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文化是一種民族精神、社會價值、生命哲學與生活方式的體現，而創意是人類文化定位的重要成份，而以各式各樣的形式表現，兩者皆能透過產業流程與全球分銷去複製、推廣。文創產業是「那些以無形、文化為本質的內容，經過創造、生產與商品化結合的產業」，因此文創產業不僅涉及文化與創意，也包含由創意衍生之「文化商品及服務」（cultural goods and services）的經濟價值與商業運作。 我國為使發展文創產業之政策制度在施行上於法有據，經濟部乃多次召集會議邀請各部會及學者專家討論研擬《文化創意產業發展法》（以下簡稱《文創法》），並於92年9月24日函報行政院審核修訂，經過多年的推動與研議，該法終於2010年1月7日三讀通過，完成立法程序，並於2月3日以華總一義字第09900022451號總統令制定公布，相關子法亦陸續公布施行。 然而《文創法》內立意甚佳的產業措施，因台灣加入世界貿易組織(World Trade Organization, WTO)而不得不受到WTO相關協定的規範。作為掃除關稅與非關稅貿易障礙、確保自由貿易之WTO，經由多回合的貿易談判逐步開放市場，並藉由對關稅與補貼之約束以及服務業市場准入、國民待遇之承諾等建立市場開放之可預測性。文化商品與服務在其規範下並無例外，同樣必須接受WTO上述原則，即最惠國待遇、國民待遇與市場准入等義務的檢驗。鑑於《文化創意產業發展法》所具備產業扶植之本質，及其涵蓋之16種文化創意產業多屬服務部門，本文遂將檢驗重點聚焦在該法之獎補助及租稅優惠措施與GATS的互動關係上，尤其是《文創法》在服務業補貼暫行定義、第17條國民待遇、國內規章第6.1條與第23.3條非違反協定控訴之適法性分析，以作為日後執法或修正之參考。 但值得注意的是，相對於WTO以降低貿易壁壘，促進貿易自由化為職志，文化商品與服務之雙重特質在WTO無法獲得特殊之待遇或保障，2005年10月UNESCO通過之《保障及促進文化表現多樣性公約》(以下簡稱《文化多樣性公約》)卻主張國家有促進與保護文化表現多樣性之權利，並具有採行其認為適當之政策與措施達成該目的之主權。若《文創法》有其適用《文化多樣性公約》之可能，則我國在採行諸多文創產業推展措施卻有違WTO內括協定所涉及之貿易原則或義務時，是否得根據《文化多樣性公約》正當化該等爭議措施? 當《文化多樣性公約》與WTO內括協定產生規範衝突時，兩者之適用與解釋是否有互補或調和之可能? 在文化產業與貿易活動上，《文化多樣性公約》若能正當化違反WTO規範之政策措施，則我國《文創法》所擬定之政策措施在GATS框架下之解釋與義務即有所不同。因此在檢驗《文創法》與GATS之互動關係前，本文將先簡單介紹《文化多樣性公約》之優劣特性，及公約與WTO規範競合之解決與適用結果。 關鍵字：文化創意產業發展法、世界貿易組織、文化多樣性公約、國民待遇、非違反協定控訴 / Culture is the embodiment of a national spirit, social values, people’s worldview and life style, while creativity in all its manifestations presents an essential constitution of human culture. By way of industrialization and global distribution, the two are allowed to copy repeatedly and promote worldwide. Cultural and creative industries are “those industries that combine the creation, production and commercialization of contents that are intangible and cultural in nature”, which involve not only abstract culture and creativities but also material economic value and commercial operations of cultural goods and services derived from human ingenuity and originality. To make sure the policy and measures implemented in Taiwan to promote and flourish cultural and creative industries are legally based, the Ministry of Economic Affairs had invited the relevant ministries, scholars and experts in the field to deliberate and prepare the Cultural and Creative Industry Development Act (hereinafter referred to as "the Act") since mid-‘90s, and finally submitted the draft Act to the Executive Yuan for review and approval on September 24, 2003. After years of promotion and negotiations, the Act was passed its third reading in the Legislative Yuan on January 7, 2010 and promulgated on February 3 by Presidential Decree Hwa Zong Yi Zi No. 09900022451. The related rules and regulations were also proclaimed in effect one after another ever since. However, as a WTO (World Trade Organization) member, it is our duty to keep the deliberately constructed measures set in the Act in line with the WTO-related disciplines. WTO, acting as an international forum calling for free trade, vows to eliminate tariff and non-tariff trade barriers, facilitate further market opening by multiple rounds of trade negotiations, and increase the predictability of market dynamics through the establishment of binding tariff rates, subsidy disciplines, specific commitments and various requirements such as most-favored-nation treatment, market access and national treatment. The same principles and obligations mentioned above apply to goods and services with culture in nature equally with no exception. In this regard, the paper will examine how the Cultural and Creative Industry Development Act, especially its subsidy and tax preference measures legally interact with the articles related including Article 15 Subsidy, Article 17 National Treatment, Article 6.1 Domestic Regulation and Article 23.3 Non-violation complaints (in view of the measures adopted in the Act are industry-supportive oriented and most industries categorized in the same act are belonging to service sector) in General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) for reference of law enforcement and further amendments in the future. But it is worth noting that, while WTO (the organization and covered agreements) are dedicated to exterminate trade barriers, promote trade liberalization and ignore cultural goods and services have both an economic and a cultural nature, the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Cultural Expressions (hereinafter referred to “the UNESCO Convention”) adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESC) on October 20, 2005 recognizes member countries have their sovereign right to formulate and implement their cultural policies and to adopt measures to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions when necessary. If the rules and principles of the UNESCO Convention apply to the Cultural and Creative Industry Development Act, then is it possible for the Convention to justify the measures we adopt to nourish the cultural industries, but somehow in violation of WTO principles and obligations? And if the answer is “Yes”, all the interpretation and obligations derived from the Act will not be the same as those covered by GATS only. Therefore, the potential conflicts and the harmonization between the UNESCO Convention and WTO covered agreements (GATS in particular) will be explored before the legal relationship between the Act and GATS is examined. Keywords: Cultural and Creative Industry Development Act, World Trade Organization, UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Cultural Expressions, National Treatment, Domestic Regulation, Non-violation complaints

La pratique de la médecine en centre hospitalier est encadrée par une variété de normes qui résultent en un contrôle des activités cliniques du médecin. Ce mémoire présente une analyse du régime instauré par la Loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux et ses règlements afin de dégager les différents mécanismes de contrôle des activités du médecin exerçant en centre hospitalier. La pratique du médecin sera fonction de son intégration à la structure administrative du centre hospitalier, telle que notamment prévue par un plan d’organisation et des ressources et un plan des effectifs médicaux et dentaires. Ces plans contiennent des balises générales qui auront à être considérées par l’établissement dès le recrutement de médecins et témoignent d’une préoccupation du législateur d’assurer une distribution cohérente de l’offre de soins et de services de santé à l’échelle de la province. Le rattachement du médecin à un département par l’octroi d’un statut et de privilèges de pratique rendra applicable une normativité particulière, mise en œuvre par le chef de département clinique, par exemple la liste de garde et les règles d’utilisation des ressources médicales et matérielles. La validité et les effets de la pratique par laquelle les médecins réaménagent entre eux l’exécution des obligations qui leur incombent par des ententes variées sera également abordée à la lumière de récents développements jurisprudentiels sur la question. La mise en place d’un mécanisme de traitement des plaintes et d’une procédure disciplinaire en centre hospitalier sera également abordée ainsi que la situation des différentes parties impliquées, tant en ce qui a trait aux garanties juridiques applicables que relativement à la possibilité de recours administratifs ou auprès du Tribunal administratif du Québec. / The practice of medicine in a hospital center is subordinate to the application of various rules purporting to the control of the clinical activities of physicians. This thesis intends to offer a detailed analysis of the regulatory framework as provided for in the Act respecting health services and social services and its by-laws. The main objective is to layout the administrative and disciplinary mechanisms of control of the clinical activities of physicians. Following his appointment, the physician will take place in an administrative structure as delineated in the organization plan and medical staffing plan of the hospital. These plans are guidelines to be considered by the institutions while recruiting physicians, and tend to show a legislative intent to efficiently allocate the offer for health care services throughout the province of Quebec. The physician’s reporting to a clinical department gives rise to the application of specific regulations set up by the department head such as the duty roster or the rules governing the use of medical and material resources of the department. This study will address the validity of various agreements by the means of which physicians adjust the execution of their obligations, in the light of recent developments in case-law. The law provides for a disciplinary procedure as well as a procedure relating to the examination of complaints concerning a physician. This study will also address the due process applicable, the situation of the concerned parties, as well as the possibility of recourse to the Quebec Administrative Tribunal.

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The thesis is based on the Kidscreen Follow-up study. A representative sample of Spanish adolescents and youths and one of their parents were assessed twice (3 years apart) to evaluate adolescents and youths health related quality of life and mental health. The specific objectives of this thesis were to assess the effect of life events, and family and social variables (parents' mental health and home life) on three different health related outcomes: heath related quality of life, mental health, and psychosomatic complaints of adolescents and youths. The Coddington Life Events Scales were adapted into Spanish using the translation and back-translation process. Multiple linear regression and structural equation modelling were used to analyze the effect of the determinants selected. Life events and parents' mental health acted as risk factors for the outcomes selected, specially on mental health outcomes, whereas family factors like the relation with family members in home life were protective factors. Social factors inside the family should be promoted and reinforced to protect adolescents and youths from the effect of risk factors. / Aquesta tesi és part de l'estudi KIDSCREEN Follow-up. Utilitzant una mostra representativa d'adolescents i joves de l'estat espanyol, es van mesurar diferents aspectes relacionats amb la salut, avaluant la mostra dues vegades (amb una separació de 3 anys). Concretament, l'objectiu de la tesi va ser avaluar l'efecte dels aconteixements vitals i factors familiars i socials (salut mental dels pares i vida familiar) en tres resultats en salut: la qualitat de vida relacionada amb la salut, la salut mental i els problemes psicosomàtics dels adolescents i joves. Per això, es va adaptar l'escala Coddington Life Events Scales seguint la metodologia de traducció-retrotraducció. Es van utilizar models de regressió i models d'equacions estructurals per analitzar l'efecte dels determinants en salut. Els aconteixements vitals i la salut mental dels pares van ser dos factors de risc importants, especialment en la salut mental dels adolescents i joves. Per altra banda, les variables familiars com la relació dels membres de la família van actuar com a factors protectors. La cohesió dels membres de la família s'ha de promoure per tal de protegir els adolescents i joves de l'efecte de factors de risc.

The main objective of diploma work was to determine consumers' awareness of their rights in the field of catering services in the Central Region in the Czech Republic. Another task was to detect the critical areas which have the greatest difficulty to respondents. As part of the questionnaire survey, which took place in November 2008 in the Central Region were asked 97 respondents.

In South Africa, the right to protest is under constant threat as a result of the state response. Increasing cases of forceful policing and sometimes unlawful procedural prohibitions of protest attest to this. This study aims to firstly describe this situation through securitisation theory, essentially arguing that South Africa has become a securitised state. It also aims to understand how this is sustained by the state and why the state needs to use a securitised response to maintain power. Interviews were conducted with members of different communities and organisations. Their responses helped to illustrate the frustration of the right to protest or brutal policing during a protest. This provided primary evidence to support the claims of the study. The research shows that claims to protest are being delegitimised under the guise of security as protestors are being constructed as threats to the state. This is further substantiated by looking at how the reorganisation and remililtarisation of the South African Police perpetuates the criminalisation of protestors which necessitates a forceful response from the state. Furthermore, it shows that there is a distinct relationship between the prohibition of protest and the recent increase in ‘violent’ protests which legitimate forceful policing thereby creating a state sustained cycle of violence. The larger implication of this treatment is that these protestors are treated as non- citizens who are definitively excluded from participating in governance. In understanding why this is taking place, it is clear that a securtitised response is an attempt to maintain power by dispelling any threats to power, a response which is seen to have a long history in the African National Congress (ANC) when examining the politics of the ANC during exile. Maintaining power in this way distracts from the larger agenda of the state, which this thesis argues, is to mask the unraveling of the ANC’s hegemony and inability to maintain national unity. In other words, the increasing dissatisfaction of some of the citizenry which has manifested through protest greatly undermines the legitimacy of the government to provide for its people.

Contexte : dans les pays de l’OCDE, la plupart des organisations de santé ont mis en place différentes approches afin d’accroître l’engagement des patients que ce soit au niveau des soins ou au niveau de l’amélioration de la qualité. Au Canada, la province du Québec se caractérise par un contexte particulièrement novateur en matière d’engagement des patients au sein des organisations de santé. Alors que les démarches d’engagement se sont généralisées dans bon nombre d’organisations, peu de connaissances existent sur leur mise en oeuvre dans différents contextes cliniques et organisationnels. La littérature sur l’engagement des patients identifie principalement les facteurs facilitants et entravants, sans comprendre les rôles et pratiques clés des gestionnaires à différents niveaux des organisations de santé. Objectif : l’objectif de la thèse est d’analyser les rôles et les pratiques des gestionnaires, à différents niveaux des organisations de santé, dans la mise en oeuvre de l’engagement des patients. Méthodologie : la thèse repose sur la réalisation d’études de cas multiples (articles 1 et 3) et d’une étude transversale (article 2), mobilisant des données qualitatives et quantitatives, qui ont donné lieu à trois articles. Dans les deux premières études, des données qualitatives (entrevues, groupes de discussion et documents) ont été utilisées afin d’explorer les rôles et les pratiques des gestionnaires pour favoriser l’engagement des patients dans les démarches d’amélioration de la qualité. La dernière recherche repose sur l’utilisation de méthodes mixtes (entrevues, groupes de discussions, documents et questionnaires) en vue d’explorer les pratiques de gestion visant à renforcer l’engagement des patients dans leurs soins. Au total, 74 entrevues ont été réalisées auprès de gestionnaires à différents niveaux de gestion (stratégique n=26, tactique n=28 et opérationnel n=20) et 11 groupes de discussion ont été effectués auprès de professionnels de la santé (n=7) et de patients en oncologie et en santé mentale (n=4). De plus, des questionnaires ont été administrés auprès de patients en santé mentale. Résultats : la thèse met en évidence six résultats principaux. 1-Les pratiques de gestion sont un levier important d’intégration de la perspective des patients dans les soins et les efforts d’amélioration de la qualité. 2-L’intégration de l’engagement des patients implique une coopération renforcée entre les gestionnaires à différents niveaux de gestion. 3-Le leadership des gestionnaires se situe à différents niveaux de gestion en fonction du niveau d’intégration des patients (organisationnel ou clinique). 4-Les pratiques des gestionnaires sont soutenues par un ensemble de facteurs contextuels propices à l’intégration de l’engagement des patients. 5- L’intégration de la participation des patients favorise l’émergence de nouvelles pratiques de gestion au sein des organisations de santé. Enfin, 6-La mise en oeuvre de l’engagement des patients crée des défis et des paradoxes auxquels les gestionnaires doivent répondre. Contribution scientifique : les résultats de la thèse contribuent au développement des connaissances dans le domaine de l’engagement des patients et ouvre la voie à un nouveau champ de recherche sur la gestion de l’engagement des patients. / Background: In OECD countries, most health organizations have implemented approaches to increase patient engagement in direct care and quality improvement. In Canada, the province of Quebec stands out by an innovative context in terms of patient engagement in healthcare organizations. While patient engagement approaches are becoming widespread in many organizations, little is known about their implementation in different clinical and organizational contexts. The patient engagement literature primarily identifies facilitating and impeding factors, without understanding the key roles and practices of managers at different levels of healthcare organizations. Objective: This thesis aims at analyzing the roles and practices of managers, at different levels of health care organizations, in integrating patient engagement in care and quality improvement. Methods: The thesis is based on multiple case studies (articles 1 and 3) and one cross-sectional study (article 2) using both qualitative and quantitative data and methods. In the two first studies, qualitative data have been used to explore managerial roles and practices that aims at enhancing patient engagement in quality improvement. In the last study, a mixed-methods approach has been used to understand managers’ practices that contribute to improve patient engagement in their care. In total, 74 interviews were conducted with managers at different levels of management (top-level n=26, mid-level n=28 and front-line level n=20) and 11 focus groups have been realized with health care professionals (n=7) and patients in oncology and mental health (n=4). In addition, surveys have been administered to patients in mental health. Findings: This thesis highlights six main results. 1-Management practices are an important lever for integrating the patient perspective into care and quality improvement efforts. 2-The implementation of patient engagement approaches requires enhanced cooperation between managers at different levels of management. 3-Managers’ leadership is situated at different levels of management, depending on the level of patients’ integration (organizational or clinical). 4-Managers’ roles and practices are supported by a set of contextual factors which foster patient engagement. 5-The integration of patient participation creates innovative management practices within healthcare organizations. Finally, 6-The implementation of patient engagement generates challenges and paradoxes that managers have to face. Scientific contribution: Our findings contribute to the development of knowledge in the field of patient engagement and can pave the way for a new research area on the management of patient engagement.

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Denna kandidatuppsats i miljöteknik består av en fältundersökning från Norrvatten, ett kommunalförbund ägt av 14 olika kommuner i norra Stockholms län. Uppsatsen innehåller en undersökning av möjliga relationer mellan olika klagomål på dricksvattnet från Görvälnverket, som lagrar och behandlar råvaran för framställning dricksvatten från Mälaren. De uppmätta parametrarna var definierade från litteratur inom ämnet. Indata består av det totala antalet inkomna klagomål, med ett särskilt fokus på dem med en eller flera överskridna parametrar. Vi analyserar kvantitén av klagomål per kommun, per capita och fördelningen av klagomål för olika kategorier och relevanta parametrar såväl som relationen till befolkningstätheten i regionen. Vi hittade att det är signifikanta kopplingar mellan vissa kategorier av klagomål, och framförallt att järn är den vanligaste parametern häri. Vi hittade också att klagomål per capita kan indikera ett samband med befolkningstätheten. Ytterligare ett konstaterande är att spolning är effektivt som åtgärd mot mikrobiologiska problem, medan det för vissa kemiska parametrar förvärrade situationen. / This bachelor thesis in environmental engineering consists of a case study from Norrvatten, a municipal federation owned by 14 different urban municipalities in the northern part of the Stockholm region. The essay contains an investigation of possible relations between the various complaints on the drinking water from Görvälnverket, which is storing and treating the source material for tap water production from Mälaren. The measured parameters were defined from literature in the field. The data sets consisted in the total quantity of the complaints, with a particular focus on the ones where one or several parameters were exceeded. We analyse the quantity of complaints per municipality, per capita and the distribution of complaints for various categories and relevant parameters as well as the relation to the population densities in the region. We found that there are significant connections between some classes of complaints, and in particular that iron is the most common parameter herein. We also found that complaints per capita may indicate a correlation with the population density. A further finding is that flushing is more efficient as a measure against microbiological issues, while it for some chemical parameters rather worsened the situations.