This thesis aims at developing a conceptual framework for advancing basic research on questions about coercive diplomacy and the management of intrastate conflicts by relying on hegemonic stability theory and its most fundamental concept: public good. In the light of the failure of international community in developing a unified response to the most cases of intrastate conflicts, the study investigates the role of leadership in international attempts to manage such conflicts. I argue that in the absence of a direct threat to the interests of each individual member, there will be a need for a leader that is capable to provide public goods associated with efforts to bring a solution to the conflict. Findings from several phases of Kosovo crisis which support this proposition is used to illustrate and evaluate the accuracy of this assumption. Thus, the study is not only concerned with coercive diplomacy as a form of intervention but also the process that finally culminates into that instrument as evidence of the necessity for a leader.

Bakgrund: All sjukvård som bedrivs i Sverige är frivillig, även den psykiatriska vården. Dock kan vården ibland ske med tvångslagar mot patienters vilja. När sjuksköterskan begränsar en patients autonomi i form av tvångsåtgärder kan det bidra till att sjuksköterskan upplever det etiskt jobbigt även om syftet är att göra gott för patienten. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att utföra tvingande åtgärder mot patienter med psykossjukdom inom psykiatrisk slutenvård, ur ett etiskt perspektiv. Metod: En litteraturstudie med tio kvalitativa artiklar bearbetades och analyserades av författarna. Utifrån analysen kunde kategorier skapas utifrån de fynd författarna fann i flera av artiklarna. Resultat: Vid utförandet av tvångsåtgärder upplevde sjuksköterskor etiska dilemman. Genom relation, ändamål och reflektion upplevde sjuksköterskorna att patienternas autonomi kunde respekteras och behandlas bättre. Diskussion: Med grunden i kategorierna från resultatet diskuterades de etiska upplevelserna av att utföra tvingande åtgärder. Ett centralt begrepp som kunde beskriva förhållandet mellan sjuksköterska och patient var paternalism. Lagarna HSL och LPT diskuterades och ställdes i konflikt mot varandra. / Background: All medical care performed in Sweden is optional, even in the psychiatric care. Although the care can sometimes be coercive by law and therefore against the patients will. When the nurse limits the autonomy of a patient by coercive measures the nurse may experience it as it ethically difficult even if it is for the best interest of the patient. Purpose: The purpose of the literature study is to highlight nurses experiences when performing coercive measures against patients with psycothic diseases in psychiatric closed care, from an ethical perspective. Method: A literature study with ten qualitative studies was processed and analyzed by the authors. From the analysis the authors were able to make categories out from the finds in most of the articles. Result: When performing coercive measures the nurses experienced ethical dilemmas. By relation, purpose and reflection the nurses experienced that the autonomy of the patients could be respected and treated better. Discussion: By using the categories from the result as a basis the ethical experiences of performing coercive measures were discussed. A main concept that described the relationship between nurse and patient was paternalism. The HSL and LPT- laws were discussed and put in conflict against eachother.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Political Science, 2003. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references.

Teen dating violence (TDV) affects nearly one third of adolescents in the United States and is increasingly one of the largest public health concerns of health researchers and practitioners. Parent involvement, and specifically messages communicated to children about healthy and unhealthy relationships, has potential to be a vital element of TDV prevention and intervention. Researchers have demonstrated that parent-adolescent communication has significant effects on adolescent risky behavior, but the effect of parent-adolescent communication on TDV has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between mother-daughter communication quality, mothers' and daughters' beliefs about unhealthy relationships, and the dating violence experienced by adolescents. The sample was 58 adolescent daughters recruited from three rural Oregon high schools and their mothers. Self-report and observational data were collected from daughters and their mothers. It was hypothesized that (1) daughters' dating beliefs mediate the relationship between mothers' dating beliefs and daughters' experienced TDV, (2) mother-daughter communication quality mediates the relationship between mothers' dating beliefs and daughter's dating beliefs, and (3) mother-daughter communication quality mediates the relationship between mothers' dating beliefs and daughter's TDV. Structural equation modeling was used to test three path models where mother-daughter communication was represented by three different measures: daughters' report of having a quality conversation with their mother about dating in the past year, daughters' disagreement during observed mother-daughter communication, and daughters' disagreement during observed mother-daughter communication about dating. All three models were a good fit with the data, and significant associations were found between measures of mother-daughter communication, daughters' beliefs about dating, and daughters' experienced dating violence. Implications of this study include mother-daughter communication, perhaps a representation of a larger construct of mother-daughter relationship quality, as a point of intervention for adolescent girls' experiences of dating violence. Future research and clinical studies are required to further examine the relationships between parent-adolescent communication and TDV and the potential affect that parents may have on rates and experiences of TDV.

This paper aims to describe and explain the Russian use of cyberattacks in the Ukrainian conflict. Two major cyber events, BlackEnergy in 2015 and NotPetya in 2017, are analysed by the theoretical framework of coercive diplomacy developed by Daniel Byman and Matthew Waxman, as well as the theory of cyber coercion made by Daniel R. Flemming and Neil C. Rowe. This paper concludes that the Russian use of cyberattacks could be understood as an extension of their already widespread practice of coercive diplomacy as a foreign policy tool. The cyberattacks were developed to pressure the Ukrainian energy and economic sector, through destabilisation of the economic powerbase and the country as a whole. The cyber offenses are developed to push the Ukrainian politics from western influence back towards the Russian political orbit. This due to the political, economic, and power interests Russia finds in the post-soviet state of Ukraine.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / L. Susan Williams / This study analyzes in-depth interviews with incarcerated girls and young women, as well as contributions from community actors, to assess coercive sexual environments (CSE) in non-urban areas. CSEs represent an area of limited research that spotlights spatial disadvantage and sexual exploitation of at-risk girls, generating long-lasting negative effects for young women such as sexual harassment, exploitation, and sexual violence. Little is known about how CSEs may increase risk for girls’ involvement in the criminal justice system; further, all previous CSE research has been conducted in urban areas. To address these voids, the current study takes place in a primarily rural state, representing social control mechanisms somewhat different from cityscapes. Using a multi-pronged conceptual model of gendered pathways, ecological factors, and feminist criminology, the project relies heavily on stories from incarcerated girls and women. It identifies gender-specific mechanisms that perpetuate disadvantage and violence, examining how such apparatus may create a pipeline into the justice system. Tracing participants’ community roots, the study further gathers structural and cultural characteristics of the locale, assessing social control practices as reported by local professionals. Results confirm existence of CSEs in rural areas, which may produce negative outcomes and establish direct and indirect connections between young women and the justice system. Non-urban CSEs reveal origins common to those found in cities; patriarchy is identified as accounting for emergence of CSEs regardless of populous. The maintenance of such mechanisms, however, appear to be somewhat unique in rural communities; family name, a heavily-gendered veneer of idyllic but [un]safe milieux, and an absence of (and community reluctance to seek) vital services for abused girls and women are revealed as CSE characteristics in the areas of this study. Further, the current study challenges literature proclaiming solely positive results from high levels of collective efficacy, finding that strong collective efficacy in non-urban areas gathers close insider ties, but “outsiders,” which includes girls identified in this research, are defined quickly and deeply, placing them in significant peril. Policy recommendations include trauma-informed services in rural communities, coupled with education on characteristics associated with CSEs. While this research underscores over-incarceration of girls, it also suggests stop-gap approaches that address unique needs of young women in the justice system. Finally, recommendations for future CSE studies are offered.

Ancorados no princípio nemo ad factum praecise cogi potest e limitados pela completa ineficácia das ferramentas processuais disponibilizadas, nossos Tribunais vinham ofertando à parte prejudicada com o descumprimento de uma obrigação de fazer, não fazer ou entregar coisa apenas o equivalente pecuniário da prestação inadimplida. A percepção de que a via indenizatória nem sempre repararia de forma integral os danos experimentados e a conscientização de que o uso de meio coercitivo indireto para o desempenho da obrigação anteriormente assumida não caracterizaria ofensa à liberdade individual (entre tantos outros fatores) fizeram com que esse quadro começasse a ser contestado. Atendendo a reivindicação da doutrina, o legislador empreendeu uma série de reformas no Código de Processo Civil, quebrando o paradigma: a tutela específica passou a ocupar o lugar de primazia que vinha sendo indevidamente ocupado pelo sucedâneo indenizatório. O presente estudo se dedica a examinar a principal ferramenta processual utilizada para a obtenção da tutela específica em juízo: as astreintes. São analisados, neste trabalho, os antecedentes históricos da tutela específica e dos meios de coerção nos sistemas romano e lusitano e no próprio direito pátrio bem como os institutos assemelhados à multa coercitiva brasileira no direito francês e anglo-saxão. Com base nessa retrospectiva histórica e tendo em conta os institutos do direito comparado, o estudo define a natureza, função e campo de incidência das astreintes. Após, abordam-se temas polêmicos em torno da aplicabilidade da multa coercitiva: possibilidade de cumulação com outras formas de coerções/sanções, periodicidade e valor inicial, termo a quo e ad quem, existência ou não de limitação legal ou principiológica para o montante final, a possibilidade da alteração de seu valor e a questão do enriquecimento sem causa do credor. Por fim, é tratada a execução da multa coercitiva. Tudo para demonstrar que, a despeito da falta de regramento detalhado e das várias divergências doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais que daí advém, as astreintes se mostram como a mais efetiva ferramenta para a obtenção da tutela específica em juízo - tendência do processo civil contemporâneo. / Based on the principle of nemo ad factum praecise cogi potest and restrained by the total inefficacy of the available procedural tools, our Courts have been granting to the party affected by an obligation of specific performance only the pecuniary equivalent of the defaulted service provision. Such scenario started to be challenged upon the perception that the indemnity path would not always fully repair the damages suffered and in view of the awareness that the use of an indirect coercive means for the previously undertaken obligation to be fulfilled would not qualify as offense to the individual freedom (among many other factors). In response to the doctrine\'s claims, the lawmaker made a number of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure, overturning the paradigm: the specific relief was given the primacy that had been unduly given to the indemnity substitute. This paper examines the main procedural tool used to obtain the specific relief in court: the daily fines. This paper analyzes the historical precedents of the specific relief and the coercive means in the Roman and Portuguese system and in Brazilian law, as well as the institutions similar to the Brazilian coercive fine in the French and Anglo-Saxon laws. Based on such historical review and considering the institutions in comparative law, the study defines the nature, function and coverage of the daily fines. It further addresses controversial issues revolving around the applicability of the coercive fine: possibility of accumulation with other types of coercion / sanctions, periodicity and initial value, term a quo and ad quem, existence or not of limitation for the final amount, arising from law or principle, possibility of changing its value and the issue of creditor\'s enrichment without cause. Finally, this paper addresses the execution of the coercive fine. The aim is to show that, in spite of the fact that there is not a detailed ruling and that several doctrine and jurisprudence controversies arise from it, the daily fines are the most effective tool to obtain the specific relief in court - a trend in contemporaneous civil procedure.

Esse estudo investiga a influência do estilo de uso do orçamento empresarial sobre as percepções de seus públicos usuários. O uso do orçamento segue o framework de Adler e Borys (1996) que trata do uso coercitivo e facilitador. As percepções dos usuários do orçamento perfazem a utilidade do artefato e o nível de críticas atribuídas. Essa análise retoma a discussão se o orçamento se caracteriza como um importante instrumento de gestão, tendo em vista diversos estudos que tem defendido sua melhoria (Activity-Based Budgeting) ou abandono (Beyond Budgeting). A discussão é baseada em um framework relativamente recente nas pesquisas de Controle Gerencial (Ahrens & Chapman, 2004) e com potencial para futuras pesquisas no contexto nacional e internacional. O modelo teórico e as hipóteses de pesquisa foram construídos com o objetivo de discutir a influência do uso do orçamento sobre a percepção de utilidade e o nível de críticas. Dentre as dimensões do uso coercitivo e facilitador se destacam a capacidade de reparo, a transparência interna, a transparência global e a flexibilidade. A percepção de utilidade envolve a utilidade para a gestão e relevância para tomada de decisão. O nível de críticas abrange os efeitos perversos, inadaptação ao ambiente, ritual e foco excessivo no curto prazo. A metodologia do estudo é um levantamento com gerentes de uma empresa brasileira de grande porte do setor elétrico (survey single entity). Foram realizadas nove entrevistas com gerentes da empresa e elaborado um questionário eletrônico aplicado a uma amostra de 72 respondentes de uma população de aproximadamente 180, abrangendo gerentes de diversas áreas da organização. As informações coletadas nas entrevistas foram analisadas qualitativamente e apresentadas de modo descritivo, caracterizando os entrevistados, sua interface com o processo orçamentário, além de suas percepções. Os dados coletados pelo survey foram submetidos a técnicas de estatística descritiva e multivariada de equações estruturais (MEE-PLS). Os respondentes tem em média 25 anos de empresa. A análise descritiva do uso do orçamento empresarial indica que, para as dimensões transparência interna e transparência global, o orçamento está mais próximo do estilo de uso facilitador e, pela capacidade de reparo e flexibilidade, mais próximo do uso coercitivo. Além disso, a percepção de utilidade do orçamento é levemente alta e o nível de críticas é baixo. Quanto ao modelo de equações estruturais, se constatou influência indireta do uso facilitador do orçamento sobre o nível de críticas. Pôde-se verificar que o estilo de uso facilitador do orçamento influencia positivamente a percepção de utilidade e negativamente o nível de críticas. Esses resultados não indicam, necessariamente, que o uso facilitador do orçamento seja \"melhor\" que o coercitivo. Na realidade, as empresas tem a liberdade de determinar a forma como pretendem utilizar esse artefato contábil, e ao mesmo tempo devem estar cientes de que essas escolhas influenciam as percepções dos gestores. O presente trabalho fornece indicativos de modelos presentes na literatura que propiciam uma melhor compreensão desses aspectos. / This study investigates the influence of the budgeting style applied on users perceptions. Budgeting use follows the framework of Adler and Borys (1996) dealing with the coercive use and enabling use. Users\' perceptions of the budget account for the usefulness of the artifact and the level of criticism assigned. This analysis discusses if budgeting is characterized as an important management tool in view of several studies that have defended its improvement (Activity-Based Budgeting) or its abandonment (Beyond Budgeting). The discussion is based on a relatively recent framework in Management Control research (Ahrens & Chapman, 2004) and has a potential for future research in national and international context. The theoretical model and research hypotheses were constructed in order to discuss the influence of the style of budgeting use on the perceived usefulness and on the level of criticism. Among the dimensions of coercive and enabling use are repair capacity, internal transparency, global transparency, and flexibility. The perceived usefulness involves the utility and relevance to the management for decision making. The level of criticism covers the perverse effects on people, inability to adapt to the environment, ritual and excessive focus on the short term. The methodology of the study is a survey carried on with managers of a large Brazilian company of the electric sector (survey single entity). Nine interviews were developed with managers and an electronic questionnaire was also applied to a sample of 72 respondents from a population of approximately 180, including managers from different areas of the organization. The information collected in the interviews were qualitatively analyzed and presented in a descriptive manner, characterizing the respondents, their interface with the budget process, and their perceptions. The data collected by the survey were subjected to descriptive statistics and multivariate Structural Equation Modeling (SEM - PLS). Respondents have working time mean of 25 years in the organization. The descriptive analysis of the use of the corporate budgeting indicates that the dimensions of internal transparency and global transparency are closer to the enabling use. The repair capacity and flexibility are nearest to the coercive use. Furthermore, the perceived usefulness of the budgeting is slightly high and the level of critics is low. As for the structural equation model we have found indirect influence of the budgeting enabling use on the level of criticism. It was verified that the enabling style of budgeting use has positive influence on the perceived usefulness and negative on the level of criticism. These results do not necessarily indicate that the enabling style of budgeting use is \"better\" than coercive. In fact, companies have the freedom to determine how they will use this accounting artifact. Meanwhile organizations should be aware that these choices influence the perceptions of managers. This paper provides indicative of models in the literature which propitiate a better understanding of these aspects.

O aço ferrítico-martensítico ODS Eurofer com 9%pCr (ODS - do inglês oxide dispersion strengthened), objeto de estudo dessa dissertação, é um potencial candidato para fins estruturais em reatores de fusão nuclear. Este material foi produzido via metalurgia do pó e consolidado por prensagem isostática. Em seguida sofreu laminação cruzada a quente e revenimento em 750°C por 2h. Esta foi a condição como recebida desse aço, o qual foi cedido pelo KIT (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie - Alemanha). Este aço possui 0,3%p de partículas de ítria (Y2O3) com diâmetro entre 10 e 30 nm. Uma das finalidades dessa dispersão de partículas de óxido é impedir a livre movimentação de contornos de grão no material, de modo a garantir a estabilidade microestrutural do mesmo sob recozimento. O aço ODS Eurofer como recebido foi laminado a frio com reduções de 20, 40, 60 e 80% da espessura e, posteriormente, foi recozido em diversas temperaturas entre 300 e 1350°C por 1h. Como o enfoque desse trabalho é sobre o aço ODS Eurofer recozido em altas temperaturas, para as temperaturas de 1250, 1300 e 1350°C foram feitos recozimentos adicionais (para o material com 80% de redução) variando-se o tempo de recozimento de 1 a 8 h. Para todos os recozimentos, com exceção dos realizados em 1350°C, o resfriamento das amostras se deu ao ar. Para a temperatura de 1350°C isso não foi possível e o resfriamento das amostras se deu no interior do forno. As amostras foram caracterizadas utilizando-se de medidas de dureza, medidas magnéticas e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Amostras representativas também foram analisadas utilizando-se de difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD) e espectroscopia por energia dispersiva (EDS). Para recozimentos em temperaturas acima de 800°C seguidos de resfriamento ao ar o material sofreu uma transformação martensítica. Na faixa de temperatura entre 800°C e 1300°C verificou-se um ligeiro decréscimo na dureza do material. Para as amostras com 80% de redução e recozidas em 1250 e 1300°C por diversos tempos até 8 h, seguido de resfriamento ao ar, não ocorreu uma variação significativa tanto nos valores de dureza e de campo coercivo das amostras com o tempo de recozimento. Estes valores se mantiveram em um patamar bem superior ao verificado para as amostras sem recozimento. Para as amostras recozidas em 1350°C, devido às características do resfriamento a microestrutura resultou em grãos ferríticos, aproximadamente equiaxiais e com tamanho de grão médio da ordem de 15 ?m. Observou-se uma notável queda tanto no valor de dureza como de campo coercivo dessas amostras. A observação mais importante nesse caso foi a observação de partículas da ordem de 100 nm ricas em ítrio no interior dos grãos, uma evidência de que ocorre o engrossamento das partículas de ítria nessa temperatura. Em virtude disso, a capacidade dessa dispersão de óxidos em impedir a livre movimentação de contornos de grãos no material fica prejudicada em 1350°C. / The object of this study is Eurofer 9% Cr Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steel. This ferritic/martensitic steel is a potential candidate for structural applications in nuclear fusion reactors. It is produced through powder metallurgy and consolidated by hot isostatic pressing. The material undergoes hot cross lamination and is tempered at 760 °C. This was the condition of the steel as received, which was provided by KIT (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Germany). This steel contains 0.3 wt% yttria particles (Y2O3) with a diameter in the range 10-30nm. The main purpose of this oxide particle dispersion is to prevent the free movement of the grain boundaries in the material, so as to ensure stability of the microstructure during annealing. The material as received was cold rolled to reduce thickness by 20, 40, 60 and 80%. It was annealed at different temperatures from 300 to 1350 °C for 1 h. The focus of this study is the effects of high temperature annealing on the microstructure of ODS Eurofer. For this purpose, additional heat treatments were carried out on the steel that had been rolled to reduce thickness by 80% at temperatures of 1250, 1300 and 1350 °C. Annealing time varied between 15 min and 8 h. For all annealing conditions, except those carried out at 1350 °C, the samples were air cooled. For the temperature of 1350 °C, this was not possible. These samples were cooled in the oven. The samples were characterized using hardness testing, magnetic testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Representative samples were also analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). For annealing at temperatures above 800 °C, the material underwent a martensitic transformation after air cooling. Between 800 and 1300 °C, there was a slight decrease in the hardness of the material. For samples with 80% reduction annealed at 1250 and 1300 °C followed by air cooling, annealing time up to 8h didn\'t lead to a significant variation in either the hardness or the coercive field. Both hardness and coercive field of these samples were at a level well above the samples without annealing. For samples annealed at 1350 °C, due to the cooling characteristics of the samples, the microstructure took on a ferritic matrix with equiaxed grains with an average grain size of 15 um. There was a remarkable decrease in hardness and coercive field values of these samples. The most important result in this case was the observation of yttria-rich particles of the order of 100nm inside the grains. This is an evidence of the coarsening of the yttria particles at this temperature. As a result, the capacity of oxide dispersion to prevent the free movement of grain boundaries in the material is impaired at 1350°C.

This dissertation, by using the case of tensions between the United States and Venezuela between 2001-2007, examines Rummel’s hypothesis that democratic countries are inherently peaceful, and investigates whether the tensions in US-Venezuela relations under president George W Bush and president Hugo Chavez confirms or rejects Rummel’s hypothesis. A review of relevant documents, reports by non-governmental organizations and previous research in the field of international relations lead us to the conclusion that while the strained relationship between the US and Venezuela did reach a stage of coercive diplomacy, as defined by Jakobsen, the threats between the two countries did not escalate towards military aggression, and therefore Rummel’s hypothesis is confirmed.