在當前競爭態勢下，台灣金融市場的發展，勢必朝向跨業經營的方向前進。我國亦於民國九十年六月二十七日通過金融控股公司法，賦予台灣金融業跨業經營的法源，為國內金融業創造成為金融集團的契機，以達成金融跨業經營現代化、國際化的目標。雖然金融機構業務營運多樣化，但金融機構承擔風險亦隨之增加，金融監理機制在面臨這樣的挑戰下勢必得做一番調整，才能持續扮演健全及穩定國內金融體系的重要角色。 我國主管機關對於金融控股公司要求以合併基礎計算資本適足比率，並訂定了「金融控股公司合併資本適足性管理辦法」，以期能發揮適度的監理功能。然該辦法中僅以簡單的加減乘除運算求得之資本適足率，是否為反映集團資本需求的良好指標實不無疑問。因此，本文除了研究國際監理官組織所發布的相關報告外，並藉由介紹和討論歐盟指令對金融集團的補充監理原則和措施，如：資本適足性、集團內部交易、風險集中等問題，以及美國對於金融控股公司之相關監理規範，加以比較研究後，來探討我國現行規範是否妥當，並提出相關監理制度改善之建議，以期能作為我國建構健全金融市場之參考。 / Under current competitive circumstances, the development of Taiwan’s financial market will be bound to move forward in the direction of cross-sector business. In Taiwan, Legislative Yuan also has passed the “Financial Holding Company Act” in June 2001. With the passage of the act, it not only gives Taiwan’s financial institutions authority to operate cross-sector activities, but also creates a trigger for financial institutions to become financial conglomerates in order to meet the objectives of financial modernization and globalization. Although financial institutions may diversify their business, additional risks may arise. Financial regulatory mechanisms have to adjust their function to ensure the safety and soundness of financial system. Our competent authorities demand financial holding companies calculating their capital adequacy ratio on a consolidated basis, and enact “Regulations Governing the Consolidated Capital Adequacy of A Financial Holding Company.” However, in this regulation, the ratio was calculated in simple aggregated method, and it is doubtful that such ratio is a good index to reflect consolidated capital requirement. Therefore, this thesis not only studies on related publications issued by international supervision organizations, but also introduces EU Financial Conglomerate Directive with regard to some supervisory issues (e.g. capital adequacy, intra-group transactions and risk concentrations etc.) and U.S. framework for financial holding company supervision. After investigating and comparing different models, this study tries to find whether current regulation is appropriate or not, and make some suggestions concerning the supervisory system in order to construct a sound financial market as a reference in our country.

90年代各國政府對媒體的解除管制（deregulation）、傳播媒體集團間合作策略日興、逐漸形成媒體集團，加上新媒介技術的發展（光纖和衛星技術的發展），為跨國媒體的市場版圖拓展提供了有利條件，在市場機能的運作的背景下，全球的電信業自由化影響台灣電訊傳播民營化，因應全球化、自由化的浪潮，以及市場開放趨勢，全球主要知名頻道紛紛佔據台灣市場，例如CNN、HBO、DISCOVERY頻道、國家地理頻道、ESPN、STAR TV、Disney等。跨國媒體集團在台灣除了經營大眾娛樂的頻道之外，另一類受到觀眾喜愛的「特定類型頻道」為「紀實娛樂」（nonfiction entertainment）頻道。 2006年台灣地區跨國媒體集團共經營43個頻道，根據行政院新聞局所做的「最受歡迎頻道」調查顯示，台灣地區外國頻道中最受歡迎的前三名分別是HBO、Discovery頻道、國家地理頻道（新聞局，2005；54），HBO以電影播放為主，而Discovery頻道與國家地理頻道同屬休閒社教類節目。兩者又以Discovery頻道近年來致力於本土化經營的成績較為顯著，似可觀察其「節目在地化」階段性的策略演變。 本研究鎖定Discovery頻道這一特殊節目類型的跨國媒體集團在台灣的經營與發展為研究主題，深入了解該跨國頻道在全球化的時代中，如何迎合輸入國觀眾的喜好、擴大市場佔有率，分析該媒體集團在全球化時代的「全球在地化」經營模式，並透過節目製作公式，深入其在地化歷程；同時，本研究亦分析當地政府機構的介入與其經營策略的關係及影響。 研究發現跨國媒體進入本地市場之後，就節目產製與在地的營運的方式而言，必須考量全球化的佈局、在地的業務運作及節目製播兩方面的需求。Discovery集團透過全球媒體市場的考量，以在地發展模式加深了全球與在地的交互融合、互相滲透，本研究案例Discovery能夠透過「全球節目公式，在地產製內容」在本地產生其影響力、獲取利潤，以在地的力量（人才、資金、技術、文化）達到「文化接近性」的認同，更在「去地化」與「再地化」的概念下，實踐全球與在地的連結，並邁向「去再地」的發展階段。 承上，本研究設定跨國媒體集團為討論範圍，欲探討跨國媒體集團—面對變化所因應的策略，以Discovery傳播集團為探討個案，希望歸納出其「全球在地化」經營策略， 探討Discovery頻道在台灣之在地化策略實踐成效。 / This research is for the purpose of discussing Nonfiction Entertainment channel –Discovery, its management achievements, the history of localization of programming, the characteristic of arrangement of program telecast, and how the channel cooperate with locally produce productation teams. This research adopts the globalize vision, to analyze and inspect the characteristic of the 12 years on the foreign own channel –Discovery. This study shows that the Discovery channel’s Taiwan's management achievements are related to the channel’s strategy on global localization. The strategy not only affects the channel’s penetration rate and steady growth of advertisement income, this strategy also affect in programming and business practice. The whole says, Discovery’s localization is under the pattern development of "global management, international vision, and local viewpoint.” Its program characteristic is mostly base on traveling program taking from the headquarters supply. Program of subjects about Americas region and Asian region are equal. There are three types of Taiwanese subject programs; they are provided by cooperate, joint venture or outside production. Joint venture productions are growing rapidly, almost match the number of cooperate provide programs. The research also discovered that, the Discovery channel’s evolution of localize program productions are achieved gradually. In the produces system, manufacture management, the program quality, the narrative way, and the image style must conform to its program formula. Although the local responses are intense, it also has its gain after adjustment.

Les trois essais dans cette thèse étudient les implications des frictions financières, telles que les contraintes de collatérale ou de crédit, pour les décisions économiques des agents et leur impact sur les variables macro-économiques agrégées. Dans le premier chapitre "Financial Contracts and the Political Economy of Investor Protection" nous proposons une théorie du niveau de protection des investisseurs. Une faible protection des investisseurs implique un coût de financement externe plus élevé à cause des problèmes d'agence plus aigus entre les investisseurs et les entrepreneurs. À l'équilibre, ceci exclut les agents plus dépendants sur le financement externe de l'entrepreneuriat, ce qui augmente les profits des entrepreneurs qui restent actifs. Quand le niveau de la protection des investisseurs est choisi par un vote majoritaire, la théorie génère (i) une protection des investisseurs plus faible dans les économies avec plus grande inégalité dans les besoins de financement externe parmi les entrepreneurs, (ii) une dynamique non-monotone de l'output, (iii) améliorations (détériorations) de la protection des investisseurs suite à des ralentissements (accélérations) de l'output agrégé. L'évidence empirique donne un support à ces prédictions de la théorie. Dans le deuxième chapitre "Financial Frictions, Internal Capital Markets, and the Organization of Production", nous examinons comment la présence des frictions financières peut mener à la formation des conglomérats et des "business groups" diversifiées. Particulièrement, nous construisons un modèle d'équilibre général d'entrepreneuriat dans lequel les conglomérats émergent de façon endogène et substituent partiellement le marché du crédit imparfait. Nous montrons que ce modèle est capable d'expliquer quantitativement plusieurs faits stylisés concernant l'organisation de la production, les différences de productivité entre les firmes et les différences en présence des conglomérats entre les pays. Le troisième chapitre "Size and Productivity of Single-segment and Diversified Firms: Evidence from Canadian Manufacturing" étudie empiriquement la relation entre la taille, la productivité, et la structure organisationnelle d'une firme. Utilisant les micro-données sur les établissements manufacturiers canadiens, nous documentons plusieurs faits stylisés concernant la taille et la productivité totale des facteurs des établissements dans les conglomérats et dans les firmes non-diversifiées. Nous trouvons que les établissements dans les conglomérats sont en moyenne plus larges que leurs contreparties dans les firmes non-diversifiées, les petits établissements dans les conglomérats sont moins productifs que les établissements de taille similaire dans les firmes non-diversifiées, mais les larges établissements dans les conglomérats sont plus productifs que ceux de taille similaire dans les firmes non-diversifiées. Cette évidence est consistante avec réallocation interne efficiente des ressources au sein des conglomérats. / The three essays in this thesis study the implications of financial frictions, such as collateral and credit constraints, for economic decisions of agents and their impact on aggregate macroeconomic variables. In the first chapter "Financial Contracts and the Political Economy of Investor Protection", we propose a theory of the level of investor protection. Lower investor protection implies higher cost of external financing due to more severe agency problems between outside investors and entrepreneurs. In equilibrium, this excludes more financially dependent agents from entrepreneurship, increasing the profits of the remaining entrepreneurs. When the level of investor protection is chosen by majority voting, the theory generates (i) lower investor protection in economies with higher inequality in financial dependence across entrepreneurs, (ii) non-monotone output dynamics, (iii) improvements (worsening) of investor protection following output slowdowns (accelerations). The empirical evidence provides some support to these predictions. In the second chapter "Financial Frictions, Internal Capital Markets, and the Organization of Production", we investigate how the presence of financial frictions may lead to formation of diversified conglomerates or business groups. Specifically, we build a general equilibrium model of entrepreneurship in which business groups arise endogenously and partially substitute for imperfect credit market. We show that the model is able to quantitatively explain several key stylized facts on the way production is organized, on cross-firm productivity differences, and on cross-country differences in the degree of conglomeration. The third chapter "Size and Productivity of Single-segment and Diversified Firms: Evidence from Canadian Manufacturing" studies empirically the relation between size, productivity, and the organizational structure of a firm. Using micro-data on Canadian manufacturing plants, we document several stylized facts about size and total factor productivity of establishments in conglomerates and single-segment firms. We find that establishments in conglomerates are on average larger than their counterparts in single-segment firms, small plants in conglomerates are less productive than plants of similar size in single-segment firms, but large plants in conglomerates are more productive than those of similar size in single-segment firms. This evidence is consistent with efficient internal reallocation of resources in conglomerates.

民國八十七年亞洲金融危機引發本土性金融風暴後，集團企業交叉持股在掌握經營權、炒作股價及企業間利益輸送所造成之負面經濟影響，再次成為議題的焦點。在台灣證券管理交易法規中，企業交叉持股行為僅能由母公司代子公司公告窺知一二。國內文獻中對於交叉持股之探討亦偏重法律制度及盈餘管理層面，對於透過交叉持股之資金操縱行為則較少著墨。 有鑒於交叉持股「能載舟亦能覆舟」之經濟重要性，及現行公告實務未能窺知交叉持股行為全貌，本研究嘗試以投資餘額變動頻率異常作為潛在的交叉持股行為代理變數，將民國八十三年至八十八年第三季之台灣上市公司按投資餘額變動之頻繁程度區分為高變動群與低變動群樣本，進行其財務性操縱行為的探討。本研究主要的實證議題有二：（1）投資餘額變動較頻繁之公司其盈餘管理行為是否異於投資餘額變動較不頻繁之公司？及（2）投資餘額變動較頻繁之公司其資金操縱行為是否異於投資餘額變動較不頻繁之公司？ 實證結果顯示，在盈餘管理行為上，高投資變動公司有顯著利用裁決性應計項目操縱盈餘的現象，且此現象在曾發生財務危機的高投資變動公司更為顯著。高投資變動公司在多頭市場時，投資收益顯著較低投資變動公司為大；空頭市場時，兩者在真實盈餘操縱變數上並無顯著差異。在資金操縱方面，高投資變動公司質押成數變動率顯著大於低投資變動公司，且曾發生財務危機的高投資變動公司變動程度更為明顯。此外，高投資變動公司債務活動在多頭時期較低投資變動公司活絡，顯示債務活動活躍是高投資變動公司重要特性之一。基於現行法規實務與資料來源的限制不易直接偵測具經濟實質之負面交叉持股行為，本研究之綜合實證發現高投資變動公司與真實負面交叉持股行為有相當程度的關聯性，是故投資餘額變動頻率異常似乎是研究負面交叉持股公司極為重要的參考指標之一。

在經濟自由化、國際化的浪潮下，現代企業為加強其市場競爭力，勢必走向資金密集、技術密集為主的型態，因此企業的大型化、多元化以及專業化將成為未來的發展趨勢。另一方面，由於一般企業對於外部資金的倚賴甚深，因此融資決策為企業最重要的功能政策之一。故集團企業在融資上是否較非集團企業占優勢，即為本研究的主要目的。 　　本研究以上市公司為研究對象，以公開財務資料與問卷為資料來源，利用卡方分析、ｔ檢定、無母數統計與主成份分析等統計方法來比較集團企業在融資上是否較非集團企業占優勢，研究結果如下： 　　不論是集團企業或非集團企業，融資決策都占有重要的地位。一般企業多有專人或專責部門負責公司的融資活動，且多會編製融資計劃，也都認為融資決策應與總體策略和功能政策配合。 　　集團企業的的負債成本與加權平均資金成本明顯低於非集團企業；權益成本亦低於非集團企業，但僅獲統計上部分支持。 　　集團企業以抵押貸款與股票兩者為融資來源時，其取得資金的時間低於非集團企業，而在信用貸款、票券、公司債上並無顯著差異。但就一般而言，集團企業的融資彈性較非集團企業為佳。 　　若以資金成本與融資彈性來衡量融資上的競爭優勢，發現集團企業較非集團企業在融資上有優勢存在。

Les trois essais dans cette thèse étudient les implications des frictions financières, telles que les contraintes de collatérale ou de crédit, pour les décisions économiques des agents et leur impact sur les variables macro-économiques agrégées. Dans le premier chapitre "Financial Contracts and the Political Economy of Investor Protection" nous proposons une théorie du niveau de protection des investisseurs. Une faible protection des investisseurs implique un coût de financement externe plus élevé à cause des problèmes d'agence plus aigus entre les investisseurs et les entrepreneurs. À l'équilibre, ceci exclut les agents plus dépendants sur le financement externe de l'entrepreneuriat, ce qui augmente les profits des entrepreneurs qui restent actifs. Quand le niveau de la protection des investisseurs est choisi par un vote majoritaire, la théorie génère (i) une protection des investisseurs plus faible dans les économies avec plus grande inégalité dans les besoins de financement externe parmi les entrepreneurs, (ii) une dynamique non-monotone de l'output, (iii) améliorations (détériorations) de la protection des investisseurs suite à des ralentissements (accélérations) de l'output agrégé. L'évidence empirique donne un support à ces prédictions de la théorie. Dans le deuxième chapitre "Financial Frictions, Internal Capital Markets, and the Organization of Production", nous examinons comment la présence des frictions financières peut mener à la formation des conglomérats et des "business groups" diversifiées. Particulièrement, nous construisons un modèle d'équilibre général d'entrepreneuriat dans lequel les conglomérats émergent de façon endogène et substituent partiellement le marché du crédit imparfait. Nous montrons que ce modèle est capable d'expliquer quantitativement plusieurs faits stylisés concernant l'organisation de la production, les différences de productivité entre les firmes et les différences en présence des conglomérats entre les pays. Le troisième chapitre "Size and Productivity of Single-segment and Diversified Firms: Evidence from Canadian Manufacturing" étudie empiriquement la relation entre la taille, la productivité, et la structure organisationnelle d'une firme. Utilisant les micro-données sur les établissements manufacturiers canadiens, nous documentons plusieurs faits stylisés concernant la taille et la productivité totale des facteurs des établissements dans les conglomérats et dans les firmes non-diversifiées. Nous trouvons que les établissements dans les conglomérats sont en moyenne plus larges que leurs contreparties dans les firmes non-diversifiées, les petits établissements dans les conglomérats sont moins productifs que les établissements de taille similaire dans les firmes non-diversifiées, mais les larges établissements dans les conglomérats sont plus productifs que ceux de taille similaire dans les firmes non-diversifiées. Cette évidence est consistante avec réallocation interne efficiente des ressources au sein des conglomérats. / The three essays in this thesis study the implications of financial frictions, such as collateral and credit constraints, for economic decisions of agents and their impact on aggregate macroeconomic variables. In the first chapter "Financial Contracts and the Political Economy of Investor Protection", we propose a theory of the level of investor protection. Lower investor protection implies higher cost of external financing due to more severe agency problems between outside investors and entrepreneurs. In equilibrium, this excludes more financially dependent agents from entrepreneurship, increasing the profits of the remaining entrepreneurs. When the level of investor protection is chosen by majority voting, the theory generates (i) lower investor protection in economies with higher inequality in financial dependence across entrepreneurs, (ii) non-monotone output dynamics, (iii) improvements (worsening) of investor protection following output slowdowns (accelerations). The empirical evidence provides some support to these predictions. In the second chapter "Financial Frictions, Internal Capital Markets, and the Organization of Production", we investigate how the presence of financial frictions may lead to formation of diversified conglomerates or business groups. Specifically, we build a general equilibrium model of entrepreneurship in which business groups arise endogenously and partially substitute for imperfect credit market. We show that the model is able to quantitatively explain several key stylized facts on the way production is organized, on cross-firm productivity differences, and on cross-country differences in the degree of conglomeration. The third chapter "Size and Productivity of Single-segment and Diversified Firms: Evidence from Canadian Manufacturing" studies empirically the relation between size, productivity, and the organizational structure of a firm. Using micro-data on Canadian manufacturing plants, we document several stylized facts about size and total factor productivity of establishments in conglomerates and single-segment firms. We find that establishments in conglomerates are on average larger than their counterparts in single-segment firms, small plants in conglomerates are less productive than plants of similar size in single-segment firms, but large plants in conglomerates are more productive than those of similar size in single-segment firms. This evidence is consistent with efficient internal reallocation of resources in conglomerates.

公司因應「企業全球化」趨勢，追求全球資源最佳配置下，交易大多在集團內部進行。透過移轉訂價政策，作為集團企業間關係人交易價格的制定依據。 此趨勢之下，我國集團企業間關係人交易採用移轉訂價政策的情況為何？本研究以我國上市櫃公司之集團企業為研究對象，探討分析移轉訂價查核準則實施對我國集團企業間移轉訂價制定因素之影響，並彙整我國集團企業對移轉訂價查核準則規範內容的意見。 一、我國集團企業移轉訂價政策之運用現況及考量因素： 1、目前僅有五成的集團企業有建立明確移轉訂價政策作為關係人交易訂價的依據：公司規模愈大、對外投資期間愈長、關係人交易總額愈多、而關係企業家數在5家以下的集團企業，採用比例也愈高。 2、以移轉訂價查核準則規範之「可比較未受控價格法」及「成本加價法」之傳統交易基礎法採用為多。整體租稅負擔並非主要考量因素，各國移轉訂價法令規定及我國財務會計準則公報第六號規定為最主要的因素。規模越大、關係企業家數越多、越重視法令規定的企業，採用交易基礎移轉訂價法的機率愈高。惟，綜合集團整體內外經濟因素加以考量時，則偏向利潤基礎法。 二、我國集團企業受移轉訂價查核準則影響及意見： 1、透過組織管理架構的調整，將關係人交易價格的重心轉為事前規劃，進而考量移轉訂價稽查之因應。 2、目前我國集團企業多數認為準則並無不合理且頗具可行性。 / With the trend of globalization, companies use global resources to pursue best interest of the group enterprises as a whole within related party transactions. Through the transfer pricing policy, conglomerates can determine the prices for transactions between related parties. This study uses the conglomerate enterprises of Listed and OTC companies in Taiwan as questionnaire samples. The study analyses the impact of implement action of Taiwan transfer pricing regulations on conglomerate enterprises and the factors of transfer pricing among the conglomerates in Taiwan. The results of the research are as follows: 1.Nowadays, only 50% of the conglomerates in Taiwan establish a stated transfer pricing policy in determining the prices for transactions between related parties. We also focus that the larger size, the longer time of investment and the great investment amount, the higher proportion to adopt the transfer pricing policy. 2.The conglomerates in Taiwan tend to “The Comparable Uncontrolled Price Method” and “The Cost Plus Method” . The groups do not regard world-wide tax burden as an important factor, rather they emphasize more on the other countries’ transfer pricing regulations and financial accounting standards No.6 as the main factors. 3.The larger size, the more related companies, and paying more attention to regulations, the higher probability of transaction-based transfer pricing method. When the comprehensive internal and external economic factors are considered, the conglomerate companies tend to adopt profit-based transfer pricing method. 4.Through the adjustment of the organizational structure, and planning the price for transactions between related parties in advance, the conglomerate enterprises take tax audit into account. 5.Most of conglomerates in Taiwan regard the criteria of Taiwan transfer pricing regulations as rational and feasible at present.

In the lead up to the Year 2000 dot.com crash of publicly traded high-technology equities, Information Communication Technology (ICT) Companies proudly displayed inter-firm allegiances on their newly created websites. These collaborative relationships were in reality licensing agreements to develop or market new products internationally. Phenomena associated with ICT product development - collaboration, innovation, and internationalisation - are the core tenets of the accompanying dissertation. Leading scholars have suggested these phenomena challenge conventional economic theories of the firm. This study commences with tracing the evolution of trade and production theories from absolute advantage through to competitive advantage and introduces the concepts of non-adversarial collaborative advantage. Within the framework of the technology cycle, this dissertation then seeks to answer why firms engage in international collaborative innovation. The cycle of technological innovation is investigated and this leads to postulating a period of technological overlap and its implications for collaboration. One of the shortcomings acknowledged in the literature is the generic application of the term collaboration to cover a wide scope of inter-firm agreements. Within the literature this is referred to as a problem of multidimensionality. A model is developed in this dissertation that identifies the choices available to the firm and addresses the problem of defining collaboration. The choices provided in the developed model are more complex than simply choosing between external and internal intermediate markets. As a separable form of industry organisation, the success rates of alliance collaboration are compared to Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) to validate issues of sustainability before examining the impact of location on innovation and collaboration. Again, theory is tested by recent events that require explanation. These events include the relocation of early stage foreign R&D to both developed and lesser-developed nations. The final chapter assesses the findings throughout this study and identifies separate and distinct roles for large and small firms in the international and collaborative commercialisation of new innovations. This central conclusion requires empirical validation and suggests the need investigate how firms shape the cycle of innovation from a reflected vantage point to the evolutionary perspective taken in this study. Further research is warranted because the literature on international innovation and collaboration is at an early stage and gaps in understanding remain.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 CarolinaPolicarpoGarcia_Thesis.pdf: 958535 bytes, checksum: 84209a77fa603c2832a2d5d4cf548eae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-21 / This thesis takes advantage of a wave of mergers and acquisitions in the Brazilian higher education industry to provide evidence on the potential effects of conglomerate mergers, particularly market extension mergers. The first chapter is devoted to assess the effects of such mergers on tuition fees, enrollment rate and quality indicators. The richness of the dataset allows to disentangle the effects of conglomerate mergers and horizontal mergers, showing that both types of mergers impact acquired institutions, but in different ways. The second chapter evaluates the effects of the ownership changes on the labor market of professors, focusing on wages, total number of faculty, workload and the likelihood of contract termination after the acquisition. The last chapter analyzes the determinants of choice in higher education, focusing on estimating to which extent educational groups and brand names influence the choice of potential students. Results show that conglomerate mergers raise efficiency on acquired units and the gains may be partially shared with students, in the form of an increased number of freshmen, and professors, by means of higher wages. These efficiences may come through higher student-faculty ratios, standardized courseware between the units of the group, extensive use of online content in substitution to in-class activities and the centralization of the management and financial activities in a shared services center. Educational groups attract a great number of potential students and have an important role in increasing access to higher education. The ability to recruit potential students may come from international network benefits, attractive prices, funding availability, better quality indexes and brand awareness. Importantly, each educational group has its own strategy when combining these elements and not all of them must be present. The results also highlight the role of government and regulatory constraints in the sector. The first and most obvious consequence is the high number of mergers and acquisitions that took place to avoid the requirements to entry organically in local markets. Second, the availability of public student loans greatly determines the access to higher education. Third, as the students' willingness to pay for higher quality programs is low, the educational groups closely follow the minimum requirements for the quality indexes. / Esta tese explora uma onda de fusões e aquisições no setor de ensino superior brasileiro para fornecer evidências sobre os efeitos potenciais de fusões de conglomerados, particularmente fusões de extensão de mercado. O primeiro capítulo é dedicado a avaliar os efeitos de tais fusões sobre as mensalidades, número de ingressantes e indicadores de qualidade. A riqueza dos dados permite separar os efeitos de fusões conglomeradas e fusões horizontais, mostrando que os dois tipos de fusões afetam as instituições adquiridas de maneiras diferentes. O segundo capítulo avalia os efeitos das mudanças de propriedade no mercado de trabalho dos professores, com foco nos efeitos sobre salários, número total de docentes, carga de trabalho e probabilidade de rescisão contratual. O último capítulo analisa os determinantes da escolha no ensino superior, estimando em que medida os grupos educacionais e suas marcas influenciam a escolha de potenciais alunos. Os resultados mostram que fusões de conglomerados aumentam a eficiência das unidades adquiridas e os ganhos ser parcialmente compartilhados com os estudantes, na forma de um número maior de ingressantes, e professores, por meio de salários mais altos. Essas eficiências podem ser obtidas por meio de um maior número de alunos por professor, material didático padronizado entre as unidades do grupo educacional, uso extensivo de conteúdo on-line em substituição a atividades em sala de aula e centralização das atividades administrativas e financeiras em um centro de serviços compartilhados. Grupos educacionais atraem um grande número de estudantes e têm papel importante no aumento do acesso ao ensino superior. A capacidade de recrutar potenciais alunos pode vir dos benefícios provenientes da rede internacional, preços atrativos, disponibilidade de financiamento, melhores índices de qualidade e reconhecimento da marca. Cada grupo educacional tem sua própria estratégia ao combinar esses elementos e nem todos devem estar presentes. Os resultados destacam o papel da regulação no setor. A primeira e mais óbvia consequência é o elevado número de fusões e aquisições que ocorreram para evitar as barreiras regulatórias à entrada orgânica nos mercados locais. Em segundo lugar, a disponibilidade de financiamento estudantil público determina grande parte do acesso ao ensino superior. Terceiro, como a disposição à pagar por programas de maior qualidade é baixa, os grupos educacionais seguem de perto os requisitos mínimos exigidos para os índices de qualidade.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished