El proceso de internacionalización es complejo y demanda el análisis de abundantes variables que pueden evaluarse desde una perspectiva externa o interna, sin embargo, existen algunas variables que por su importancia deben ser estudiadas cuidadosamente. La presente investigación pretende contribuir en ese sentido teniendo como objetivo, comprender cómo ciertos factores internos del Perú han influenciado en las estrategias y modalidades de ingreso de las marcas chinas del Sector Automotriz de vehículos livianos en el mercado peruano en el periodo 2006 - 2019, lo que nos permitirá entender, cómo ha evolucionado las relaciones comerciales en el sector automotriz con la República China y la importancia que dichos factores internos propuestos en la investigación tales como: El tamaño de mercado, el crecimiento del PBI per cápita y las políticas públicas, han contribuido con la evolución de las relaciones comerciales entre ambos países, a partir de la cual podremos hacer inferencias sobre el futuro de la evolución de las relaciones comerciales. Su importancia radica, entre otras, en que, una vez verificadas las hipótesis, y finalmente definidas las conclusiones, el estudio se configure en un material de consulta que establezca una ruta adecuada para consolidar objetivos a través de la simbiosis que se debe lograr en los términos de intercambio. Por un lado, el estudio pretende ayudar a los analistas en la toma de decisiones específicamente en el proceso de internacionalización de las marcas chinas al momento de ingresar al país de una forma más rápida, eficaz y eficiente, y por el otro, al entender este mecanismo; que el Estado pueda desarrollar políticas públicas que permitan modernizar el mercado automotriz peruano y, a su vez, se cumplan con los compromisos internacionales relacionados con la reducción de emisiones, entre otros. De la revisión de los antecedentes se ha hecho evidente que el tema materia de investigación tiene mayor número de antecedentes internacionales, lo que nos permite evidenciar que en el ámbito nacional es un tema poco estudiado, y en la mayoría de los casos se han estudiado variables dispersas, sin embargo, los factores internos considerados en el presente estudio siempre han estado presentes; por esa razón, el problema central de la investigación es determinar cómo esos factores internos que han venido apareciendo de manera recurrente en los antecedentes, han influenciado en el proceso de internacionalización de las empresas chinas de vehículos ligeros. Así mismo, esta investigación pretende servir como referencia para futuras investigaciones, tanto de enfoque cualitativo como cuantitativo, orientadas a las estrategias y modalidades de ingreso de las marcas chinas al mercado peruano. En la presente investigación se empleó la metodología cualitativa; además un alcance descriptivo – exploratorio, con un método de recolección de datos de entrevistas a profundidad. Las conclusiones obtenidas en esta investigación servirán de guía para profundizar en otros estudios que coadyuven a orientar a los estrategas, sobre las estrategias y modalidades de ingreso teniendo en cuenta las oportunidades de mercado, en contraste con la realidad específica de su empresa. / The process of internationalization is complex and requires the analysis of many variables that can be evaluated from an external or internal perspective. However, there are some variables that, because of their importance, must be studied carefully. The aim of this research is to understand how certain internal factors in Peru have influenced the strategies and modalities of entry of Chinese brands in the Automotive Sector of light vehicles in the Peruvian market in the period 2006 – 2019, which will allow us to understand how the commercial relations in the automotive sector with the Republic of China have evolved and the importance that these internal factors proposed in the Market size, per capita GDP growth and public policies have all contributed to the development of trade relations between the two countries, from which we can draw inferences about the future development of trade relations. Its importance lies, among other things, in the fact that once the hypotheses have been verified and the conclusions finally defined, the study is configured as a reference material that establishes an appropriate path for consolidating objectives through the symbiosis that must be achieved in the terms of trade. On the one hand, the study aims to help analysts make decisions specifically in the process of internationalization of Chinese brands when entering the country more quickly, effectively and efficiently, and on the other hand, to understand this mechanism; on the other hand, to enable the State to develop public policies to modernize the Peruvian automotive market and, at the same time, to comply with international commitments related to the reduction of emissions, among others. From the review of the background, it has become clear that the subject of research has a greater number of international backgrounds, which allows us to show that at the national level it is a subject little studied, and in most cases scattered variables have been studied. However, the internal factors considered in this study have always been present; for this reason, the central problem of the research is to determine how these internal factors, which have been recurring in the background, have influenced the process of internationalization of Chinese light vehicle companies. Likewise, this research aims to serve as a reference for future research, both qualitative and quantitative, oriented to the strategies and modalities of entry of Chinese brands to the Peruvian market. In this research, qualitative methodology was used with a descriptive and exploratory scope and in-depth interviews were used as a method of data collection. The findings of this research will serve as a guide to further studies that help to guide strategists on the strategies and modalities of income considering market opportunities, as opposed to the specific reality of their company. / Tesis

Current management accounting techniques have not been widely accepted as a means to develop a competitive advantage. The information obtained from the literature reviewed and the results from an empirical study that involved a sample of forty respondents from Equity Bank found that the modern management accounting practices provide very important skills and techniques in building competitiveness. The practices play an important role in the planning, developing, implementing and evaluating strategic competitive policies that result in a competitive advantage. The study outlines the importance of management accounting practices in providing strategies that lead to the creation of a competitive advantage in an organisation. However, the conclusions are drawn on a conceptual level and a future empirical investigation is needed to substantiate these claims further. The study also sets a foundation for more focused research into the importance of modern management accounting practices in developing a competitive advantage especially in the banking sector. / Management Accounting / M.Comm. (Accounting)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Joaquim Paulino Pinto.pdf: 1255416 bytes, checksum: 5d8ae38c2de0a87875f9a379aa303940 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-30 / The main goal of this thesis is to analyse the competitive strategies assumed by the mills of the sugar-ethanol sector in Center-South of Brazil facing the Institutional Environment change, as an example Cosan´s case study. This is made through the analysis of interaction between Institutional Environment and players, in the period of sector regulation and deregulation, and its effects under competitive environment. The thesis is divided in four fundamental parts: (i) the presentation of theoretical reference, which treats of the mean concepts of Institutional Economics and the Economics of Transaction Costs, and its relation with agroindustry; (ii) the sugar-ethanol industry overview in brazilian economy context; (iii) the analysis of the Institutional Environment from the regulation and deregulation sector process; and (iv) the analysis of how the sugar cane mills have rebuilt comprehending the new competitive strategies assumed, from the sector´s deregulation, focusing Cosan´s case, which is an example of player that it has adapted to the new environment conditions / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar as estratégias competitivas adotadas pelas usinas do setor sucroalcooleiro do Centro-Sul do país frente às mudanças no Ambiente Institucional, tendo como exemplo o estudo de caso Cosan. Faz-se isto, com a análise da interação entre o Ambiente Institucional e os agentes no período de regulação e desregulação do setor, e seus efeitos sobre o ambiente competitivo. Para isto, dividiu-se a análise em quatro momentos fundamentais: (i) apresentação do referencial teórico, que aborda os principais conceitos da Nova Economia Institucional e da Economia dos Custos de Transação, e sua relação com a agroindústria; (ii) caracterização do setor sucroalcooleiro no contexto da economia brasileira; (iii) análise do Ambiente Institucional a partir dos processos de regulação e desregulação do setor; (iv) avaliação de como as usinas se recompuseram no que abrange as novas estratégias competitivas adotadas a partir da desregulamentação do setor, com foco no caso Cosan, que representa um exemplo de agente que vem se adaptando às novas condições do ambiente

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Iunis Citrangulo de Paula.pdf: 1128127 bytes, checksum: e68440296bb2124e7bfb68ede484ef39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-11 / In the current economy, with both the information speed and the hypercompetition among the companies, it is necessary to analyze and understand new strategic alternatives to place organizations into this new environment. The traditional trade-off cost vs. differentiation diffused by Porter (1986) needs to be reevaluated to fit to this new market reality and taking into consideration the complexity of some new emerging strategic deals. This dissertation addresses theories about the competitive strategy based on a case study of Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN). This strategic analysis is made based on Porter s (1986) model and using the Delta Model proposed by Hax & Wild II (2001), applied as an alternative to the Porter s one. From a review of the literature over both models and also from the CSN s case analysis, this study presents the possibility to excel on Porter s trade-off in the strategic formulation, going deeper in the actions, combining costs vs. differentiation, taken by the Company. Based on the identification and consideration of the decisions made by the top management of the company, which lead CSN to present competitive advantage and, during these last years of privatization, has been enabling economic returns over the competitors and the interest of many investors. This dissertation discuss the consistence and effectiveness on Porter s (1986) generic competitive strategy proposal, and that it is possible to go further on the proposed trade off and think about combined strategies / Na atual economia, a velocidade das informações e hiper-competição entre empresas, torna-se necessário analisar e compreender novas alternativas estratégicas para posicionar as organizações diante deste novo cenário. O tradicional trade off custos versus diferenciação difundido por Michael E. Porter (1986) precisa ser reavaliado para esta nova realidade de mercado e da complexidade de alguns dos novos arranjos estratégicos emergentes. Esta dissertação discute teorias sobre estratégia competitiva a partir de um estudo de caso na Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN). Esta análise estratégica é feita a partir do modelo de Porter (1986) e utilizando o Modelo Delta proposto por Hax & Wilde II (2001), aplicado como alternativa ao modelo porteriano. Este estudo fará uma revisão da literatura sobre ambos os modelos e da análise do caso da CSN, apresentando a possibilidade de superação do trade-off porteriano na formulação estratégica ao se aprofundar no detalhamento das ações que combinam custos versus diferenciação tomadas pela Empresa. Estará identificando e refletindo sobre as ações e mudanças tomadas pela alta administração da empresa que levaram a CSN a apresentar vantagem competitiva, que nestes últimos anos após privatização da empresa tem proporcionado retornos econômicos acima da concorrência e o desejo de muitos investidores. Esta dissertação discute a consistência e validade na proposta de estratégias competitivas genéricas de Porter (1986), e que é possível ir além do trade off proposto e pensar em estratégias combinadas

The microbrewery industry is the fastest growing industry in Sweden. In seven years, the industry has grown by 832 percent. The dramatic increase of microbreweries has led to a highly competitive business environment for these entrepreneurs. This calls for microbreweries to develop strategies for how to stand out in this increasingly competitive environment, i.e., create competitive advantages. However, previous studies have shown that craft entrepreneurs do not strive to achieve traditional economic objectives as the competitive strategy research field suggest that companies have. Hence, traditional competitive strategies may not be applicable for these entrepreneurs. The purpose of this study was therefore to develop an understanding how motivational factors affect craft entrepreneurs’ competitive strategy. To fulfill the purpose, we conducted a case study on microbrewers within the northern region of Sweden. We used a qualitative research methodology where we conducted semi-structured interviews. Seven microbreweries participated in the study. We found that craft entrepreneurs’ motivations for why they started and maintained their microbreweries were mainly because of their passion and interest for the craft and therefore this was their primary objective. However, they perceived profit as a necessity that would enable them to achieve their primary objective. Therefore, we found that these entrepreneurs have dual objectives. We also found that entrepreneurs’ motivations affected their competitive strategies. These entrepreneur’s dual objectives caused some dilemmas when the two objectives contrasted each other. We saw tendencies that this created tension among these entrepreneurs when they had to balance the two objectives of generating profit and achieving objectives related to their passion and interest for the craft. Further, we found that these tensions caused implications on the entrepreneurs’ perception of competitive strategy.  Their perception of competitive strategy differed from traditional theory in three areas. Firstly, they had a resistance to grow their businesses. Secondly, they had a resistance for product/market development. And lastly, they experienced a low level of ambiguity when competing and cooperating simultaneously. In this study, we have been able to deepen the knowledge of craft entrepreneurs and how their motivations affect their competitive strategy. This is a first step in developing an understanding of how additional objectives to profit can cause implications for competitiveness.

Current management accounting techniques have not been widely accepted as a means to develop a competitive advantage. The information obtained from the literature reviewed and the results from an empirical study that involved a sample of forty respondents from Equity Bank found that the modern management accounting practices provide very important skills and techniques in building competitiveness. The practices play an important role in the planning, developing, implementing and evaluating strategic competitive policies that result in a competitive advantage. The study outlines the importance of management accounting practices in providing strategies that lead to the creation of a competitive advantage in an organisation. However, the conclusions are drawn on a conceptual level and a future empirical investigation is needed to substantiate these claims further. The study also sets a foundation for more focused research into the importance of modern management accounting practices in developing a competitive advantage especially in the banking sector. / Management Accounting / M.Comm. (Accounting)

Diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou rozvoje konkurenceschopnosti obchodní firmy v Brně. V teoretické rovině je zaměřena na odborné poznatky a nejnovější trendy v oblasti strategie a konkurenceschopnosti. Na základě literárního průzkumu analyzuje a zhodnocuje stávající přístup k strategickému plánování v dané společnosti. V rámci analytické části je provedena strategická analýza firmy. Na základě literární rešerše a strategické analýzy je zpracován návrh strategie, který si klade za cíl přispět k efektivnějšímu řízení interních procesů, systematičtějšímu přístupu ke strategickému plánování a v konečném důsledku k zvýšení konkurenceschopnosti firmy.

Sharing economy businesses have increasingly began to inhibit the competitive landscape of many different industries. Their growth can be primary connected to general digitalization developments. At its core, the sharing economy concept is built around efficiently using excess resources. In this thesis, it is argued that sharing economy businesses should be considered disruptive innovations, partly because they present incumbent firms with significant challenges. While the sharing economy business concept facilitates effective peer-to-peer exchange, and in the process provides new possibilities of employment, customer-centric innovation and market development, it can also be tied to a decreasing demand for goods and services offered by incumbents in the same marketplace. Examples of businesses built around the sharing economy concept include – but are not limited to – Airbnb, Vrbo, Uber, Lyft, Zilok, and Hygglo. Prior to the beginning of this research project, very little research regarding potential strategic countermeasures for incumbent firms to employ against sharing economy competitors had been conducted. As a result, this thesis serves the purpose of investigating the impact of sharing economy businesses from the perspective of incumbents and theorizing about potential responses. In order to facilitate this purpose, the hospitality industry was chosen as a representative of an industry that has experienced sharing economy business entrances and sharing economy business competition to a researchable extent. Through this thesis and its accompanying qualitative data collection process, several challenges that are presented to incumbents as a result of sharing economy business entrances were identified. Additionally, a focus was placed on evaluating both tried and prospective strategic measures, using existing theory and insights from the data collection to discover the key aspects needed for the development of potential responses to sharing economy businesses. A similar process was undertaken regarding business models, as the crucial and core elements of a perceived successful business model needed to be identified. The findings generated by the data collection process were then analyzed using a thematic analysis, centered on the themes of: Strategic Management in the Hospitality Industry; Current Trends in the Hospitality Sector; Fundamentals of a Successful Hotel Business; and Future Strategy Suggestions and Industry Prospects. After conducting the three identification and analyzation stages, the findings were discussed in the penultimate chapter of the thesis, where the findings’ relation to existing theory was explored. Following the discussion, the possibility to answer the main research question of this thesis appeared. After discussing our findings, our analysis, and the connection to existing theory, we were able to conclude that incumbent firms can successfully compete with sharing economy businesses. Specifically, they could ensure this through strategic changes and business model innovations built around efficiently exploiting the incumbents’ internal strengths and advantages that are currently not easily imitable by sharing economy businesses. As such, they should look to create, deliver, and communicate unique value to its customers, and suggestions on how this could be achieved by both incumbent hospitality managers and others are provided.

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文具的歷史源遠流長，許多數百年老店，至今屹立不搖。國際文具市場的規模約六千億美金，以歐、美、亞太為三大市場。目前世界文具市場年成長僅約4%，歐、美、日更低於此數字，可見已有飽和趨勢。而台灣的現代文具產業，起始於二次大戰後。最早的業者有兩種: 一為台籍人士接下日人留下的設備與技術；另一則是從大陸播遷來台的文具商人另起爐灶。隨著70年代台灣出口導向型的經濟成長，文具業者開始進軍國際。挾日系技術、及當時低工資的優勢，搶下一席之地。然自1980年代後期起，大陸、東南亞的製造商，從低價市場搶進，藉由模仿開始做起。近年來更在不斷引進新設備及技術下，開始有足以與台灣文具業抗衡的業者出現。至此，台灣的文具業不得不開始改變策略，一部分開始外移到東南亞或大陸，尋找製造成本更低的生產地；一部分則投入研發，尋求高附加價值；更有業者是兩種策略都採取。顯然，在總體經濟環境改變、內外在競爭優劣勢消長的情形下，台灣文具業者的策略也跟著在因應、變動。然而，文具產品雖消耗數量大，但單價低，產值亦偏低，故多不受政府、學界重視，相關研究付之闕如。 / 自波特於1980年發表競爭策略(Competitive Strategy)一書以來，競爭優劣勢分析，成為現代企業策略訂定時必做之功課。本文對台灣文具產業的發展做一回顧，並詳述並分析目前市場環境，再以波特的競爭策略理論(五力分析、國家競爭優勢—鑽石體系)，分析個案P公司的競爭優劣勢，及未來策略的建議。研究結果顯示：(1)資訊流通的容易、技術門檻降低，易吸引文具業新進者，造成產業飽和；(2)現有業者的背景、實力相近，又為成熟產業，又本地文具業者多為家族企業，在情感包袱下無人輕易退出，造成競爭激化。再者，全球文具市場成長趨緩的情形，導致市佔率掠奪戰；(3)大型通路取得議價力量。且文具規格已定型化，網路搜尋又日益便利，買主轉換供應商的難度低。又各國不斷推出的新法規，大幅增加了成本；(4)個人電腦侵入了傳統文具的空間。但傳統文具的易攜帶性與低廉價格、美術顏料技法的多變性，仍非電腦設備所能取代；(5)我國文具上游廠商精密技術不足，關鍵零件掌握先進國家手中。但近年韓、大陸供應商漸成氣候，或許可扭轉此情勢。又，文具業多為中小型企業，採購量低，難取得議價力量。 / 最後，對P公司及文具業者的建議：(1)持續研發，創造新利基，建立難以模仿的核心能耐(core capability)；(2) 在低階大量產品市場，如無意繼續投資，則即應選擇退出(或淡出)；反之，可考慮製程外包，或考慮使用替代原物料以降低成本，更可努力提升生產自動化程度；(3)於高階市場，品牌行銷有賴耕耘，若中小型企業財力不足，可考慮自小區域做起，另更可考慮以OEM/ODM形式為歐、美品牌代工；(4)為對買主提升其轉移成本，應努力降低道德危機成本與建立共同資產；(5)專注電子產品尚無法取代的功能加以發揮，並進一步與電子產品結合；(6)持續尋求原物料來源分散；(7)善用專業經理人協助管理。又，對政府的建議為：(1)加強總體競爭力；(2)特別加強對中小企業的輔導；(3)協助廠商開拓大陸市場。 / Modern stationery industry of Taiwan sprouted since the end of World War II. Early industry players could be roughly divided into two kinds: (1) those stationery dealers emigrated from mainland China after Chinese Civil War; (2) locals that bought out manufacturing facilities left over by departing Japanese. With the roaring up of Taiwan’s export-oriented economy, stationery players extend their business into the international markets. With their Japan-rooted technologies and low labor costs, Taiwanese stationery makers became major suppliers for the world, elbowing their way through German and Japanese competitors. / With the economic reform and liberalization of mainland China since late 1980’s, however, Taiwan’s stationery industries went over a turning point. Those low-cost mainland Chinese makers, providing products mainly copying advanced counterparts in other countries, first entered low-price markets. After years of imitation, learning, and introduction of new facilities and technologies, they gradually establish capability strong enough to compete with Taiwanese. To cope with this change, Taiwan’s stationers either move to Southeast Asia or China to gain cheaper production cost or stay home and invest more in innovation for upgrading their produce and making more added values. Obviously, the change in macroeconomic environment and competition has forced Taiwanese stationers to adjust themselves accordingly. Studies on this developing progress, however, can hardly found within governmental authorities or academic communities. The absence of research on stationery industries could most likely be attributed to the fact that this business accounts for a truly tiny part of the world’s economic production. / In view of this, it arouses the interest in discussing the competitive advantages and disadvantages—an idea brought about by Michael Porter, with his publication of Competitive Advantages in 1980—of Taiwan’s stationery industries for finding a new way. Thus, this thesis is intended to provide an overview of Taiwan’s stationery industries—their history, development, and analysis of current environment. And then, through Porter’s competitive theories—five forces analysis and diamond of national competitive advantages—it looks into the current competitive advantages and disadvantages of Taiwan’s stationery industries and tries to find strategic suggestions for Taiwan’s stationers as well as government. / The conclusion is:(a) for the industries: (1) keep on investing in innovation and finding new niches in order to establish sustainable core capabilities; (2) as to low-end markets, either fade out or stay but pursue low cost by production outsourcing, using alternative materials, and automation; (3) for high-end markets, branding marketing could cost a great deal, a regional, small-scale trial to begin is a safer way; besides, OEM/ODM for existing foreign brands can be a choice; (4) for enhancing switching cost of buyers, lower their moral hazard risk and build up common assets; (5) focus on functions that electronic alternative products haven’t covered, and further incorporate electronic functions with traditional stationery; (6) diversify sources of materials; (7) make good use of professional managers;(b) for the government: (1) keep on enhancing macroeconomic competitive advantages; (2) render more assistances to small- and middle-sized business like stationery industries; (3) render more assistance to business planning to enter mainland China market.