When computational systems become increasingly mobile and ubiquitous, digital information and the use of computational systems may increasingly be immersed into the physical and social world of objects, people and practices. However, the digital, physical and social materials that make up these hybrid spaces have different characteristics and are hard to understand for users. In addition, users are themselves part in constructing and re-constructing the hybrid spaces. The main question addressed in this thesis is whether making aspects of the digitally mediated hybrid spaces observable and accessible provides support to users. The observability may provide support for the specific task at hand or help in building an understanding for what the system does and how, an understanding that is needed to explain system output and to cope with service breakdowns. The fundament of the approach is to empower users of computational systems to actively make sense of the system themselves. Two prototype services are described, Socifer and MobiTip. Their common denominator was to make digitally mediated parts of the hybrid spaces observable to users. Without disqualifying other kinds of information, the work focussed on digitally mediated social trails of other users. Building on experience from the prototype work and an investigation into in seamful design, observability and awareness, I have investigated the effects of making a computational system’s social context observable to users in a way that - is separated from the service’s main functionality in the interface, allowing it to become peripheral and non-obtrusive; - uses simple models and little interpretation; - to some extent opens up the service to allow for user appropriation of both service content and functionality; and - is informative rather than proactive in order to empower the user rather than acting on the user’s behalf. By designing systems that fulfil these criteria I claim that the user will be supported in performing the task at hand, with or without the service, and that with service use, the user will become more and more aware of the possibilities and limitations of the underlying technology. In addition, the digitally mediated hybrid spaces where physical, social and digital contexts meet constitute application domains in themselves, domains that users may enjoy exploring.

Submitted by Carla Renata Santos dos santos (c.renata.santos@gmail.com) on 2017-05-08T13:17:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese -Carla_Renata_Santos.pdf: 4744511 bytes, checksum: c216f30b20200acf03ae8abfb8c3265b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2017-05-10T14:34:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese -Carla_Renata_Santos.pdf: 4744511 bytes, checksum: c216f30b20200acf03ae8abfb8c3265b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T14:34:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese -Carla_Renata_Santos.pdf: 4744511 bytes, checksum: c216f30b20200acf03ae8abfb8c3265b (MD5) / A tese em apreço tem como tema a coconstrução do conhecimento no processo de desenvolvimento de Tecnologias Sociais. Este estudo partiu da crença de que a Tecnologia Social é uma das possíveis respostas ao atendimento às demandas sociais, e que a mesma possui propriedades de aprendizagem,participação, democracia e cidadania. O objeto desta tese propõe responder à questão: como os diferentes saberes influenciam no desenvolvimento de Tecnologias Sociais para o fortalecimento de cadeias produtivas no semiárido? Propõe também um referencial analítico para a articulação de saberes e práticas no processo de construção de Tecnologias Sociais para o fortalecimento da cadeia produtiva do licuri no semiárido baiano. Como objetivos específicos têm-se: compreender o sentido das ações dos atores no processo de articulação de diferentes saberes no desenvolvimento de Tecnologias Sociais para fortalecimento da cadeia produtiva do licuri no semiárido; identificar elementos relevantes para o diálogo entre atores no processo de articulação de diferentes saberes no desenvolvimento de Tecnologias Sociais para fortalecimento da cadeia produtiva do licuri no semiárido; propor caminhos teórico-metodológicos que ampliem a discussão acerca da articulação de saberes no processo de construção de Tecnologias Sociais. O lastro para este trabalho foi desenvolvido tomando como referência dois eixos conceituais: o primeiro está relacionado à construção coletiva do conhecimento, a partir da articulação de diversos saberes, fundamentadas na Dialogicidade e na Ecologia de Saberes,incluindo abordagens acerca a Teoria Social da Aprendizagem; e o segundo ao eixo da Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade, onde estão contidas abordagens acerca da Teoria Crítica de Tecnologia, Construção Social da Tecnologia, Tecnologia Social e Adequação Sociotécnica. Metodologicamente, trata-se de um estudo qualitativo. Quanto ao subtipo, a pesquisa está fundamentada no Estudo de Caso, onde o foco da análise foi uma experiência de desenvolvimento de tecnologias sociais no município de Caldeirão Grande, no semiárido baiano. As informações levantadas no campo empírico permite o alcance dos objetivos delineados. Foram identificadas as dimensões analíticas relacionadas à coconstrução do conhecimento nos processos de desenvolvimento de tecnologias sociais, ocasionando um diálogo entre os dados construídos e referências teóricas provenientes de paradigmas investigativos alternativos, na busca da aproximação do entendimento e da interpretação da ação social presenciada na pesquisa de campo. / ABSTRACT The thesis under consideration has as its theme the construction of knowledge in the process of development of Social Technologies. This study started from the belief that Social Technology is one of the possible answers to the social demands, and that it has properties of learning, participation, democracy and citizenship. The purpose of this thesis is to answer the question: how do diferente knowledge influence the development of Social Technologies for the strengthening of production chains in the semi-arid? It also proposes an analytical framework for the articulation of knowledge and practices in the process of building Social Technologies for the strengthening of the licuri coconut production chain in the semi-arid region of Bahia. As specific objectives we have the following: to understand the meaning of the actions of the actors in the process of articulation of different knowledge in the development of Social Technologies to strengthen the production chain of licuri coconut in the semi-arid; to identify relevant elements for the dialogue between actors in the process of articulating of different knowledge in the development of Social Technologies to strengthen the licuri coconut production chain in the semiarid; to purpose theoretical-methodological paths that extend the discussion about the articulation of knowledge in the process of construction of Social Technologies. The ballast for this work was developed taking as reference two conceptual axes: the first one is related to the collective construction of knowledge, based on the articulation of diverse knowledge, based on Dialogicity and Knowledge Ecology, including approaches about Social Theory of Learning; and the second is related to the axis of Science, Technology and Society, where are contained approaches on Critical Theory of Technology, Social Construction of Technology, Social Technology and Sociotechnical Adequacy. Methodologically, this is a qualitative study. Regarding the subtype, the research is based on the Case Study, where the focus of the analysis was an experiment in the development of social technologies in the county of Caldeirão Grande, in the semi-arid region of Bahia. The information gathered in the empirical field allows us to reach the objectives outlined. The analytical dimensions related to the construction of knowledge in the processes of development of social technologies were identified, causing a dialogue between the constructed data and theoretical references from alternative research paradigms, in the search for the approximation of the understanding and interpretation of the social action witnessed in the field research.

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Trauma is an event during which individuals are confronted with a threat to their own or to someone else’s integrity. If intense fear, horror and helplessness are experienced during the event there may be psychological traumatisation. However, individuals may experience physical trauma and require hospitalisation. The patients’ subjective experiences from the hospitalisations may precipitate further trauma. Although families of patients are not involved in the traumatic event, they may experience their own traumatisation. The individuals and their families experience the trauma on the biological, psychological and social levels. Medical literature is mostly positivistic and there is little qualitative research on the experience of hospitalisation, particularly of family experiences of the intensive care unit (ICU). There is also a paucity of research on psychological experiences in the medical world. The research that has been conducted in psychology is mostly with psychiatrists. The aim of this research is to explain the sense families make of physical trauma using narrative. Narrative is the sense individuals make of experiences across time through telling and re-telling stories. Qualitative research is most suited to explore these subjective experiences of individuals. Social constructionism is one form of qualitative research and a process exploring the world of individuals in the context of culture, history and social interaction. Individuals arrange these stories using myths, symbols and archetypes that will provide coherence to the lived experience. Languaging the experiences facilitates meaning attribution that informs behaviour. Data was collected through photographs taken by the participants and individual interviews were conducted. The co-construction of this text occurred in the context of the researcher as a counsellor, the researcher as a previous physical trauma patient and the family perspectives of the participants. The exploration of the photographs and their sequence are followed by a narrative analysis of the interview texts using storymaps. Narratives were co-created in this context. The participants selected the stories and created coherence by narrating and ordering the sequence of photographs. Since the family language this lived experience, the members explored various selves and their relationships with their worlds. The family was impacted biopsychosocially and is writing an alternate story in the discourse of the medical world that says further rehabilitation is difficult, if not impossible. They have made sense of the physical trauma by searching for unique outcomes and narrating on a temporal framework: stories of their self, relationships with others, their physical self and their physical environments. This will create space for their alternate story. / Dissertation (MA (Counselling Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

In this study an ecosystemic approach to self-hypnosis was utilised as a tool to explore and describe the healing of sport injuries. Four injured Subjects, from four different sporting activities participated in the study. Self-hypnosis/hypnosis was used as a linguistic means to perturb the problem-defining ideas within which the sport injury was embedded. Problem dis-solution involved a process of reframing each Subject's current reality through dialogue, and a new reality for each respective Subject was co-constructed through consequent linguistic differentiation. The hypnotist, participating in the linguistic domain as an equal participant, looked for intended meanings in each respective conversational exchange with the athletes, and synthesised information creatively. This process and the thinking behind each case study is described in detail in this dissertation. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Depuis une trentaine d’années, les citoyens des démocraties libérales boudent les isoloirs, souvent dépités par le manque d’impact de leur geste sur leur environnement (Sandel, 2012; Putnam, 2000). Plutôt que d’abandonner la sphère publique, plusieurs d’entre eux ont choisi de l’investir autrement. C’est ainsi que le monde occidental a connu un essor certain de la participation publique. Contrairement au vote, le citoyen est ici invité à prendre la parole, mais aussi à écouter les opinions des autres participants. Il se retrouve donc investi d’un rôle bien plus complexe sans être nécessairement doté des outils lui permettant d’accomplir la mission. Cette étude se penche sur le processus de l’écoute en consultation publique et vise à en déplier les mécanismes. Il s’agit d’observer comment s’exprime l’écoute en consultation publique, en dressant une typologie des marqueurs d’écoute et des sollicitations à l’écoute pour en étudier le fonctionnement. L’étude révèle qu’une écoute attentive peut se transformer en une écoute plus engagée quand une négociation mesurée de l’écoute prend place. Pour cela, chacun des acteurs doit être conscient de lui-même mais aussi de l’autre, du rôle de l’autre et du but final de la consultation. L’écoute engagée privilégie le partage d’autorité et auteurité nécessaire à la co-construction d’un discours entre tous les acteurs, une écoute qui se matérialise par le rapport que la commission remet aux preneurs de décision. La légitimité de ce rapport dépend du travail en amont entre les acteurs et, entre autres, de leur capacité à s’écouter, au delà de la dimension discursive. Le type d’écoute mis en œuvre contribue à inférer une légitimité à la consultation publique. / For the past thirty years or so, many citizens of liberal democracies have shunned their polling booths, often frustrated by the lack of impact their votes are having on the consequent political environment (Sandel, 2012; Putnam, 2000). Rather than abandoning the public sphere altogether, some are choosing different mechanisms to be heard and to influence outcomes. This is why the Western world is experiencing a rise of more direct citizen participation in public policy discussions. Unlike voting, we are now not only able to express and disseminate our opinions and points of view but we can also hear and consider the views of others. But even while citizens find themselves invested with more opportunity to engage in public conversation, they are still lacking the tools to effective accomplish their objective. This study focuses on “listening” in the public consultation process and seeks to understand its mechanisms. We observe how listening is manifested in public consultations by drawing up a typology of signs indicating listening, and sollicitations to listen and then studying its functioning. The study reveals that attentive listening can turn into committed listening as listening priorities are negociated and established. For this to work, each participant must be aware of the input of the other and be constantly aware of final goal of the consultation in question. Committed listening favors sharing authority and authorship among stakeholders. The final report submitted to elected decision makers reflects the discourses but also the listening capacity expressed during the sessions. The legitimacy of this report depends on preparatory work between actors and, among other things, their willingness to listen to each other as well as speak. The quality of the participants’ listening skills has an impact on the public consultation’s legitimacy.

In many institutional settings in today’s globalized job market, people have to deal with different role asymmetries in the co-construction of meaning. In this study, institutional, cultural and linguistic asymmetries are focused on in interviews at an employment agency in Sweden. Interviews between a recruiter and fourteen female job candidates with an academic background from other countries were video taped. Three sequences on personality were analysed: What do you consider to be your strengths? What personal characteristics do you want to improve? and What has made an impact on you? The general aim of the study was to gain knowledge of the processes whereby self-presentations are co-constructed and how participants try to reach common understanding when they do not share common linguistic and cultural resources. Theoretically, the study has a dialogical framework. Discourse is seen as the place where society, culture, situation, individual and language meet and where meaning is constructed through social action. Within an interactional sociolinguistics framework, an holistic approach to methods combines ethnography of communication with ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. The results show that the meaning-making project in this institutional situation is institutionally framed, culturally hidden, socially constrained by face-work and interactionally embedded. The recruiter orients to the institutional frame by embedding reformulations of the candidates’ answers in her uptake, often an adjective, which is filled in on a form and later transferred to a data base. The recruiter also takes on the face-work of the communicative dilemmas that the questions exhibit, for example by using explanations when candidates admit to low self-confidence. It is also shown that for some candidates the hidden agenda of the situation is concealed and that their communicative styles clash with the recruiter’s expectations. The asymmetrical situation can for the candidates be seen as both a resource and a constraint. The linguistic asymmetry is not foregrounded. Instead, the negotiation of meaning concerns the institutional and cultural frame rather than linguistic meanings. On the other hand, the recruiter shows a tendency to normalize the candidates according to her own institutional and cultural knowledge. This dynamic interplay between heterogenization and homogenization tendencies is an important feature in the interviews.

Dans le cadre du développement international du mouvement du libre accès aux publications scientifiques, cette thèse analyse plus précisément la situation française dans le contexte européen. Cette analyse a été menée à travers une démarche de recherche-action, au sein d'un groupe d'acteurs du Groupement français des industries de l'information (GFII) concernés par le libre accès.Nous cherchons tout d'abord à mettre en évidence les forces motrices du développement du libre accès en nous appuyant sur une méthodologie prospective développée au LIPSOR/CNAM.Les résultats nous ont conduit à contribuer à la conception d'un site d'information dont la finalité est l'affichage des politiques des éditeurs nationaux en matière d'auto-archivage afin d'accompagner les pratiques de dépôts au niveau national. L'analyse prospective a en effet révélé l'importance des embargos pour les équilibres financiers des éditeurs.De façon plus distanciée, nous amorçons également une réflexion sur l'impact réel du libre accès sur deux moteurs semblant jouer un rôle croissant dans l'économie de la connaissance, à savoir la créativité et l'interdisciplinarité.

In this study an ecosystemic approach to self-hypnosis was utilised as a tool to explore and describe the healing of sport injuries. Four injured Subjects, from four different sporting activities participated in the study. Self-hypnosis/hypnosis was used as a linguistic means to perturb the problem-defining ideas within which the sport injury was embedded. Problem dis-solution involved a process of reframing each Subject's current reality through dialogue, and a new reality for each respective Subject was co-constructed through consequent linguistic differentiation. The hypnotist, participating in the linguistic domain as an equal participant, looked for intended meanings in each respective conversational exchange with the athletes, and synthesised information creatively. This process and the thinking behind each case study is described in detail in this dissertation. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Ce travail doctoral s'intéresse aux positionnements identitaires des enseignants et des élèves induits par la relation que la scène sociale en Éducation Physique et Sportive instaure entre eux. Ces positionnements sont abordés par le biais des théories liées à la catégorisation sociale et plus précisément la théorie de l'identité sociale, la théorie de l'auto-catégorisation et les partitions sociales. Si les partitions sociales sont un prolongement des deux premières théories, elles possèdent également leurs propres fondements théoriques, issus de la psychologie sociale du langage, qui offrent de nouvelles perspectives liées à l'approche de la catégorisation sociale. Un premier travail de réflexion a ainsi été mené pour proposer une relecture de certains principes de la catégorisation sociale. À la suite de cette construction théorique, trois études principales ont été réalisées afin de déterminer le poids des pré-jugements portés par la scène sociale de la classe sur les processus de catégorisation sociale lors de la mobilisation des identités d'enseignants et d'élèves en EPS. Dans un contexte où l'enseignant est institutionnellement le dominant hiérarchique, les élèves perçoivent-ils des espaces identitaires leur permettant d'occuper une position sociale satisfaisante au sein de cette relation imposée? La première étude, s'articulant autour de trois sous-études, cherche à déterminer le poids de la scène sociale sur les effets de catégorisation sociale. Dans une scène sociale à l'avantage des hommes (football), les femmes, contrairement à ce qui était attendu, cherchent à établir une position sociale favorable pour leur groupe par le jeu de la catégorisation sociale. La deuxième étude s'intéresse aux différentes insertions identitaires sur lesquelles les enseignants et les élèves en EPS peuvent s'appuyer lors de leurs interactions. Les résultats montrent, à partir de l'analyse des verbatim d'une séance d'EPS, que si le contexte prédétermine leurs relations sur la base de leurs rôles sociaux, d'autres espaces identitaires sont co-construits et investis sans pour autant remettre en cause les règles de la scène sociale. Enfin, la troisième étude propose une cartographie des positionnements identitaires qu'implique la relation intergroupe enseignants-élèves en EPS. À partir de l'utilisation de l'outil RepMut, il s'avère qu'au niveau catégoriel, seuls les enseignants sont en mesure de se positionner de façon satisfaisante. En effet, le rôle d'élève qu'instaure la relation à l'enseignant ne permet aux élèves de bénéficier d'une position catégorielle que s'ils usent d'une dimension de comparaison différente de celle établie par la scène sociale. En conclusion, ce travail montre qu'en EPS, et a priori de façon plus générale, la relation enseignants-élèves ne permet qu'aux premiers d'occuper une place sociale conforme à celle attendue. En effet, face à l'enseignant, il semble bien difficile pour les élèves d'investir le rôle que l'école attend d'eux. / This doctoral work is interested in the identical positionings of the teachers and the pupils led by the relation that the social scene in Physical Education establishes between them. These positionings are approached by means of the theories bound to the social categorization and more precisely the theory of the social identity, the theory of the auto-categorization and the conception of the social partitions. If the social partitions establish a continuation of the first two theories, they also rest on their own theoretical foundation, based on social psychology of the language. The goal of the first work was to propose a review of certain principles of the social categorization. This proofreading leaned in particular on the idea that the positionings of every group co-build themselves from the relation intergroup, and that the positions adopted by each are not necessarily symmetric. Following this theoretical construction, three main studies were led to determine the weight of pre-judgments carried by the social scene of the classroom on the processes of social categorization during the mobilization of the identities of teachers and pupils in Physical Education. More precisely, in a context where the teacher is institutionally the hierarchical dominant of the pupils, the pupils do perceive identical spaces allowing them to occupy a satisfactory social position within this relation. The first study, articulating around three sub-studies, tries to determine the weight of the social scene on the effects of social categorization. Contrary to what was expected in this social scene to the advantage of the men (soccer), the women manage to establish a favorable social position for their group by the game of the social categorization. The second study focuses on the various identical insertions on which teachers and pupils in Physical Education can lean during their interactions. The results show, from the analysis of the verbatim of a session of Physical Education that, if the context predetermines their relations on the basis of their social roles, other identical spaces are co-built and invested without questioning the rules of the social scene. Finally, the third study proposes a mapping of the identical positionings which implies the relation intergroup teachers-pupils in physical education. The tool RepMut allows to highlight that at the category-specific level, only teachers are capable of positioning in a satisfactory way. Indeed, the relation to the teacher does not allow pupils to benefit from a satisfactory category-specific position, if it is not by using dimensions of comparison different from that established by the social scene. In conclusion, this work shows that in Physical Education, and prejudice in a more general way, the relation teachers-pupils allows only the first ones to occupy a social place in compliance with that waited. Indeed, in front of the teacher, it seems difficult for pupils to invest the role for which the school expects from them.