El presente trabajo de investigación analiza la conformación de un cluster en los países en vías de desarrollo de Latinoamérica. Las investigaciones de competitividad turística y modelo de gestión de destinos identifican una serie de componentes clave para la óptima gestión de recursos asociados al sector. Los estudios identifican un modelo aplicable en Huaral, provincia de la región Lima, en Perú. El objetivo del documento es analizar los componentes de un modelo de gestión de destinos para explotar los principales recursos a través de la propuesta de una metodología de implementación de cluster turístico. El enfoque teórico y metodológico para este modelo consiste en la revisión de modelos de competitividad y su aplicación para la validación del destino turístico como un destino con potencial competitivo. Es así que con la ayuda de las herramientas de recolección de datos (encuestas y entrevistas semi estructuradas) y base de datos de las entidades competentes en la materia se comprueba que, en efecto, la provincia cuenta con potencial turístico. Así mismo se realiza un estudio sobre los modelos aplicables de clusteres turísticos, tomando como referente el propuesto por Pearce (2016). Finalmente se emplea herramientas de análisis de destinos para definir el grado de integración y la conformación y fortalecimiento de las redes de integración de agentes y de esta forma validar la propuesta de conformación del cluster que fomente el desarrollo estratégico de las ventajas comparativas y competitivas para la creación de una oferta atractiva e innovadora. / The present research work analyzes the conformation of a Cluster in the developing countries of Latin America. Tourism competitiveness research and destination management model identify a series of key components for the optimal management of resources associated with the sector. The studies identify an applicable model in Huaral, province of the Lima region, in Peru. The objective of the document is to analyze the components of a destination management model to exploit the main resources through the proposal of a tourism Cluster implementation methodology. The theoretical and methodological approach for this model consists of the review of competitiveness models and their application for the validation of the tourist destination as a destination with competitive potential. Thus, with the help of data collection tools (surveys and semi-structured interviews) and database of the competent entities in the matter, it is proven that, in effect, the province has tourism potential. Likewise, a study is made on the applicable models of tourist clusters, taking as a reference the one proposed by Pearce (2016). Finally, destination analysis tools are used to define the degree of integration and the conformation and strengthening of agent integration networks and thus validate the proposal for the conformation of the cluster that fosters the strategic development of comparative and competitive advantages for the creation of an attractive and innovative offer. / Tesis

The natural environment is a key attraction for Australia???s tourism industry. In order to prevent the deterioration of the environment, environmental management measures have been adopted by the tourism industry. Some of these measures are related to environmental regulations imposed on tourism operators by governments. However, given the dependence of the nature-based tourism industry on the environment, voluntary environmental management measures have also been instituted. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of environmental management on the competitiveness of a nature-based tourism destination. For that purpose, Tropical North Queensland, a major Australian nature-based destination, is selected as a case study. Competitiveness is measured by the aggregate profitability of the tourism industry in the destination region. The investigation incorporates an assessment of the simultaneous effects of environmental management on the destination???s tourism demand and on business costs to tourism operators at the destination. The conceptual background to the investigations is discussed in the first part of the thesis. It includes the rationale for choosing a nature-based destination region as the unit of analysis. The conceptual framework is a departure from the conventional analysis of the relationship between the environment and international competitiveness in which the effect of regulatory compliance costs is emphasised. In this thesis, the potential demand benefits and the associated voluntary environmental management are added to the conventional analytical framework. The primary data for the analysis are derived from two separate investigations. The first comprises an analysis of the tourism industry in Tropical North Queensland. The second investigation involves a discrete choice modelling analysis of destination choices by prospective visitors to Tropical North Queensland. The empirical results show that it is justified to treat the nature-based tourism destination region, Tropical North Queensland, as an aggregate entity in the analysis. The destination competes as a collective unit with other destinations. This is done, predominantly, on the basis of the region???s high-quality natural attractions. The empirical analyses show that tourism businesses??? costs due to environmental management are small in comparison with the positive demand effects. The cost and demand effects are assessed in a quantitative fashion in an economic model. That analysis shows that environmental management makes a positive contribution to Tropical North Queensland???s competitiveness as a nature-based tourism destination.

研究生從事成衣業二十載，目睹近年來成衣業遭遇困境、或歇業、或出走、或多角化經營，大大削減其在國際上之競爭力。本論文試圖研究成衣業之競爭優勢，並建立競爭力指標，尋找出指標間相對之重要性，以做為未來發展之模式。 本研究發現成衣業之競爭力有行銷能力、製造能力、研發能力、人事及組織能力，其相對權重分別為：0.315、0.275、0.258、0.152。其最重要者為行銷能力，依次為製造能力、研發能力、最後為人事及組織能力。而在行銷力方面，最重要者為品質、價格，其次為商情資訊蒐集反應顧客需求，掌握自主性國際行銷管道及提供多樣化商品能力。製造能力指標相對重要性為原料供應充裕及配合度最重要，快速反應交期短、生產高附加價值商品之能力少量多款之生產能力，自動縫製電腦輔助系統應用，先進製衣技術之應用較不重要。研發能力指標以開發新產品最重要，設計新產品次之，而管理資訊系統之開發較不重要。人事及組織能力指標相對重要性其差異不大，分別為設計行銷人員水準，人才培訓教育及合理化管理能力。 針對以上指標相對重要性比較台灣及大陸之競爭力，顯示台灣已喪失價格之競爭力，因此兩岸成衣業者應依據比較利益原則進行垂直分工，亦即台灣善用技術、人才、管理、設計能力、資金、行銷技巧的絕對優勢在台灣接單，在大陸加工，結合大陸廉價勞力、原料、優惠措施共同發展以創造彼此的最大利益。以上之先決條件必須是台灣繼續發展成衣業，致力於產業結構之調整及升級。

競爭力一詞常被運用於國家、組織或績效評比表現的效標，近年來被用於探討個體在環境中因應競爭的能力或表現。過去研究顯示具有個人競爭力的大學生或職場員工，有較好的生活適應。本研究之目的在瞭解國中階段個人競爭力之內涵，編製國中生個人競爭力量表以作為測量工具，了解國中生個人競爭力之現況，和分析不同背景變項之國中生其個人競爭力的差異，並進一步探討個人競爭力與生活適應之關係。 本研究先以文獻探討、訪談和問卷收集資料以了解國中生個人競爭力之內涵，並經預試分析後，正式施測以台北縣市429位國中生為研究對象進行問卷調查，研究結果發現：(1)國中生個人競爭力之內涵包括：自我管理、人際相處能力、解決問題能力、家庭資源、競爭態度和與人為善等六個因素。（2）台北地區國中生個人競爭力為中上程度，不同性別和年級之國中生其個人競爭力沒有差異。（3）國中生個人競爭力與生活適應有顯著高相關。（4）從個人競爭力對生活適應各向度之預測分析結果發現，自我管理對自我定向、社會適應、學習適應、自我意識、工作適應和自我勝任等生活適應向度具有最高的預測力；人際相處能力對人際關係之生活適應有最高的預測力；家庭資源對家庭適應具有最高的預測力。依據研究結果及發現，本研究對國中生個人、家長和教育與諮商輔導人員提出培養個人競爭力之建議。 / The word “competitiveness” was usually used to determine the characterizations for efficiency evaluation of countries, organizations. In recent years, the word is used to investigate presentation or capability of people in competitive circumstance. Past reports featured that college students or employee with better competence will be more adjustment in daily life. The purpose of this research is to understand the immanence of personal competitiveness at junior high school age and to offer a tool as scale to formulate junior high school students’ competence, difference in competitiveness between personal background variables, and to discuss the relationship between personal competence and life adjustment. In beginning of this research, literature review, interview, questionnaire were used to understand the immanence of junior high school students’ personal competitiveness. After pre-testing, 429 junior high school students in Taipei city and Taipei county completed questionnaire investigation. The results in this research are concluded as follows: (1) the immanence of junior high school students contains: self-management, interpersonal skills, problem solving skills, family resource, competence attitude and with good intensions toward others, etc. (2) personal competitiveness of junior high school students in Taipei area is above average, no difference between distinction gender or grade. (3) significantly positive relationship between junior high school students’ personal competitiveness and life adjustment. (4) different factors of junior high school students’ personal competitiveness can predict different situation of life adjustment. According to the conclusions, this research provide several suggestions for students, parents, educators and counselors in junior high school.

<p>Uppsatsens syfte är att analysera om det finns en medvetenhet om regional identitet och image inom regionen Satakunta, samt om åsikterna om utformningen av den regionala identiteten och imagen är konkretiserade, eller inte. Utifrån en studie av Jazzmusikfestivalen i Björneborg undersöks detta. I och med det diskuterar författaren huruvida evenemang har en roll i skapandet av en attraktiv och konkurrenskraftig region. Syftet är också att undersöka om det finns samarbeten i regionen för att göra den attraktiv och konkurrenskraftig. För att få svar på syftet har författaren använt sig av primärdata i form av intervjuer med representanter från Björneborgs stad, Björneborg turistbyrå, Landskapsförbundet, Satakunta Tourist och Björneborg Jazzmusikfestival. Två av intervjuerna har genomförts via telefon och fyra intervjuer har genomförts via e-post.</p><p>Resultaten visar att det i Satakunta finns en medvetenhet om regionens identitet och image, men att det inte finns en gemensam åsikt om vad dessa är. Det finns även olika åsikter om förmågan att skapa regional identitet och image i regionen. Undersökningen visar att Jazzmusikfestivalen bidrar till regional identitet och image i regionen Satakunta, men att den i huvudsak bidrar till detta i staden Björneborg. Festivalen bidrar även till en attraktiv och konkurrenskraftig region, trots att det inte finns en gemensam tanke i regionen om vad som är regionens identitet och image och skapandet av dessa. Resultaten visar även att det finns samarbeten för att göra regionen attraktiv och konkurrenskraftig.</p>

<p>Fjärrvärmen utgör idag ungefär 12 % (48 TWh) av Sveriges totala energianvändning. Starka argument att använda fjärrvärme för att tillgodose bostäders och lokalers värmebehov är möjligheten att använda olika bränslen av skiftande pris och kvalitet, den goda verkningsgraden en centraliserad värmeanläggning erhåller samt fördelen med att kombinera produktionen av el och värme.</p><p>Halmstad energi och miljö (HEM), förser Halmstad och närområdet med fjärrvärme och total mängd producerad energi uppgick 2009 till 596 GWh. Avfall och biobränsle utgör den största produktionsandelen men även industriell spillvärme samt mindre mängder olja och naturgas används för att framställa värme.</p><p>Konkurrenssituationen för fjärrvärme är på många orter i det närmsta monopolistisk där en stor aktör äger hela marknaden. Det är viktigt att förbättra fjärrvärmesystemet för att i framtiden behålla dess konkurrenskraft. Följande rapport utreder och beskriver åtgärder för att göra ett redan befintligt fjärrvärmesystem mer effektivt.</p><p>Utifrån möten med personal på HEM har tio punkter presenterats, vilka utvärderar olika delmoment i Halmstads fjärrvärmesystem. Utifrån dessa punkter presenteras en ”kvalitetsstämpel” vilken beskriver hur väl HEM:s fjärrvärmesystem fungerar inom respektive delområde.</p><p>Slutsatsen av rapporten visar att förbättringspotential ur en energieffektiv synvinkel är möjlig men att de ekonomiska fördelarna är få.</p> / <p>District heating constitutes about 12 % (48 TWh) of the total energy usage in Sweden. Arguments for utilize district heating to provide housings and premises with heat are the possibility to use different kinds of fuels with various prices and quality, the good efficiency a centralized heating plant gives and the benefits of produce electricity and heat at the same time.</p><p>The energy company HEM supplies Halmstad and surrounding area with district heating and the produced amount of energy 2009 was 596 GWh. Waste and bio fuels constitutes the largest part of produced energy but also industrial lost heat and small amounts of oil and natural gas are used to produce heat.</p><p>The competitive situation for district heating is in many places close to monopolistic because only one major participant owns the market. It is important to improve a district heating system to maintain it’s ability to be competitive in the future. The following report investigates and describes interventions to make an already existing district heating system more efficient.</p><p>From meetings with personnel, ten items has been presented evaluating different elements in the district heating system of Halmstad. These elements also give a view of how well HEM:s district heating system works in different areas.</p><p>The conclusion of this report shows that the potential of a more energy efficient system is possible but the economical benefits are few.</p>

<p>The economic importance of design-intensive and cultural-products industries has grown in recent decades. One case in point is Sweden, where internationally competitive industries have emerged in areas such as multimedia, fashion, and music. During the 1990s, research in economic geography and related disciplines concerned with the link between geographical location and competitive advantage has found an important source of inspiration in the cluster approach. The thesis examines the relationship between spatial clustering and industrial competitive-ness by undertaking a series of empirical studies that explore various dimensions of the Swedish music industry. The thesis demonstrates that the Swedish music industry embraces a multitude of actors in a complex, spatially clustered production system characterised by dense social networks, which transcend individual firms. Processes and mechanisms that have enhanced the creation and diffusion of strategic knowledge as well as co-operative competition further promote the competitiveness of this cluster. Moreover, the thesis demonstrates that it is necessary to carefully consider the relation between the local milieu and the global music industrial production and distribution system in order to fully understand competitiveness in the music industry. Finally, the thesis examines how the cluster concept has been put into practice in Swedish industrial and regional policies concerning cultural industries.</p>

The economic importance of design-intensive and cultural-products industries has grown in recent decades. One case in point is Sweden, where internationally competitive industries have emerged in areas such as multimedia, fashion, and music. During the 1990s, research in economic geography and related disciplines concerned with the link between geographical location and competitive advantage has found an important source of inspiration in the cluster approach. The thesis examines the relationship between spatial clustering and industrial competitive-ness by undertaking a series of empirical studies that explore various dimensions of the Swedish music industry. The thesis demonstrates that the Swedish music industry embraces a multitude of actors in a complex, spatially clustered production system characterised by dense social networks, which transcend individual firms. Processes and mechanisms that have enhanced the creation and diffusion of strategic knowledge as well as co-operative competition further promote the competitiveness of this cluster. Moreover, the thesis demonstrates that it is necessary to carefully consider the relation between the local milieu and the global music industrial production and distribution system in order to fully understand competitiveness in the music industry. Finally, the thesis examines how the cluster concept has been put into practice in Swedish industrial and regional policies concerning cultural industries.

Uppsatsens syfte är att analysera om det finns en medvetenhet om regional identitet och image inom regionen Satakunta, samt om åsikterna om utformningen av den regionala identiteten och imagen är konkretiserade, eller inte. Utifrån en studie av Jazzmusikfestivalen i Björneborg undersöks detta. I och med det diskuterar författaren huruvida evenemang har en roll i skapandet av en attraktiv och konkurrenskraftig region. Syftet är också att undersöka om det finns samarbeten i regionen för att göra den attraktiv och konkurrenskraftig. För att få svar på syftet har författaren använt sig av primärdata i form av intervjuer med representanter från Björneborgs stad, Björneborg turistbyrå, Landskapsförbundet, Satakunta Tourist och Björneborg Jazzmusikfestival. Två av intervjuerna har genomförts via telefon och fyra intervjuer har genomförts via e-post. Resultaten visar att det i Satakunta finns en medvetenhet om regionens identitet och image, men att det inte finns en gemensam åsikt om vad dessa är. Det finns även olika åsikter om förmågan att skapa regional identitet och image i regionen. Undersökningen visar att Jazzmusikfestivalen bidrar till regional identitet och image i regionen Satakunta, men att den i huvudsak bidrar till detta i staden Björneborg. Festivalen bidrar även till en attraktiv och konkurrenskraftig region, trots att det inte finns en gemensam tanke i regionen om vad som är regionens identitet och image och skapandet av dessa. Resultaten visar även att det finns samarbeten för att göra regionen attraktiv och konkurrenskraftig.

保全業近年來在消費者認同度上升以及政府輔導下，以快速的成長達到目前的成熟市場，進入了完全競爭的市場結構。但保全業的種類繁多，各類經營模式與獲利方式皆不同，可惜多數的業者多以削價競爭為期主要競爭策略。 目前保全業者以系統保全與駐警保全為主要兩大服務項目，因其經營特性與方向大不相同，故業者多單獨經營單項業務。而系統保全業者具有資本集中、技術密集及市場應用領域廣泛的特性；其經營特殊性在於初期必須投入龐大的資金，待達到經濟規模後，獲利的成長比率將遠高於營業額的成長比率，其潛在價值在於所擁有的客戶數。所以系統保全業者在經營上所需考量的角度與變化更多，頗值得討論；又系統保全另一特色為區域精耕，大台北地區又為各家保全業者必爭之地，故本研究就鎖定大台北地區的系統保全業者為研究範疇。 目前市場現況因陷入降價促銷的競爭策略，導致公司獲利大幅下降，只能變相降低人力成本，致使服務品質不佳，人員流動過大的惡性循環中。所以本研究將利用在財務會計領域中最常見的損益兩平計算概念，以政府法規規定的最低資本額設算，輔以實務上的經營現況假設，加以分析、整理後，尋找出在競爭市場中的合理價格區間。 本研究在找出結論後，希望能提供以下建議供業者與相關政府單位參考： 1.定價策略不宜大幅偏離常軌。 2.應合理合法提供人員薪資與福利，壓低人力成本創造盈餘容易造成人員流動過大 與違法之嫌。 3.獲利若遠低於市場報酬率時，應考量資金妥善配置。 4.應提昇消費者對合理保全價格的認同。 5.法規應更詳細區分系統保全業者所必須擔負的責任義務。 / In recent years, the security services industry has been rapidly growing and become mature and keenly competitive through the consumers’ highly demand and supports from the government. Due to the huge variety of the of security services category, the model of business operations and strategy of margins are also different accordingly. In such circumstances, unfortunately, price reduction becomes one of the main strategies to win the competitiveness for most of the security services company in the market. In the current market, there are two major services category which are system security and on-site guardians. In terms of the nature of the services for these two categories are varied, the security services company basically operate only one single category. The system security requires huge capital investment in the initial stage to establish the application system and its growth ratio of profitability will become higher than the growth ratio of sales revenue after its client size reaches certain economic scale. The characteristics of system security are obviously based upon the intensiveness of capital, high density of technology and wide scale of application. The potential value of system security depends upon the number of clients which company possess. Therefore, the system security company has to consider more and put more efforts on the complexity of business operations, and which is one the key subject being studied. This research and study will be focused on the category of system security and Taipei district based upon two major reasons: one is the degree of the penetration of system security in the market and the other is Taipei is most competitive district in this industry. As mentioned, price reduction becomes the key strategy to gain the market share but this also results in the drastic dropping of profitability which forces the company to reduce the personnel cost. Such kind of cost reduction approaches also bring out the worse service quality and high personnel turnover. Thus the purpose of this study is to figure out the most feasible and applicable pricing strategy in such competitive market by using the general accounting concept of break-even methodology under the considerations of minimum regulatory capital requirement and the current operational practice. I hope that the findings of this study can provide the following suggestions to the industry and government: 1.The pricing strategy should not far deviate from the market norms。 2.The company should offer reasonable and legitimate compensation package to the employees. To make profits by lower down the personnel costs will cause the high turnover rate and bear the risks of violating the labor law. 3.The capital allocation must be carefully reviewed and allocated if the net profit is much lower than returns. 4.It is necessary to promote the concept of reasonable pricing to gain the acceptance of consumers. 5.There should be clear and crystal regulations to stipulate the liability and obligation of system security company.