmes for these high risk populations. This work, therefore, combines three studies looking into the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions – predominantly different exercise regimes in the two major conditions in the mortality statistics of CHF and COPD - both with a very poor prognosis. In conclusion it can be said that the results and experience of all three studies demonstrate the safe feasibility of different outpatient exercise interventions and suggest specific positive adaptations in patients with heart failure and COPD which also led to a lower hospitalisation rate. There are clear hints that the therapy spectrum could be supplemented significantly by specific training interventions. The financial implications for any health care system are also highly relevant. Bewegungstherapie Sterblichkeit CHF COPD Exercise therapy Disease management Clinical effects ddc:790 ddc:610 Bewegungstherapie Disease management Sterblichkeit Sporttherapie Rehabilitation Herzinsuffizienz
6	The clinical effects of specific exercise interventions in CHF and COPD patients Wright, Peter Richard 30 July 2013 (has links) End-stage conditions such as chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have shown some of the most dramatic increases in mortality in the developed world over the past 40 years. Both are therefore leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and should be considered as a major economic and social burden that is both substantial and increasing. In these conditions, exercise therapy should play an integral part in maintaining the patient’s maximal level of independence and functioning, as well as slowing or possibly even stopping the progression of the condition. In this context the main objectives of these doctoral theses are: a. Proving the safety of different exercise modalities. b. Identifying the most effective exercise interventions in regards to clinical parameters. c. Proving the feasibility of outpatient rehabilitation programmes for these high risk populations. This work, therefore, combines three studies looking into the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions – predominantly different exercise regimes in the two major conditions in the mortality statistics of CHF and COPD - both with a very poor prognosis. In conclusion it can be said that the results and experience of all three studies demonstrate the safe feasibility of different outpatient exercise interventions and suggest specific positive adaptations in patients with heart failure and COPD which also led to a lower hospitalisation rate. There are clear hints that the therapy spectrum could be supplemented significantly by specific training interventions. The financial implications for any health care system are also highly relevant. info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/790 ddc:790 info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/610 ddc:610 Bewegungstherapie, Sterblichkeit
7	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology
8	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology

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