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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Catégorisation et nomination : des termes "concrets" aux termes "abstraits" au fil de l'eau / Categorization and nomination : from "concrete" terms to "abstract" terms going with the stream

Ivannikova, Anastasia 07 December 2011 (has links)
La réflexion porte sur la façon dont, grâce au langage, le monde perçu est conçu, catégorisé et nommé. Dans un premier temps, le cadre théorique et la problématique de recherche sont posés par un rappel critique des compréhensions classiques de la catégorie nominale et l’exposé des propositions linguistiques sur la production du sens dans la nomination et son organisation prototypicale. Une attention particulière est ensuite accordée à la relativité linguistique et à l’opposition entre termes «concrets» et «abstraits» retenus comme procédures d’investigation. L’analyse porte sur le vocabulaire de l’eau dans trois langues (français, russe, anglais) tel qu’il apparaît à travers des échantillons pris dans deux registres du discours, littéraire et scientifique, et dans les trois langues. L’examen de ce corpus conduit à la confrontation des sens repérés et à l’élaboration d’une esquisse de la représentation prototypicale de l’eau. / The reflection focuses on how the world is categorized and named through our language. Firstly, theoretical framework is defined by a critical reminder of traditional comprehension of the category. We develop our reflection on the production of meaning and the prototype organization issues. A particular attention is given to linguistic relativity and opposition between terms considered as «concrete» and «abstract». Our analysis focuses on water vocabulary in three languages (French, Russian and English) as it appears through the samples taken from two types of discourse, literary and scientific. The study suggests a confrontation of identified meanings in order to develop a sketch of the prototypical water representation.
12

La "bonne vie" dans l'écriture du fabliau : aimer, boire et manger / Loving, Eating, Drinking : writing the « Good Life » in the Fabliau

Foscallo, Caroline 18 September 2010 (has links)
Aimer, boire et manger: c'est ainsi que se définit la « bonne vie » selon les fabliaux. L'idéal qui prévaut dans ces contes, profondément ancrés dans le monde matériel et centrés sur des préoccupations charnelles plutôt que spirituelles, est en effet celui la satisfaction des désirs corporels, de la recherche des plaisirs charnels et de la jouissance. L'alimentation, la boisson et la sexualité y sont si bien représentées que la bonne vie peut être envisagée comme un élément constitutif, voire un trait définitoire du fabliau. Omniprésente, elle se place incontestablement au carrefour d'un nombre important de problématiques et de traits caractéristiques du genre. Plus qu'un simple thème unificateur du corpus, elle a de véritables implications rhétoriques et stylistiques. Son écriture, qui se révèle stéréotypée et qui reste « en surface », traduit l'ancrage du fabliau dans le monde matériel, concret et quotidien et contribue à la construction de l'idéal de plaisir et de satisfaction immédiate, aisément accessible à l'ensemble des estats de la société, que véhiculent ces contes. Il existe ainsi une véritable « poétique de la bonne vie » dans les fabliaux. Toutefois, le monde qu'ils donnent à voir n'est pas exclusivement positif et joyeux et la mauvaise vie y a également sa place, en particulier au sein du système de valeurs propre au genre et fondé sur la recherche de l'équilibre et la morale de la compensation. Enfin, en apparaissant comme une autre voie possible qui s'inscrit, non pas en opposition, mais à côté de celles proposées par les genres contemporains, la bonne vie contribue à faire du fabliau un genre singulier au sein du paysage littéraire de l'époque. / Loving, eating, and drinking: that is how the fabliau defines “the good life”. The prevailing ideal of these tales, which are deeply rooted in the material world and preoccupied with the carnal instead of the spiritual, encompasses the search for sensual pleasures and the satisfaction of earthly desires. Ever-present, food, drink and sexuality are so well represented that the good life may be seen as an integral part of that which defines the fabliau. More than just a theme which unifies the corpus, its presence has definite rhetorical and stylistic implications. This writing of the good life, which uses stereotypes and thus remains on the descriptive surface of things, anchors the fabliau in the material world, in the concrete and the quotidian. It contributes to the creation of these tales’ hedonistic ideal, accessible to all levels of society, in which desires are immediately satisfied. The fabliaux thus transmit a veritable “poetics of the good life”. Nevertheless, the world these tales represent is not exclusively positive. A less joyful life also surfaces, especially as reflected in the genre’s value system, which seeks a balance between morality and compensation. As another possible path which runs not in opposition to but parallel to those offered by contemporary works, the good life helps to make the fabliau a singular genre at the heart of the period’s literary landscape.
13

Ethnoécologie des Mitsogho du Gabon : Ethnobotanique et Ethnozoologie / Ethnoecology of the Mitsogho of Gabon (ethnobotany and ethnozoology)

Mogomba, Guy Serge 15 October 2013 (has links)
Notre étude a porté sur les utilisations socioculturelles de la faune et de la flore chez les Mitsogho du Gabon. Autrement dit, elle met l'homme en relation avec son environnement. Il s'est agi de la mise en évidence de la façon dont les Mitsogho du Gabon conçoivent, conceptualisent et activent leur relation avec le monde non humain visible et invisible, notamment végétal et animal. Nous avons ainsi vu apparaître deux approches contrastées par rapport à une hypothétique relation homme/nature : la première, celle des Sociétés dites « traditionnelles », considère, conformément aux « théories indigènes » (Claude Lévi-Strauss) et à la démonstration d'un Philippe Descola, que l'ensemble des créateurs font partie d'un continuum dont les éléments différenciés se doivent d'entretenir des relations de conciliation et d'échange équitable, où l'être humain particulièrement est défini comme partie intégrante des biotopes et des écosystèmes, la seconde, celle des sociétés industrialisées, repose sur un antagonisme explicite dans les textes fondateurs (la Genèse dans la tradition chrétienne), des religions dites « révélées » qui positionnent les êtres humains comme « maîtres » et « régisseurs » de la création. Une telle attitude est le moteur de toutes politiques dites « de développement » durable ou non. La perspective est diachronique et elle vise à montrer ce qui se passe lorsque deux modes d'être, de penser et d'agir (MEPA) contraires entrent en collision, dans un contexte que nous définissons globalement comme « colonial ». / Our study focused on the sociocultural use of fauna and flora amongst the Mitsogho of Gabon. In other terms, it puts the man in relationship with his environment. It was about demonstrating the way of which the Mitsogho of Gabon conceive, conceptualize and activate their relationship with the visible and invisible world, notably plant and animal. The study showed the emerging of two approaches contrasted in relation to an hypothetical relationship between man and nature : the first approach being the so call "traditional", consider according to the "indigenous" theories (Claude Lévi-Strauss) and to the demonstration of Philippe Descola, that all creatures are part of a continuum of which the differentiated elements must maintain relations of conciliation and equitable exchange, where the human being is particularly defined as integral part of the biotopes and the ecosystems ; the second, the one of the industrialized societies, based on an explicit antagonism in the founding texts (the Genesis in the Christian tradition), of the so call "revealed" religion that positions the human beings as "masters" and "managers" of the creation. Such an attitude is the motor of all policies so call "sustainable development" or not. The perspective is diachronic and it aims to show what happens when two opposite ways of being, of thinking and of acting (MEPA) come into collision, in a context that we define globally as "colonial".
14

Almir Mavignier: do projeto construtivo brasileiro aos cartazes aditivos (1986-1999) – uma abordagem geométrica / Almir Mavignier: of the construction project brazilian to additives posters (1986-1999) - a geometric approach

Santos, Marko Alexandre Lisboa dos [UNESP] 24 May 2016 (has links)
Submitted by MARKO ALEXANDRE LISBOA DOS SANTOS null (kakosantos@gmail.com) on 2016-07-05T20:27:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DEFESA FINAL DOUTORADO MARKO SANTOS.pdf: 19111346 bytes, checksum: 250e099c9d6d5d7d4e01da93d2eb3d87 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-06T17:33:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_mal_dr_bauru.pdf: 19111346 bytes, checksum: 250e099c9d6d5d7d4e01da93d2eb3d87 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-06T17:33:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_mal_dr_bauru.pdf: 19111346 bytes, checksum: 250e099c9d6d5d7d4e01da93d2eb3d87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-24 / Esta pesquisa investiga as relações entre o design e a arte tomando o processo de criação de cartazes como eixo de observação dessas relações. O período estudado compreende o Projeto Construtivo Brasileiro, mais especificamente a produção artística de Almir Mavignier e sua posterior atuação como designer gráfico. A pesquisa observa a produção em arte de Mavignier para que a partir dela, se analisem os caminhos por ele traçados de modo que se entendam os fatores que o levaram a alcançar a mensagem e a forma gráfica atual com que o mesmo trabalha. As relações estabelecidas com a atualidade se valem da produção de cartazes na sua fase pós-concretista até o presente, que o artista realiza na Alemanha, aonde reside e estabelece um ateliê/estúdio. Além disso, é realizado um comparativo entre os cartazes aditivos de Almir Mavignier e uma produção contemporânea dos cartazes finalistas do concurso do Museu da Casa Brasileira a fim de averiguar indícios de similitudes entre ambas produções. Como resultados, apresentamos uma série de análises gráficas realizadas sobre dez objetos gráficos, que possibilitarão responder às questões formuladas como tese. / This research investigates the relation between design and art taking the process of creating posters as axis of observation of these connexions. The study period comprises the Brazilian Constructive Project, specifically the artistic production of Almir Mavignier and his subsequent performance as a graphic designer. The survey notes the Mavignier art production and from that analyzes the paths that he traced so the factors that led him to reach the message and the current graphic form with which he works could be understood. The relations established with the present make use of the production of posters in his post-concretist phase until the present day in which the artist performs in Germany, where he resides and establishes an atelier / studio. Besides that, it conducted to a comparison between the additives posters of Almir Mavignier and contemporary production finalist posters of the Museu da Casa Brasileira contest to determine similarities of evidence between the two productions. As a result, we present a series of graphical analyzes over ten graphic objects that will allow answer the questions formulated as a thesis.
15

O nome disso: Arnaldo Antunes / The name of that: Arnaldo Antunes

Maria de FÃtima Sena Costa 28 February 2008 (has links)
FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Essa pesquisa desenvolve um olhar sobre a obra poÃtica de Arnaldo Antunes e sua histÃria de leituras, atravÃs de um sistema complexo de relaÃÃes, onde se misturam escrituras variadas. Para compreender melhor como suas idÃias sÃo construÃdas e articuladas procuramos aproximar sua produÃÃo poÃtica de tendÃncias artÃsticas surgidas no inÃcio do sÃculo XX, que operaram uma mudanÃa profunda nas artes e na cultura, que perduraram durante todo o sÃculo e ainda estÃo presentes na produÃÃo artÃstica contemporÃnea deste e de outros poetas. AtravÃs desse percurso, procuramos descobrir os modelos que lhe serviram de inspiraÃÃo e marcas da histÃria de leitura que nos permite ler os processos de influÃncia, desleitura, apropriaÃÃo, escritura, e a forma como essas categorias poÃticas estÃo reconfiguradas num trabalho de superaÃÃo, no objetivo de atingir autonomia literÃria.O corpo teÃrico se estabelece a partir de autores como Pierre Bourdieu, Dominique Maingueneau, Harold Bloom, Roland Barthes e mais um suporte de outros autores. Verificamos que o alto nÃvel de desenvolvimento cientÃfico e tecnolÃgico atingido pelas sociedades modernas provoca novos ordenamentos sociais, exigindo tambÃm uma renovaÃÃo das prÃticas sociais contemporÃneas. Sendo assim, a identidade de um sujeito desta mesma sociedade vai se revelar no interior dos sistemas de representaÃÃo e na forma como ele se deixa representar. No movimento de interaÃÃo com vÃrios campos do conhecimento, no contÃgio incessante com vÃrios cÃdigos de linguagem, Arnaldo Antunes demonstra que a leitura da tradiÃÃo aparece como uma revitalizaÃÃo da arte, que se opÃe à banalidade e à materialidade do mundo contemporÃneo e os ganhos tÃcnicos e experimentais sÃo contribuiÃÃes que dÃo desenvolvimento e orientam os rumos de sua escrita para alcanÃar liberdade de estilo e escritura prÃpria. / This research unfolds a view in regard to the poetic composition of Arnaldo Antunes and the history of his literature perpassing a complex environment of relations. In which the various literary creations are mixed. In order to understand better the way how these ideas are outripend and articulated, we rather bring his poetic production somehow nearer to the artistic tendencies, which arose at the beginning of the 20th century. These created a profound transformation in the fields of art and culture, a fact we see in the course of the whole century and still today are enduring in the contemporaneous productions through this and other poets. Based on this progression, we try to find out the models which helped them to be inspirited and also the historical marks in literature, which allow us to find out and read the processes in unreding, appropriation, scripts and literature and therewith the forms these poetical categories are reconfigured in a effort of superation. Thus a proper and autonomic literature could be achieved. The theoretical body is based and established by authors like Pierre Bourdieu, Dominique Maingueneau, Harold Bloom, Roland Barthes and some others supporting as well. We verify that the high level of scientific and technological development of the modern society provokes new social arrangements, demanding also a renewal in the social habits in our times. That lifts up, the identity of an individual in this particular society having to reveal itself in the inner of the representation systems, - and in the same way he will have to allow to be represented by the others. In the interacting movement in several fields and in the constant being inspired on through the various linguistic codes, Arnaldo Antunes demonstrates the reading of the tradions flowing to unfold itself as a revitalization of arts, standing up against the banality and materialism of the contemporaneous world, but rather that the technical and experimental profits are contributions, which permit the development and orientation of the direction his writing can have to achieve the liberty of style and the literature as such.
16

L’expression linguistique du concret chez John Donne : le sentiment dans la langue / A linguistic definition of the ‘concrete’ in John Donne’s work : feeling and language

Neveux, Julie 29 June 2010 (has links)
Cette thèse travaille sur l’élucidation du sens poétique à l’aide d’outils linguistiques ; elle propose une définition cognitive, phénoménologique et énonciative de la distinction abstrait/concret à partir de statistiques établies sur l’œuvre de John Donne (1572-1631), Meditations upon Emergent Occasions et The Complete English Poems. Le concret résulterait d’une forme de lyrisme indirect, c’est-à-dire non sémiotisé, implicite, auquel le poète aurait recours lorsqu’il serait impliqué affectivement dans une situation de discours. L’expressivité du sujet parlant repose sur une décatégorisation momentanée de catégories disponibles en langue, décatégorisation qui lui permet de dénoncer (implicitement) l’insuffisance des cadres abstraits prévus pour tous pour désigner la singularité de son expérience sentimentale. Les noms en –ness constituent une métaphore grammaticale car ils résultent d’une décatégorisation grammaticale, tandis que les métaphores traditionnelles mettent en jeu une décatégorisation lexicale. La métaphore porte l’empreinte affective du sujet parlant, qui se réapproprie ainsi le langage. La poésie métaphysique de John Donne, oscillant entre métaphores et comparaisons, entre le concret et l’abstrait, apparaît alors comme l’expression d’un travail du sentiment, sentiment d’autant plus travaillé qu’il est religieux, et se construit en l’absence de l’être aimé. / This dissertation studies poetic meaning using linguistic tools. It offers a cognitive, phenomenological and enunciative definition of the distinction between the abstract and the concrete, based on statistics carried out on work of the metaphysical poet, John Donne (1572-1631): Meditations upon Emergent Occasions and The Complete English Poems. I argue that the “concrete” is the result of indirect – implied, unsemiotized – lyricism, a form of lyricism used by the poet when s/he is emotionally implicated in a speech situation. The speaker’s expressivity relies on a temporal decategorization enabling him to (implicitly) claim that generalized (abstract) terms are insufficient to articulate the specificity of his own sentimental experience. Words in –ness – grammatical metaphors – result from a grammatical decategorization, while traditional metaphors derive from a lexical decategorization. Metaphors reflect the affect of the incarnate speaker, who thus repossesses language. Lastly, I understand John Donne’s poetry – hinging on metaphors and comparisons, concrete and abstract elements – as expressing a working of feelings, which is the strongest when the feeling is religious and needs to make up for the absence of the beloved.
17

Phénoménologie et métaphysique. Lecture de Totalité et infini d’Emmanuel Levinas / Phenomenology and metaphysics. Reading Emmanuel Levinas’s Totality and infinity

Hiraoka, Hiroshi 04 November 2017 (has links)
Levinas s’intéresse à la notion du concret de la phénoménologie de Husserl. En 1930, Levinas montre que la notion de l’être a son origine dans l’expérience concrète de l’être qui est l’intuition immanente philosophique. Dans les années 1940, d’une part, Levinas met en relief que la phénoménologie consiste à rechercher dans les vécus concrets l’origine du phénoménologue et de sa vie ; et d’autre part, il détermine l’esprit humain par sa puissance de coïncider avec l’origine de sa vie et de lui-même. À l’époque de Totalité et infini, Levinas clarifie que la description phénoménologique de l’expérience concrète d’une entité est à la fois l’événement même de la révélation de l’être concret de cette entité et l’événement même de l’effectuation de cette entité. D’où Levinas met en évidence, d’une part, la méthode de concrétisation qui lie les expériences concrètes les unes aux autres et, d’autre part, le perspectivisme qui décrit l’expérience concrète telle qu’elle est vécue maintenant. Dans Totalité et infini, Levinas effectue la description phénoménologique comprise par lui. En décrivant les expériences concrètes du moi, il les distribue en deux séries : celle du besoin (vie naïve) et celle du désir (critique de soi). Dans la série du besoin, sur la base de l’habitation se fondent les expériences du moi naïf : le travail, la possession et la représentation. Et dans la série du désir se distribuent les expériences avec autrui : la parole, l’amour avec la femme et la fécondité. Ces deux séries d’expériences constituent la forme originaire de l’expérience du moi personnel. Totalité et infini est en ce sens la description phénoménologique du moi personnel par excellence. / Levinas brings out the notion of the concrete from Husserl’s phenomenology. In his 1930 book, Levinas shows that the notion of the being has its origin in the concrete experience of the being that is philosophical immanent intuition. In two articles published in the 1940s, Levinas reveals that the phenomenology searches in concrete experiences the origin of the phenomenologist himself and his life. On the other hand, he determines the human spirit by its power to coincide with the origin of his life and himself. In four articles published around 1960, Levinas clarifies the phenomenological description of the concrete experience of an entity is the very event of revelation of the concrete being of this entity and the very event of the effectuation of the entity. Hence, Levinas brings out the method of concretization which connects together concrete experiences as well as the perspective which describes concrete experience as it is now experienced. In Totality and infinity, Levinas practices the phenomenological description understood by himself. By describing concrete experiences of the “I”, Levinas categorizes them into two series of experience: that of need (naive life) and that of desire (self-criticism). In the series of need, the experiences of the naive “I” relies on the dwelling : labor, possession and representation. And in the series of desire, experiences with the other are distributed: speech, love with woman and fecundity. These two series of experiences constitute the proto-form of the experience of the personal “I”. Totality and infinity is in this sense the phenomenological description of the personal “I” par excellence.
18

L’abstrait et le concret dans la physique de Leibniz à l’époque de Mayence / The abstract and the concrete in Leibniz's physics at the time of Mainz

Konno, Ryoko 25 March 2019 (has links)
Dans ce présent travail, nous étudions la signification de l’abstrait et du concret dans la physique de Leibniz à l’époque de Mayence (1668–1672 mars). La question la plus profonde pour Leibniz est de savoir dans quelle condition le concept d’action est appliqué au corps. Sa recherche de la physique consiste en deux points : la recherche de la signification spécifique de la substantialité du corps ; celle de l’extension de l’usage de l’action – ce sont les sujets essentiels dans sa théologie –. Ainsi comprise, sa réflexion déployée dans la théorie abstraite montrent que les concepts principaux dans sa théorie du mouvement — la grandeur, la figure et le mouvement— sont analysés selon l’usage propre dans chaque contexte où ils apparaissent. Grâce à cette recherche, Leibniz reçoit le concept du conatus par Hobbes. Ces réflexions préparent le côté abstrait de sa physique. Au cours de ce processus, Leibniz s’intéresse également à la sensibilité de l’être humain. Ce sujet est relié à la fois à la recherche de la nature fondamentale de l’esprit humain et à la phénoménalité du monde corporel. Par cela, Leibniz ouvre la voie pour la recherche du phénomène sensible dans la physique qui constitue le côté concret de sa physique. Avec l'ensemble de ses recherches, Leibniz fonde ses deux premiers traités dans la physique qui se répartissent en une théorie abstraite et une théorie concrète. Pour les intégrer dans la physique, Leibniz emploie le concept d’oeconomia. Ceci montre que le jeune Leibniz cherche à établir une physique qui s’enracine dans sa métaphysique, mais qui est autonome en tant que science. / In this present work, we study the meaning of the abstract and the concrete in Leibniz's physics at the time of Mainz (1668–1672 March). Through his hylomorphism, Leibniz seeks to consider how to apply the concept of action to the body. In this perspective, his search for physics consists of two points: 1/ the search for the specific meaning of the substantiality of the body; 2/ the search for the extension of the use of action – these are essential subjects in his theology –. Thus understood, his reflection in the abstract theory show that the main concepts in his theory of motion - size, figure and movement - sont analysed according to the specific use in each context in which they appear. Thanks to this research, Leibniz receives the concept of the conatus by Hobbes. These reflections prepare the abstract side of his physics. During this process, Leibniz is also interested in the sensitivity of the human being. This subject is related both to the search for the fundamental nature of the human mind and to the phenomenality of the corporeal world. From there, Leibniz opened the way for the search for the sensitive phenomenon in physics, which constitutes the concrete side of his physics. With all this research, Leibniz founded his first two treatises in physics, which are divided into abstract theory and concrete theory. To integrate abstract and concrete into physics, Leibniz uses the concept of oeconomia. This shows that young Leibniz is seeking to establish physics, which is rooted in his metaphysics, but which is autonomous as a science.
19

Shear and Flexural Capacity of Four 50-Year-Old Post-Tensioned Concrete Bridge Girders

Lo, Wing Hong Louis 01 May 2014 (has links)
During the fall of 2012, two separate Interstate 15 highway bridges over the 400 South roadway in Orem, Utah were demolished after 50 years of service. Four post-tensioned girders were salvaged from both the north-bound and south-bound bridge. A series of tests was performed with these girders in the System Material And Structural Health Laboratory (SMASH Lab). The girders were tested with different loading criteria to determine the strength and material properties of the girder. The experimental results were compared with the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Load Resistance Factored Design (AASHTO LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications and a finite-element model using ANSYS. The AASHTO LRFD Specification was fairly conservative on predicting capacity and capable of predicting the type of failure that occurred. The ANSYS model was developed and calibrated to model the girder behavior. The concrete properties in the model were significantly adjusted in order to be comparable to the experimental results. Further exploration in ANSYS needs to be done to precisely model the actual behavior of the girder.
20

Proust et Carlyle / Proust and Carlyle

O’Beirne, Catherine 18 June 2010 (has links)
La question de l’influence primordiale de Carlyle sur Proust n’a jamais été abordée de manière profonde. Cette thèse a pour objet de combler cette lacune. Nous analysons en particulier le dialogue continu que tient Proust avec Les Héros et Sartor Resartus. Nous identifions à quel point ses réflexions sur ces lectures carlyliennes - dont le sujet principal est la recherche d’une nouvelle foi ou mythe créateur pour ces temps modernes et incroyants - sont présentes dans le portrait de l’artiste, et du monde, qu’il nous offre dans À la recherche du temps perdu. Le parcours du Narrateur qui se termine avec la redécouverte de « la foi dans les lettres » se construit dans un tissage dialogique où, (souvent s’inspirant de Ruskin), Proust réécrit les événements historiques, biographiques, et éthiques qui préoccupent Carlyle dans sa recherche de la « vérité », en leur donnant une plus grande valeur esthétique. S’inspirant du coté expérimental de Sartor Resartus, ainsi que des essais carlyliens sur l’histoire et la biographie, Proust refait de manière imaginaire le parcours littéraire de Carlyle même dans la construction de son Narrateur, qui ressemble par plusieurs aspects à un Carlyle transplanté dans un pays qu’il considérait, comme l’épitomé de la décadence. Ainsi, Proust peut réhabiliter l’aspect « romancier manqué » de Carlyle, qui s’est refugié dans les vies des « grands hommes » et l’histoire des « grands événements », quand le Narrateur prend conscience de la réconciliation entre la vie et l’art. Toutefois, c’est la justesse et la profondeur des observations carlyliennes sur l’art et sur la nature de l’artiste ainsi que l’incitation donnée par la description du développement d’une conscience artistique dans Sartor Resartus avec son ambigüité, son ironie, son dédoublement de la voix narrative et son affirmation que « l’idéal » se trouve « dans le méprisable actuel » qui inspire Proust le plus dans sa présentation du « portrait de l’artiste » qu’est À la recherche du temps perdu. / In this thesis we attempt to treat for the first time the hitherto largely overlooked question of the primary importance of Carlyle as an influence on Proust. Basing our research on the dialogical relationship which Proust has continually with Heroes and Sartor Resartus, we trace the presence of his reflections on Carlyle’s writings, which are essentially concerned with the search for a new faith or creation myth in modern secular times, in the portrait of the artist in the world which is the subject of À la recherche du temps perdu. The Proustian Narrator becomes reunited with his faith in literature which he has lost over the years and eventually reconciles life and art. His journey to this point has been largely constructed on rewritings (inspired very often by Ruskin) of Carlylean texts dealing with History, Biography, and Ethics, where Proust redresses the importance of the aesthetic element which Carlyle increasingly renounces. Taking his inspiration from the experimental nature of Sartor Resartus, and from Carlyle’s historical and biographical writings, Proust also rewrites Carlyle’s personal trajectory in his portrait of his Narrator who bears a strong resemblance to a virtual Carlyle transplanted into a country which he considered, rather playfully, as the epitome of decadence. Proust can therefore, by purely literary methods, show that a writer’s reservoir of impressions comes not from the constant pursuit of “Truth”, or by writing the lives of others, but from having lived life, familial, intimate, and indeed social life. Even if Carlyle can be considered as a failed novelist, it’s the impact of his profound and heartfelt writings on what art is and on the nature of the artist, along with his innovative Sartor Resartus with its constant ironic undertones, its doubling of the narrative voice, its affirmation of the ideal in the everyday, which most inspires the imitative and spiritual portrait of an artist which is À la recherche du temps perdu. .

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