La violence dans les relations intimes à l’adolescence est un problème social important. La présente étude vise à bonifier les connaissances quant aux facteurs associés aux comportements de violence dans les relations intimes (VRI) à l’adolescence afin d’alimenter les pistes en matière de prévention. Plus précisément, il s’agit de vérifier si les problèmes de comportement à l’enfance peuvent être considérés comme un facteur de risque précoce à la perpétration de VRI à l’adolescence, puis de vérifier si l’engagement scolaire et la légitimité perçue de l’autorité à la mi-adolescence peuvent être considérés comme des facteurs compensatoires ou de protection en lien avec la perpétration de ces violences. Pour ce faire, les données utilisées proviennent de l’Étude longitudinale et expérimentale de Montréal (ÉLEM) ayant débuté dans les années 80. Initialement, l’échantillon était composé de 1037 garçons francophones blancs ayant été à la maternelle dans une école située dans un quartier défavorisé de Montréal. Parmi ces participants, 774 ont révélé déjà avoir été dans une relation amoureuse à 16 ou 17 ans. Les comportements des enfants entre 10 et 12 ans ont été évalués par les enseignants, dont les problèmes de comportement. Puis, la légitimité perçue de l’autorité ainsi que l’engagement scolaire ont été évalués de façon autorapportée à la mi-adolescence. La perpétration de violence psychologique, physique et sexuelle dans le cadre de relations intimes par les participants a aussi été évaluée de façon autorapportée, mais à la fin de l’adolescence. Les résultats découlant d’analyses de régression mettent en lumière le fait que les garçons présentant des problèmes de comportement pendant l’enfance sont à risque de s’engager dans des comportements de VRI physique à l’adolescence. Par ailleurs, les résultats indiquent que les garçons présentant un engagement scolaire élevé à la mi-adolescence sont moins à risque de s’engager dans des comportements de violence psychologique et sexuelle alors que ceux présentant un haut niveau de légitimité perçue de l’autorité à la mi-adolescence sont moins à risque de s’engager dans des comportements de toutes formes de VRI à l’adolescence. Ainsi, il semble que les problèmes de comportement à l’enfance soient un facteur de risque précoce à la VRI physique à l’adolescence, alors que l’engagement scolaire et la légitimité perçue de l’autorité sont des facteurs compensatoires en lien avec la perpétration de VRI à l’adolescence. Ces résultats pourront notamment servir au développement d’interventions préventives. / Teen dating violence (TDV) is a significant social issue. This study aims to enhance our understanding of factors associated with violent behavior in adolescent romantic relationships to inform prevention strategies. Specifically, the study seeks to determine whether childhood behavior problems can be considered an early risk factor for perpetrating TDV, and further investigates if school engagement and perceived authority legitimacy in mid-adolescence can act as compensatory or protective factors related to the perpetration of such violence. The data used in this study are from the Montreal Longitudinal and Experimental Study (MLES) initiated in the 1980s. The sample was initially consisted of 1,037 Caucasian French-speaking boys who attended kindergarten in a disadvantaged neighborhood in Montreal. Among these participants, 774 reported being in a romantic relationship at the age of 16 or 17. Children's behaviors between the ages of 10 and 12 were assessed by teachers, including behavior problems. Perceived authority legitimacy and school engagement were self-reported in mid-adolescence. Perpetration of psychological, physical, and sexual violence within romantic relationships by the participants was also self-reported, but at the end of adolescence. Results from regression analyses reveal that boys exhibiting behaviors related to conduct and oppositional disorders during childhood are at risk of engaging in physical TDV. Furthermore, results highlight that boys with high school engagement during mid-adolescence are less likely to engage in psychological and sexual violence, while those with a high level of perceived authority legitimacy during mid-adolescence are less likely to engage in any form of TDV. Thus, childhood behavior problems appear to be an early risk factor for physical TDV, while school engagement and perceived authority legitimacy act as compensatory factors related to the perpetration of TDV. These findings can be valuable for the development of preventive interventions.

No description available.

The constitutionality of affirmative action in terms of section 8 of Act 200 of 1993 is investigated. The study contends that in constitutional interpretation it is permissible to have recourse to ethical precepts as long as these are anchored within the four corners of the Constitution. It is contended that the •equality clause• does not prescribe equality of outcome in favour of substantive equality of opportunity. It is asserted that group-based affirmative action may justifiably be attacked as being unconstitutional; either on the basis that it infringes the nonbeneficiary's equality rights in terms of sections 8(1) and 8(2) or that it falls beyond the constitutional protection afforded to affirmative action in terms of section 8(3). Furthermore, group-based modalities of affirmative action may also not constitute a permissible limitation on the fundamental right to equality, if compared to an individual-based socio-economic affirmative action model. / Jurisprudence / LL. M.

薪資是影響求職者職缺選擇的重要因素之一，但是根據期望理論的觀點，職缺屬性彼此會產生互補效果，這對於資源有限的企業而言，意味著凸顯其他非金錢性之職缺屬性，應該能夠削弱低薪對於求職者職缺選擇的負面影響；此外，根據期望理論的論述，求職者個人特性亦會影響他 (她) 對職缺屬性的解讀，而影響求職者的職缺選擇。本研究以Barber、Daly、Giannantonio與Phillips (1994) 根據ERG理論為基礎所做的屬性分類，試圖探討關係類和成長類職缺屬性能否補償低薪對於求職者職缺選擇的影響，以提升求職者選取低薪職缺的可能性，同時亦探討求職者親和需求與成長需求於此間扮演的調節角色。 / 本研究以2 (關係類職缺屬性差距) ×2 (成長類職缺屬性差距) 受試者間實驗設計，依變項為低薪職缺「工作選擇決策」與「職缺接受意圖」，同時亦請受試自陳個人之親和需求與成長需求，共邀請151名某國立大學的應屆畢業生參與研究，並以階層迴歸分析與羅吉斯迴歸分析進行假設驗證，且輔以質化訪談佐證實證結果。研究結果發現，關係類職缺屬性差距或成長類職缺屬性差距，對於薪資水準皆產生顯著補償效果，亦即低薪職缺之關係類或成長類職缺屬性，愈優於高薪職缺的情況下，求職者愈會接受低薪職缺；此外，求職者之成長需求，也會調節成長類屬性與低薪職缺接受意圖和工作選擇決策間之關係；有別於期望理論的預測，本研究發現職缺屬性間並非為加成效果(Additive effect)，僅一類職缺屬性差距大時，即可補償薪資帶來的負面影響，而兩個職缺屬性皆差距大時，補償效果並未更強。最後，根據實證結果與訪談資料，本研究提出未來研究與管理建議。 / Pay-level has long been recognized as one of the most important job attributes that influence applicants' job acceptance intentions and choices. According to the expectancy theory, job attributes would compensate each other; in addition, applicants' individual differences would influence how they value job attributes. In terms of ERG theory's job attribute classification (Barber, Daly, Giannantonio & Phillips, 1994), the present study attempts to examine whether low-pay jobs with better relatedness and growth job attributes would foster applicants to choose them; as well as to investigate the moderating effects of the corresponding individual differences, need for affiliation and growth need strength, on the compensatory effects. / A 2×2 between-subject experimental design using low-pay job acceptance intentions and job choices as the dependent variables, were conducted with 151 undergraduate students who were pursuing jobs at the time of the data collection. Results of hierarchical regression, logistic regression and qualitative interviews showed that applicants were more willing to accept low-pay jobs than high-pay ones when low-pay jobs had better relatedness or growth job attributes; besides, applicants' growth need strength moderated the relationship between growth job attributes and the dependent variables. However, inconsistent with the expectance theory, addition analysis showed that job attributes did not affect applicants’ acceptance intentions and choices additively. That is, one better job attribute could have compensated low-pay's negative effect as effectively as two better job attribute had. Finally, based on the empirical results and qualitative data, suggestions for future research and managerial implications are discussed.

Les neurones dopaminergiques de la substance noire (SNc) sont les plus vulnérables à la dégénérescence dans la maladie de Parkinson et ses modèles animaux. Suite à des travaux antérieurs et à des résultats préliminaires du laboratoire Trudeau, notre hypothèse actuelle suggère que la très grande taille de l'arborisation axonale des neurones de la SNc soit un facteur clé à l'origine de leur vulnérabilité, puisque cet état devrait être associé à un taux élevé de phosphorylation oxydative et de production de radicaux libres. En accord avec cette hypothèse, les autres populations dopaminergiques, dotées d'arborisations de moindre taille, résistent mieux aux lésions expérimentales et à la maladie chez l'humain. L'objectif du présent projet était de développer un modèle murin dans lequel les neurones de la SNc présentent une taille d'arborisation axonale plus grande, se rapprochant davantage de celle observée chez l'humain et en reproduisant la vulnérabilité, ce qui pourrait représenter une percée importante dans l'identification de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. Basée sur le bourgeonnement axonal compensatoire des neurones dopaminergiques suite à des lésions partielles, la méthode utilisée fut l'injection unilatérale intranigrale de la toxine 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) à quelques jours de vie (P5), en visant l'élimination de 50% des neurones de la SNc. Un immunomarquage contre la tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), enzyme de synthèse de la dopamine, ainsi qu'une quantification du signal TH dans le striatum et des comptes neuronaux stéréologiques ont permis de quantifier la lésion partielle et de mettre en évidence la présence d'une croissance axonale compensatoire des neurones dopaminergiques survivants, à 10 et 90 jours post-lésion, suggérant une compensation précoce. Afin de mettre en évidence l'origine du bourgeonnement axonal, nous avons injecté un vecteur viral de type AAV encodant une protéine fluorescente (EYFP) dans la SNc ou la VTA des animaux adultes. Nos résultats confirment la présence de neurones nigrostriés à plus grande arborisation suivant une lésion unilatérale précoce à la 6-OHDA, dont la vulnérabilité accrue pourra être évaluée dans des expériences à venir par des protocoles lésionnels au MPTP, une toxine permettant de modéliser la maladie de Parkinson chez la souris. / Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SNc) are amongst the most vulnerable to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease and its animal models. According to previous work and preliminary results in our laboratory, our present hypothesis postulates that the large axonal arborisation size of SNc neurons is a key driving factor in their vulnerability, since this characteristic is associated with increased oxidative phosphorylation levels and free radicals production. In agreement with this hypothesis, other dopaminergic populations with smaller axonal arbors better resist to experimental lesions and to the disease process in humans. The current project aims to develop a mouse model in which SNc neurons present an axonal arborisation of increased size, closer to what is encountered in humans, thus reproducing their vulnerability, which could represent an important breakthrough in the identification of new therapeutic approaches. Based on compensatory axonal sprouting of dopaminergic neurons following partial lesions, the method used was the unilateral intranigral injection of the toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at an early age (P5), to induce the loss of approximately 50% of SNc neurons. Immunostaining against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), an enzyme required for the synthesis of dopamine, TH signal quantification in the striatum and stereological counting of neurons allowed for the quantification of the partial lesion and demonstrated compensatory axonal sprouting at 10 and 90 days post-lesion, with our results suggesting an early compensation. To better characterize the origin of axonal sprouting, we injected an AAV viral vector encoding a fluorescent protein (EYFP) in either the SNc or the VTA of adult animals. Our results confirm the presence of nigrostriatal neurons with increased arborisation sizes following early unilateral lesion using 6-OHDA, whose increased vulnerability will be evaluated in future experiments through lesion protocols using MPTP, a toxin used to model Parkinson's disease in mice.

Introdução - A partir da década de 1940, diversos programas de distribuição de leite foram implementados no Brasil, aliando combate à fome e à desnutrição com expansão do mercado consumidor. Na cidade de São Paulo foi implementado, em 1995, o Programa Leve Leite (PLL), com o objetivo de reduzir a desnutrição infantil e a evasão escolar mediante entrega de leite em pó a estudantes da rede pública de ensino. Em 2017, suas regras foram modificadas para priorizar crianças de primeira infância e em situação de vulnerabilidade, o que gerou debates entre diferentes setores com relação à diminuição da quantidade de beneficiários, destinação de recursos orçamentários, efetividade do programa, prejuízos sociais e ausência de participação da sociedade civil. Objetivo - Analisar se o Programa Leve Leite, do município de São Paulo, é uma política pública promotora do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada (DHAA) e da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) a partir do delineamento de seu desenho jurídico-institucional, fases, contextos e interesses. Métodos - Pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo, por meio de coleta de referências documentais e bibliográficas. O corpus reuniu 17 documentos normativos regulamentadores do PLL e documentos complementares, como discursos de prefeitos e vereadores, campanhas eleitorais, projetos de lei, notícias veiculadas pela imprensa, manifestações de famílias das crianças beneficiárias, representantes de organizações da sociedade civil, do poder público e de empresas, publicados entre os anos de 1995 e 2019. Resultados - A utilização dos modelos \'quadro de referência jurídico-institucional das políticas públicas\', \'ciclo das políticas públicas\', \'abordagem do ciclo de políticas\' e \'modelo de distopia das políticas públicas\' aplicado à alimentação e nutrição permitiu delimitar três períodos do Programa Leve Leite - \'PLL inicial\' (1995), \'PLL inicial-modificado\' (1995-2016) e \'PLL atual\' (2017-), cujas características foram descritas a partir de suas fases, modificações dos contextos em que elas se desenvolveram e interesses políticos, públicos e privados incidentes. Considerações Finais - Da forma como foi construído, o PLL não pode ser considerado uma política pública promotora do DHAA e da SAN. Apesar de buscar melhorar os índices da desnutrição infantil ou as condições de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica de crianças de primeira infância ou com deficiência, o PLL, ao longo de 24 anos, não se adaptou à institucionalização, no Brasil, de políticas que respeitam, protegem, garantem e promovem a alimentação adequada e saudável. Seu desenho jurídico-institucional o conforma como programa assistencialista e compensatório, sem previsão de intersetorialidade e de participação da sociedade civil, e permite a incidência de atividades políticas corporativas do setor produtivo leiteiro, como estratégias de marketing, lobby e ações jurídicas, e potenciais conflitos entre interesses políticos, privados e públicos. A ausência de estudos de avaliação sobre os resultados do Programa Leve Leite, em mais de duas décadas, permitiu que ele tenha permanecido vigente sujeito à vontade política e eleitoral dos prefeitos municipais. A visão processual, panorâmica e interdisciplinar apresentada pode contribuir para a construção de políticas públicas alinhadas com os princípios de DHAA e SAN, com participação social e sem conflito de interesses públicos e privados. / Introduction - From the 1940s, several milk supplement public programs were implemented in Brazil, combining hunger and malnutrition with expansion of the consumer market. In the city of São Paulo, the Programa Leve Leite (PLL) was implemented in 1995, with the objective of reducing child malnutrition and school dropout by providing milk powder to public school students. In 2017, its rules were changed to prioritize vulnerable and young children, which led to discussions among different sectors regarding the reduction in the number of beneficiaries, allocation of budget resources, program effectiveness, social losses and lack of participation. of civil society. Objective - To analyze whether Programa Leve Leite, in the city of São Paulo, is a public policy that promotes the Human Right to Adequate Food and Food and Nutrition Security from the outline of its legal-institutional design, phases, contexts and interests. Methods - Qualitative and descriptive research through the collection of documentary and bibliographic references. The corpus assembled 17 regulatory documents of PLL and supplementary documents, such as political speeches by mayors and city legislators, election campaigns, bills, news, speeches by families of beneficiary children, representatives of civil society organizations, government and companies, published between 1995 and 2019. Results - The use of models of policy analysis \'legal-institutional of public policy framework\', \'policy cycle\', \'policy cycle approach\' and \'policy dystopia\' applied to food and nutrition allowed the delimitation of three periods of the Programa Leve Leite - \'Initial PLL\' (1995), \'Initial-modified PLL\' (1995-2016) and \'Current PLL\' (2017-), whose characteristics were described from their phases, modifications of the contexts in which they have been developed and the incidence of political, public and private interests. Final Considerations - As it was built, Programa Leve Leite cannot be considered a public policy that promotes Human Right to Adequate Food and Food and Nutrition Security. Despite seeking to improve the rates of child malnutrition or the socioeconomic vulnerability of young children or children with disabilities, the public program, over 24 years, has not been adapted to the institutionalization in Brazil of policies that respect, protect, guarantee and promote healthy and adequate eating habits. Its legal-institutional design conforms it as a charitable and compensatory program, without foreseeing intersectoral and civil society participation, and allows the incidence of corporate political activities of the dairy sector, such as marketing strategies, lobbying and legal actions, and potential conflicts between political, private and public interests. The absence of evaluation studies on the results of the Programa Leve Leite in more than two decades has allowed it to remain in force subject to the political and electoral will of the municipal mayors. The procedural, panoramic and interdisciplinary view presented can contribute to the construction of public policies aligned with the principles of Human Right to Adequate Food and Food and Nutrition Security, with social participation and without conflict of public and private interests.

A presente tese de doutorado aborda a formação profissional dos trabalhadores da construção civil com objetivo de contribuir com experiências pedagógicas alternativas à sua atual condição heterônoma e oprimida de trabalho, por meio de ensaios experimentais, no formato de \'canteiro escola autogestionário\'. Essas práticas levantaram questões e revelaram lacunas de conhecimento da história das modalidades alternativas unitárias e integrais de educação. Pesquisamos exemplos de escolas e espaços de ampliação da autonomia dos construtores como contribuição para sua emancipação social e política. Nos perguntamos como chegamos a atual separação das profissões, divididas entre teóricas - arquitetos - e práticas - operários. Em busca de sua genealogia, abordamos as primeiras sociedades de classe, na antiguidade, e os primeiros espaços formativos duais, que separam a formação das elites para direção da sociedade - educação liberal e teórica, das classes subalternas - educação prática para o trabalho. A formação de arquitetos e construtores se deu de modo particular nas sociedades de classe: há momentos de formação dual onde arquitetos apreendem seu ofício distante das práticas construtivas, sem uso de sua força de trabalho, a formar \"arquitetos sem construção\", e os construtores apreendem seu trabalho nas oficinas, sem controlar a produção da arquitetura, numa relação dialética, dominados por arquitetos. Noutras sociedades, a formação de arquitetos se dá pela experiência prática físico-corporal na produção material da arquitetura, quando desenvolvem o ofício do desenho, e da representação. É ali, no canteiro de obras que formam-se \"arquitetos com construção\", de origem popular, compondo coletivos autônomos que idealizam e constroem. Na invasão das Américas os europeus treinaram os povos escravizados a construir com estéticas européias. Ergueram edifícios com trabalho heterônomo, oprimido e explorado - salvo exceções como nas Missões Jesuíticas. Com o avanço das forças produtivas no século XIX, criaram Liceus assistenciais, para \"qualificar\" construtores com apoio de trabalhadores italianos. Nesse período - 1870 a 1914, São Paulo - as elites não perceberam que a qualificação artística ampla e autônoma dos construtores resultaria em mobilizações por direitos trabalhistas. Quando se deram conta, recusaram os italianos anarquistas e os capomastri coletivistas construtores do ecletismo paulistano, e apoiaram tecnologia que exclui o trabalhador da criação: o concreto armado. É período de desqualificação e treinamento do trabalhador. Para formar os nacionais, criam a educação empresarial: \"Sistema S\" e em 1964 dão o golpe civil militar, que perdura até 1988. Com a redemocratização ampliam-se experiências formativas autogestionárias, e políticas publicas socializantes até 2016 - golpe midiático parlamentar. Foram 28 anos que permitiram experiências de \"educação de trabalhadores por trabalhadores\", como ensaiado nos \'canteiro escola\' com movimento popular, o MST, e universidade, a USP. Edificamos a \'casa das artes\', na ENFF - Guararema, com técnicas agroecológicas de construção e uma \'viela publica\' no Parque dos Químicos - São Bernardo do Campo, com técnicas compensatórias de drenagem urbana. Os ensaios praticaram as idiossincrasias da formação libertária dos trabalhadores da construção percebidas no levantamento do processo histórico. Essa vivência nos permitiu identificar que os \'canteiro escola\' contemporâneos se inserem nas tradicionais linhas de ação popular pela emancipação da classe. / The present doctoral thesis deals with the professional education of construction workers with the objective of contributing to pedagogical experiences that are alternative to their current heteronomous and oppressed work conditions, through experimental tests in the form of \'construction site - self - managed school\'. These practices raised questions and revealed gaps in knowledge of the history of alternative and unitary modes of education. We have explored examples of schools and spaces for the expansion of the autonomy of the constructors as a contribution to their social and political emancipation. We wonder how we came to the current separation of professions, divided between theoretical - architects - and practices - workers. In search of their genealogy, we approach the first class based societies in antiquity and the first dual formative spaces, separating education of the elites for the direction of society - liberal and theoretical education, and the subaltern classes - practical education for work. The education of architects and builders takes place particularly in class based societies: there are societies where the formation is dual where architects learn their craft away from constructive practices, without using their work force, to create \"architects without construction\", and The builders apprehend their work in the workshops, without controlling the production of architecture, in a dialectical relationship dominated by architects. In other societies, the formation of architects is due to the physical-corporal practical experience in the material production of architecture, when they develop the office of drawing, and in representation, it is at the construction site that they form \"architects with construction\", of popular origin. They are autonomous professionals who idealize and build. In the invasion of the Americas by Europeans the elites trained enslaved people to build with European aesthetics. They erected buildings with heteronomous work, oppressed and exploited. With the advance of productive forces in the nineteenth century, they created assistencial Liceus, to \"qualify\" builders with the support of Italian workers. In this period - 1870 to 1914, São Paulo - we verified that they did not realize that the broad and autonomous artistic qualification of the builders would result in mobilizations for labor rights. When they realized it, they refused the Italian anarchists and the capomastri collectivists builders of the São Paulo eclecticism, sponsoring technology that excludes the worker from creation: the reinforced concrete. There is a period of disqualification and training of the worker. \"National System\" is created, and in 1964 the civilian military coup has place, and lasts until 1988. With redemocratization, self-managed formative experiences and socializing public policies are extended to 2016 - year of media-partisan coup of the elites. These 28 years have generated experiences of \"education of workers by workers\", as rehearsed in the \"construction site school\" with popular movement, the MST, and university, USP. We built the \'house of arts\' at the ENFF - Guararema, with agro-ecological construction techniques and a \'public gallery\' at the Chemical Park - São Bernardo do Campo, with compensatory urban drainage techniques. The essays practiced the idiosyncrasies of the libertarian education of construction workers perceived in the survey of the historical process. This experience allowed us to identify the contemporaries \'construction site schools\' fall within the traditional lines of people`s action for the emancipation of the class.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIR - Celia Mara Peres.pdf: 1140796 bytes, checksum: 0c8c837835b9355bb0f860054bd1e5fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-24 / The present dissertation turns on punitive damages, the nature that they assume in the Brazilian legal system and the problematic around the quantum that must be awarded to the victim. This work intends to demonstrate the importance assumed by the study of the punitive damages in the national and world-wide scene, once the practice of this illegal conduct confronts the constitutional principle that guarantees the respect of the dignity of the human being, by violating the rights of the personality. Still, it tries to detach the difficulties to find an ideal way to award the victim the fairest relief, which is generally pecuniary, without compromising the legal relationship balance. In order to make some considerations about the subject proposed, it was necessary to make a previous study about the civil liability, by dealing with its evolution and principles and focusing on the different aspects around the punitive damages, such as the concept, indemnity, doctrines, trajectory of the former court decisions and the recognition of the man as the centre of the legal system, relegating the patrimony to a second plan. The compilation method was used during the development of this study, also the research of jurisprudence and comparative legislation. Laws and projects of law which are in transaction process had been mentioned as well. From this study, we can infer that instead of applying tax rates, the legal arbitration continues to be the best way to award the damage, since the magistrates observe the real necessity of basing their decisions and discriminating, in a individualized way, each of the judgments already consecrated by the doctrine and the jurisprudence, and mainly, the reasons that took them into that conclusion / A presente dissertação de mestrado versa sobre o dano moral, voltada à natureza que assume no sistema jurídico brasileiro e à problemática em torno dos critérios utilizados para a fixação do quantum indenizatório. Objetiva demonstrar a sua importância no cenário nacional e mundial, por se caracterizar prática que afronta o princípio constitucional do respeito à dignidade da pessoa humana, além de violar os direitos da personalidade. Procurar-se-á destacar, ainda, a preocupação e dificuldades existentes, na busca da maneira ideal para a fixação da indenização, de forma a entregar ao ofendido a mais justa reparação, geralmente pecuniária, sem, contudo, comprometer o equilíbrio das relações jurídicas. Para que fosse possível tecer as considerações e conclusões sobre o tema proposto fez-se necessário um estudo prévio da responsabilidade civil, abordando seus fundamentos e evolução, com enfoque em diversos aspectos que envolvem o dano moral, tais como seu conceito, indenizabilidade, trajetória doutrinária, legislativa e jurisprudencial, e o reconhecimento do homem como centro do ordenamento jurídico, relegando-se ao patrimônio um segundo plano. No desenvolvimento do trabalho foi utilizado o método de compilação, aliado à pesquisa de jurisprudência e legislação comparada. Foram abordadas as leis que tratam do assunto e projetos de lei que se encontram em tramitação. Concluiu-se que ao contrário da tarifação, o arbitramento judicial continua a ser o melhor meio para a aferição e fixação do valor indenizatório, desde que os magistrados observem a real necessidade de fundamentação dos julgados, apontando, de forma individualizada, cada um dos critérios já consagrados pela jurisprudência e doutrina com o seu respectivo valor e, principalmente os motivos que o levaram àquela conclusão no caso concreto

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Living cells accumulate compensatory solutes for protection against the harmful effects of extreme environmental conditions such as high salinity, temperature and desiccation. Even at high concentrations these solutes do not disrupt the normal cellular functions and at times counteract by stabilizing the cellular components. These properties of compensatory solutes have been exploited for stabilizing proteins and cells in vitro. Betaines are widespread natural compensatory solutes that have also been used in other applications such as therapeutic agents and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enhancers. Some biomedical applications of novel synthetic analogues of natural betaines were investigated. Natural compensatory solutes are either dipolar zwitterionic compounds or polyhydroxyl compounds, and the physical basis of compensation may differ between these, so one focus was on synthetic betaines with hydroxyl substituents. The majority of the synthetic solutes stabilized different model proteins against stress factors such as high and low temperatures. The presence of hydroxyl groups improved protection against desiccation. The observed stabilization effect is not just on the catalytic activity of the enzyme, but also on its structural conformation. Synthetic compensatory solutes have a potential application as protein stabilizers. Dimethylthetin was evaluated as a therapeutic agent and found to be harmful in a sheep model. However, from the study we were able to generate a large-animal continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) model and showed that glycine betaine could be added to the dialysis fluid in chronic renal failure. Some synthetic compensatory solutes reduce the melting temperatures of DNA better than most natural solutes. Synthetic solutes were identified that have potential to enhance PCR and could replace some reagents marketed by commercial suppliers. Density, viscosity and molecular model data on the solutes showed correlations with the biochemical effects of the solutes, but no physical measurements were found that reliably predicted their potential for biotechnological applications.