The study analyses patients’ subjective complaints and subjective evaluation of life, and seeks to evaluate changes and relationships of these phenomena during inpatient treatment of depression, stressing the importance of subjective experience in understanding the burden of the illness, resources for recovery and treatment outcomes. The study seeks to analyze the structure of depressed patients’ subjective complaints, as well as to evaluate the utility of the subjective evaluation of life for treatment outcome evaluation. 195 depressed inpatients were assessed at the beginning of the treatment and at the time of discharge, using measures of subjective depressive complaints (Pranckevičienė, Goštautas, 2007), subjective quality of life (WHOQOL-Bref) and other clinical and social-demographic data. The results of the study show that additional attention to psychological and somatic components of patients’ subjective complaints is useful and compliments the analysis of depressed inpatients’ recovery process. The subjective evaluation of life should be interpreted as a more generic measure of consequences of depression, but not as a measure of depressed inpatient’s recovery resources. The results validate the need of psychological interventions during inpatient treatment. / Disertaciniame darbe nagrinėjama depresija sergančių asmenų savijauta ir subjektyvus gyvenimo vertinimas stacionarinio gydymo laikotarpiu, šių reiškinių sąsaja bei pokyčiai gydymo metu. Siekiama atskleisti subjektyvaus asmens savo ligos ir sveikatos vertinimo svarbą prognozuojant sveikimo nuo depresijos rezultatus. Darbe siekiama detaliai išanalizuoti depresija sergančių asmenų savijautos struktūrą, taip pat patikrinti prielaidą, kad subjektyvus gyvenimo vertinimas gali būti laikomas psichikos sveikatos išteklių rodikliu. Teorinėms darbo prielaidoms patikrinti gydymo pradžioje ir pabaigoje buvo ištirti 195 depresija sergantys asmenys besigydantys psichiatrijos stacionare, naudojant klausimyną depresijos pokyčiams vertinti (Pranckevičienė, Goštautas, 2007), Pasaulinės sveikatos organizacijos gyvenimo kokybės klausimyną (PSOGK – Trumpas) ir kitas papildomas metodikas. Statistinė rezultatų analizė atskleidė, kad depresija sergančių asmenų savijauta yra daugiakomponentė ir psichologinių bei somatinių savijautos komponentų išskyrimas yra naudingas analizuojant depresija sergančių asmenų sveikimą stacionarinio gydymo laikotarpiu. Subjektyvus gyvenimo vertinimas neprognozuoja gydymo rezultatų, tačiau yra tinkamas subjektyvus visuminės sveikatos matas, nes gerai parodo funkcines ir kognityvines depresijos pasekmes, t.y. pasikeitusį suvokimą. Tyrimas iliustruoja psichologinės pagalbos svarbą stacionarinio depresijos gydymo laikotarpiu.

This study examined three perspectives on ethical dimensions of South African professional psychology. These perspectives were derived from three data sets. The first data set comprised a series of public complaints against psychologists; the second a series of ethical dilemmas reported by psychologists themselves, and the third comprised a study of the training of South African psychologists in professional ethics. Clear patterns emerged in the analysis of each data set, and efforts were made to integrate the findings. Psychologists in particular registration categories, trained at particular universities and working in particular practice contexts were disproportionately more likely to attract complaints. Similarly, patterns of dilemmas experienced by psychologists also emerged. Comparison of complaints with dilemmas suggested that there were significant differences and some similarities in the ethical issues and contexts associated with public complaints and psychologists' own ethical dilemmas. The study of ethics training suggested general dissatisfaction with the relevance and quantity of ethics training nationally. The main findings were integrated to make recommendations for improving the ethics training of South African psychologists. The limitations of the data are described, along with suggestions for future research to examine in greater depth and specificity several dominant patterns described by the present study. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

本研究主要在探討台灣的大學裡的英語學習者（EFL）在學習英文到全民英檢中級以上的程度後，面對間接抱怨的語言行為所採取的回應對策狀況。對照同樣情況下，以英文為母語的美國大學生，和以中文為母語的台灣大學生所採取行的行為回應，了解文化是否會在語言學習過程中影響語言學習者的語言行為表現。研究者探索其語言表現，希望提供語言教育者課程設計的參考。研究的三組受試人分別為40位英語學習程度佳的台灣大學生，40位以英語為母語的美國大學生，以及40位以中文為母語且以中文為學習主要媒介的台灣的大學生。蒐集語言資料的工具是語言言談情境問卷（Discourse Completion Task，簡稱DTC），依照收集到的語言資料進行分析。研究結果顯示：三組回應間接報怨的表現習慣有很大的差異，台灣組的表現較為樂觀積極，會營造輕鬆的氣氛並提醒繼續下一個生活步驟。美國組則謹慎小心，較會以了解與提供事實解釋來安慰抱怨者。英語學習者回應的行為看起來好像與美國人的採用的行為對策類似，但受到本身文化的影響，學習者在文字表達，有語用轉移的現象，即語言學習者與台灣組在面對間接抱怨時所採用的用字及表達較為接近。 / This study investigated Taiwanese university students’ response strategies to indirect complaints in English. The response differences were compared among those of native American English speakers and those of Mandarin Chinese speakers. Participants in the study were 40 learners of English living in Taiwan, 40 native speakers of American English living in the United States and 40 native speakers of Mandarin Chinese living in Taiwan. The learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) were with an intermediate to high intermediate English proficiency level. By comparing and contrasting the data collected from native speakers of American English living in the United States and native speakers of Mandarin Chinese living in Taiwan, we found the results informative for English course designers in Taiwan. The instrument used in the study was Discourse Completion Task (DCT). Based on the collected data, the researcher performed both qualitative and quantitative analysis and concluded that the three groups responded significantly differently toward indirect complaints. Taiwanese tended to give advice to their interlocutors and they liked to maintain convivial atmosphere in communication. Americans commiserated their interlocutors mainly based on facts and sympathy. EFL learners were found to bear great similarity with Americans in strategy taking when responding to indirect complaints, but if comparisons were made on the actual wordings used by the three groups, the wordings that the EFL learners used resembled Taiwanese group’s preferences which might be a result of cultural influence.

Tyrimo tikslas - įvertinti emigracijoje gyvenančių lietuvių asmenybės bruožų, sveikatos rodiklių ir prisitaikymo naujoje aplinkoje sąsajas, bei skirtumus su Lietuvoje gyvenančiais lietuviais. Tyrime dalyvavo 409 tiriamieji: 199 emigracijoje gyvenantys lietuviai ir 209 Lietuvoje gyvenantys lietuviai. Tiriamieji pildė klausimyną, kurį sudarė BFI (asmenybės bruožams tirti) skalė, HAD (nerimastingumo ir pablogėjusios nuotaikos skalė), nusiskundimų sveikata dažnumo vertinimas, ir prisitaikymo naujoje aplinkoje strategijų klausimynas. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad Lietuvių emigrantai nepasižymi didesniu polinkiu į ekstraversiją, atvirumą patirčiai, neurotiškumą, sutarimą su kitais ir sąžiningumą, nei Lietuvoje gyvenantys lietuviai. Emigrantų stipriau išreikštas neurotiškumas siejasi su didesniu polinkiu į separatizmą, švelniau išreikštas neurotiškumas, ryškesnis sąžiningumas siejasi su geresne integracija. Nenustatyta neurotiškumo su asimiliacija ir atvirumo patyrimui su integracija sąsajų. Lietuvių emigrantai nurodo mažiau nusiskundimų sveikatos būkle, vyrauja stipriau išreikštas nerimastingumas ir pablogėjusi nuotaika, palyginti su Lietuvoje gyvenančiais lietuviais. Be to, emigrantų didesnis nerimastingumas siejasi su stipriau išreikšta ekstraversija, sutarimu su kitais ir sąžiningumu, blogesnė nuotaika būdinga pasižymintiems didesniu sąžiningumu, bei vyrams su stipresniu ekstraversijos ir sutarimo kitais bruožu. Mažiau nusiskundimų sveikata nurodo linkusieji į ekstraversiją... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of this study is to ascertain personality traits, health complaints and acculturation strategies in the sample of Lithuanian emigrants living abroad and compare with Lithuanian local inhabitants. The research involved 409 participants: 199 Lithuanian emigrants, living abroad and 209 local citizens that live in Lithuanian. Participants had to fill in a questionnaire made up of BFI (Big Five Inventory), HAD (Hospital anxiety and depression scale), health complaints scale and Acculturative Behavior Scale. The research results showed that Lithuanian emigrants and non-emigrants do not differ in the level of extraversion, openness to experience, neuroticism, agreeableness and consciousness. Higher level of neuroticism tends to correlate with higher rates of separatism, lower neuroticism and stronger consciousness correlates with better integration. The results also showed that Lithuanian emigrants report less health complaints, but tend to have more anxiety and state of mind symptoms to compare with non-emigrants. The greater degrees of anxiety result in higher rates of extraversion, agreeableness and consciousness. Lithuanian emigrants with higher rates of consciousness and especially men with higher degree of extraversion and agreeableness tend to have worse state of mind. It is noticed that less heath complaints demonstrate those who are more extraverted, agreeable, less neurotic and men who are more open to experience. Moreover, higher degree of separatism enhances... [to full text]

Darbo objektas: Fizinio aktyvumo ir miego kokybės sąsajos su sveikatos nusiskundimais. Darbo tikslas: Įvertinti sąsajas tarp studentų fizinio aktyvumo, miego kokybės ir sveikatos nusiskundimų. Hipotezė: Mažiau fiziškai aktyvūs studentai pasižymi blogesne miego kokybe ir dažnesniais sveikatos nusiskundimais. Uždaviniai: 1. Palyginti LSMU ir kolegijos studentų fizinio aktyvumo lygį, miego kokybę, mokymosi trukmę, patiriamą distresą, žalingus įpročius, vidinės darnos lygį ir sveikatos nusiskundimų dažnį. 2. Įvertinti sąsajas tarp studentų miego kokybės ir sveikatos nusiskundimų, patiriamo distreso, mokymosi trukmės, vidinės darnos lygio. 3. Įvertinti sąsajas tarp studentų fizinio aktyvumo lygio ir miego kokybės, sveikatos nusiskundimų, patiriamo distreso, nuovargio mokymosi procese, vidinės darnos lygio, žalingų įpročių. Tyrimo imtis ir organizavimas: Momentinė anketinė apklausa buvo vykdoma 2012 m. spalio – lapkričio mėn. Viso apklausta 150 LSMU medicinos ir 150 Kauno kolegijos vadybos ir kraštotvarkos studentų. Rezultatai: Žemu fizinio aktyvumo lygiu (mažiau nei kartą per savaitę) pasižymėjo 47,3 proc. LSMU ir 34,0 proc. kolegijos studentų (p = 0,004 ). 56,1 proc. kasdien sportuojantys studentai skundėsi miego trūkumu, tuo tarpu mažiau nei kartą per savaitę sportuojančių studentų tarpe miego trūkumu skundėsi 68,9 proc. (p = 0,04). Su blogesne miego kokybe patikimai siejosi neigiamas savo sveikatos vertinimas (p < 0,0001), silpna vidinė darna (p < 0,0001), kaklo skausmai (p < 0... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Work object: physical activity and sleep quality associations with healh complaints. The aim of the work: to eveluate associations between physical activity, sleep quality and health complaints among students. Hypothesis: Less physically active students have poorer sleep quality and more frequent health complaints. The tasks: 1. To compare physical activity level, sleep quality, learning time, experienced distress, addictions, internal coherence level and frequency of health complaints between LUHS and college students. 2. To eveluate links between students sleep quality and health complaints, experienced distress, learning time, internal coherence level. 3. o eveluate links between students physical activity and sleep quality, health complaints, experienced distress, fatigue in the learning process, internal coherence level, addictions. Research process and the organization: instant questionnaire survey was carried out in October and November in 2012. There were questioned 150 medical students of LUHS and 150 management and landscape students of Kaunas college. The results: low level of physical activity was prevalent in 47, 3% among students of LUHS and 34,0 % students of college (p-0,004). These students go in for sports less than once a week. 56, 1 % students who go in for sports every day complained about the lack of sleep. While 68, 9 % (p=0,04) students who go in for sports less than once a week complained about the lack of sleep. According to poorer sleep quality... [to full text]

Pagrindiniai šios temos aspektai yra nervų – raumenų ligos, jų klasifikacija bei asmenų sergančių nervų – raumenų ligomis specialieji poreikiai, jų tenkinimo lygis. Nervų – raumenų ligos arba neuroraumeninės ligos – tai grupė skirtingų ligų, kurių metu pažeidžiami raumenys. Specialių poreikių žmogui svarbu ne tenkinti tuos poreikius, bet atsižvelgti į poreikius, prisitaikyti prie galimybių ir sudaryti sąlygas fiziškai, dvasiškai bręsti. Neįgalieji mūsų visuomenės nariai turi išskirtines fizines ir psichologines ypatybes ir specialiuosius poreikius, kurie iškyla neįgaliesiems siekiant lygių galimybių dalyvauti fizinio ugdymo, neįgaliųjų sporto, rekreacinės ir buitinės veiklos srityse. Specialiųjų poreikių įvairovę lemia skirtingos negalių rūšys (fizinės, regėjimo, klausos, intelekto) ir funkcijos pažeidimo laipsnis. Darbo aktualumas: Lietuvos sergančiųjų nervų – raumenų ligomis asociacijos (LSNRLA) duomenimis nėra atlikta tyrimų, apibendrinančių žmonių sergančių nervų ������ raumenų ligomis specialiųjų poreikių tenkinimo lygį ne tik Kauno mieste, bet ir visoje Lietuvoje. Yra labai svarbu išaiškinti neįgalių asmenų specialiuosius poreikius, ko pasekoje būtų galima pagerinti šių žmonių gyvenimo kokybę. Tyrimo objektas: žmonių, sergančių nervų – raumenų ligomis, specialieji poreikiai. Tyrimo tikslas: ištirti žmonių, sergančiųjų nervų – raumenų ligomis specialiuosius poreikius ir jų tenkinimą Kauno mieste. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) nustatyti žmonių, sergančių nervų – raumenų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The main aspects of this theme are the nervous - muscular complaints, its classification, and the special needs of the people who suffer from nervous - muscular complaints and the level of how these needs are satisfied. Nervous – muscular complaints or neuromuscular diseases are the group of different illnesses that affects muscle. It is important for the human being that suffers from this kind of illness not only to satisfy his special needs but also to pay respect to these needs, help adapt to the opportunities and allow him/her to mature physically and spiritually. The disabled have exceptional physical and psychological qualities and needs that arise when disabled people pursue equal opportunities to participate in physical nurture, recreational and daily living area and sport activities. The variance of special needs is determined by the different types of disablement (physical, visual, auditory, intellectual) and the level of functional lesion. Relevance: Considering the information of Lithuanian association of people who suffer from neuromuscular complaints, there is no other research generalizing the level of how special needs of disabled people are satisfied in Kaunas city and Lithuania. It is very important to evaluate the special needs of disabled people, to improve quality of life. Objective: Special needs of the disabled who suffer from nervous-muscular complaints. Goals: · Identify and compare type of mobility independence considering of age and... [to full text]

Family and school are the two major socialization agents for young people with important implications for their social, psychological and cognitive development. This thesis aimed to investigate the extent to which family conditions in terms of parental attachment and support (PAS) and school conditions in terms of participation and teacher support were associated with adolescents’ psychosomatic health. The thesis also explored whether school participation and support (SPS) could compensate for the potentially negative health implications of experiencing poor relational support at home. Association patterns according to gender and grade were also investigated. Data were derived from a classroom survey of all ninth and eleventh-grade students carried out in Stockholm 2006 (n=9,560). Results from linear regression analyses showed that both PAS and SPS were negatively associated with psychosomatic complaints. Gender and grade differences were also noted in respect to PAS and SPS as well as in the interaction between them. The study failed to find a compensatory function of school characteristics for less advantaged students, but modifying effects were nevertheless found. Students with a combination of high PAS and low SPS had worse health than expected, thus indicating that poor condition in school modifies the positive health effect of PAS in a negative way.

Background: Research points in different directions when looking at possible increases in mental health problems among adolescents. Findings in favor of an increase are questioned due to methodological problems. Aim: Investigating whether mental health problems among young adolescents are increasing over time in Europe and North America. If so, does the trend apply both to mean levels of symptoms and to the proportion of adolescents with substantial problems? Are the time-trends similar over sex and age-categories?                                                                                                    Method: A total of 401 089 adolescents from a total of 38 countries are included in the analysis. Based on the eight health variables on self-rated health provided by the HBSC study, a measurement of mental health problems was created using factor analysis in SPSS. Results: Increases of mental health problems were found in Europe and North America. Increases were found both in terms of mean levels of symptoms and to the proportion of adolescents with substantial problems. Increases were seen in all age groups and among both girls and boys. Conclusion: Reasons behind the discovered increases are not known and should be further investigated as extensive research point to severe consequences of mental health problems in adolescence for later life.       Key words   Adolescents, mental health problems, trends, self-reported health (SRH), psychological health complaints (PHC)

This study of 79 male and 139 female university students investigated organizational recovery efforts following customer dissatisfaction. Rather than exploring recovery efforts that occur following a service failure, this study examined proactive versus reactive recovery efforts to determine implications for customer service. The purpose of this study was to determine ways in which to prevent a dissatisfying consumer experience from concluding as a complete service failure. This research extended the previous investigations of service recovery by Webster and Sundaram (1998) and Smith, Bolton, and Wagner (1999).A 4 x 3 factorial design employed four service recovery efforts and three service industries. Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty served as the primary dependent variables. Results supported the hypothesis that the use of communication before a dissatisfying service event concludes increases both customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The results also provided evidence that customer satisfaction and customer loyalty are positively correlated. Combination recovery efforts and implications are discussed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

The aim of this thesis was to develop a questionnaire for cognitive functioning, which could possibly be used as a screening instrument for early signs of dementia in the future. The introduction discusses the often made distinction between subjective and objective measures. A background to the four articles is provided, focussing on findings of weak relationships between self-report- and laboratory measures of memory/cognition. Studies I and II provided results and conclusions that guided instrument development and validation in Studies III and IV. All studies were based on data from participants in the Betula Prospective Cohort Study. Study I investigated predictors of scores on an established self-report instrument for memory failures (PRMQ). Candidate predictors were memory performance on laboratory tests, age, depressive symptoms, and personality traits. There was no relation to age, and test performance did not predict self-reported memory, but depressive symptoms and personality did. Given the finding of a lack of a relation to age, and a bulk of research articles claiming that memory complaints are common in the elderly or increase with age, Study II used a global rating of problems with memory, and reports of perceived causes. In contrast to Study I, problems ratings were related to age, such that increasing age meant higher severity of problems. Furthermore, perceived causes of memory problems differed across age. The elderly reported aging while the young reported stress and multitasking as primary causes. With these results as a background, the purpose of Study III was to develop a new instrument (the Cognitive Dysfunction Questionnaire - CDQ) with the explicit aim that scores should be related to laboratory test performance. A global construct of cognitive functioning with an emphasis on memory systems was adopted, and an item pool was generated. Based on exploratory principal components analysis and correlations with criterion measures (laboratory test performance), twenty items in six domains were selected. Preliminary psychometric evidence showed that the CDQ was reliable, and related to age and objective measures, but not to depressive symptoms. In Study IV, twenty additional items were constructed, and the CDQ was responded to by participants in independent samples. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the factor structure derived from Study III, and refinement was undertaken by collapse of two domains and exclusion of items. The final factor structure was cross-validated. Competing models and measurement invariance across age and sex was tested. Psychometric properties were investigated for the final 20-item version.