Cette thèse a un double objectif : 1) Étudier le comportement sémantique et syntaxique des verbes simples persans par rapport aux prédicats complexes dans les événements spatiaux respectant la typologie de Talmy sur cadrage verbal ou cadrage satellitaire ; et 2) Analyser la systématicité sémantique dans la formation des prédicats complexes basée sur une approche constructionnelle et expliquer leurs comportements exacts, à savoir leur productivité, la causalité, leur durée, et le comportement syntaxique de leurs pré-verbes en fonction de leurs significations. Dans la première partie de l’analyse, nous parlons du comportement des verbes simples par rapport aux prédicats complexes dans les événements spatiaux. Notre analyse est basée sur un vaste corpus. Les prédicats complexes expriment fréquemment le comportement et d’autres informations sémantiques tandis qu’une fréquence élevée de verbes simples apparaît comme des constructions neutres sans exprimer aucune information spécifique. La distribution syntaxique des prédicats complexes respecte la règle de l’« économie de la langue » étant donné que toutes les informations sémantiques sont aussi encodées dans la construction elles-mêmes. Par ailleurs, les verbes simples exigent, dans la majorité des cas, des clauses dépendantes pour exprimer le comportement. En outre, les prédicats complexes encodent, à la fois, le mouvement et les événements d’emplacement, tandis que les verbes simples sont pour la plupart intransitifs et se réfèrent aux événements locatifs. Les lacunes mentionnées ci-dessus sur des verbes simples ont conduit au remplacement de ces derniers par des prédicats complexes au fil du temps. Dans la deuxième partie de notre analyse, nous traitons les caractéristiques sémantiques de prédicats complexes dans des événements spatiaux à la lumière de la théorie de Grammaire de Construction et des approches fondées sur le corpus. Selon Goldberg, nous considérons des constructions de prédicats complexes à part entière. Kardan, "Faire" ; dādan, 'Donner'; zadan, 'Frapper' ; et bordan, 'Prendre', sont les verbes supports étudiés dans cette thèse. Ces verbes supports sont parmi ceux les plus fréquents ayant le plus de pré-verbes en commun dans notre corpus. Premièrement, nous avons identifié les extensions sémantiques de chaque verbe support. Cette catégorisation nous a permis de révéler un certain degré de productivité sémantique ainsi que la généralisation entre chaque verbes supports et le type de pré-verbes avec lesquels il pourrait co-se produire. Autrement dit, chaque verbe support se combine avec un type spécifique de pré-verbe. Il est à note que même des extensions métaphoriques ont un certain degré de productivité et les locuteurs peuvent ainsi les généraliser. Nous tenons également à noter que les prédicats complexes dans les événements spatiaux font partis de la famille de constructions résultatives. Certains comportements des prédicats complexes, tels que leur causalité et la durée de l’activité, sont expliqués en fonction de leur sémantique, et il est démontré que toute la construction est responsable de tels comportements. La comparaison entre les combinaisons qui ont des verbes supports différents mais des pré-verbes identiques évoque quelques différences sémantiques et syntaxiques, ce qui est la preuve de la systématicité existante dans la formation des prédicats complexes. Grâce à une analyse collostructionnelle, nous parlons du degré d’attraction de chaque verbe support par rapport aux catégories sémantiques. Enfin, le type de fréquences de prédicats complexes révèle le degré de productivité dans chaque verbe support, qui ressemble à: Kardan=Zadan > dādan > bordan. / The purpose of this dissertation is twofold : 1) to investigate the semantic and syntactic behavior of Persian simplex verbs vs. CPs in spatial events with respect to Talmy’s typology of satellite-framed and verb-framed languages ; and 2) to analyze the semantic systematicity in the formation of CPs based on a constructional approach and explain their certain behaviors, namely, their productivity, causativity, duration, and syntactic behavior of their PVs through the meaning of the construction.In the first part of the analysis, we discuss the behaviour of simplex verbs vs. CPs in spatial events. Our analysis is based on an extensive corpus. CPs express manner and other semantic information frequently while a high frequency of simplex verbs appears as neutral constructions without expressing any specific information. The syntactic distribution of CPs follow the ‘economy of language’ rule since all the semantic information is encoded in the construction itself; on the other hand, simplex verbs require dependent clauses to express manner in the majority of cases. Furthermore, CPs encode both motion and location events while simplex verbs are mostly intransitive and refer to locative events. The above-mentioned shortcomings of simplex verbs have led to the replacement of these verbs by CPs over time. In the second part of our analysis, we deal with the semantic features of CPs in spatial events in the light of Construction Grammar theory and corpus-based approaches. Following Goldberg we consider CPs constructions in their own right. Kardan, ‘do’ ; dādan, ‘give’; zadan, ‘hit’; and bordan, ‘take’, are the LVs under the study in this thesis. These LVs found to be among the most frequent ones with the most PVs in common in our corpus. Firstly, we identified the semantic extensions of each LV. This categorization reveals a certain degree of semantic productivity and generalization between each LV and the type of PVs with which it can co-occur. In other words, each LV combines with a specific type of PVs. Even metaphorical extensions have a certain degree of productivity and speakers can generalize about them. We also argue that CPs in spatial events are a family of resultative constructions. Certain behaviors of CPs, namely, their causativity, and the duration of the activity, are explained based on their semantics, and it is shown that the whole construction is responsible for such behaviors. The comparison between combinations that have different LVs but identical PVs reveals certain semantic and syntactic differences, which is evidence for the existing systematicity in the formation of CPs. Through a collostructional analysis we discuss the degree of attraction of each LV with respect to the semantic categories.

I uppsatsen undersöks översättningsekvivalenter för de ryska konstruktionerna кто-кто, а och что-что, а i Russian National Corpus (RNC) för att komma åt deras språkspecificitet. Med hjälp av parallellkorpusar (engelsk-ryska, rysk-engelska, svensk-ryska, rysk-svenska) bestäms graden av språkspecificitet hos de ryska konstruktionerna i förhållande till engelska och svenska, med avseende på spridning och nollekvivalens som variabler på språkspecificitet. Resultaten visar att spridningen är stor i sju av åtta språkriktningar i korpusen; samt att nollekvivalens är den mest frekventa översättningsekvivalenten för кто-кто, а och что-что, а i fem (en majoritet) av språkriktningarna. Trots det mycket begränsade materialet har korpusanalysen gjort det möjligt att hitta tendenser för språkspecificitet hos båda konstruktionerna gentemot engelska och svenska, med avseende på spridning och nollekvivalens som variabler på språkspecificitet. Vid en jämförelse mellan språkriktningarna inom samma korpus påvisas även vissa skillnader: översättningar med ryska som målspråk förefaller besitta en högre grad av språkspecificitet än motsatt språkriktning; nollekvivalens är mycket frekventare som översättningsstrategi vid översättning till ryska, vid översättning till engelska och svenska används den knappt, översättaren försöker istället hitta motsvarande konstruktioner på målspråket. / This paper studies translation equivalents for the Russian constructions кто-кто, а and что-что, а in the Russian National Corpus (RNC) in order to access their language specificity. Using parallel corpora (English-Russian, Russian-English, Swedish-Russian, Russian-Swedish), the degree of language specificity of the Russian constructions visavis English and Swedish is determined, by relying on dispersion and zero equivalence as variables of language specificity. The results show that the dispersion is large in seven out of eight language directions in the corpus; and that zero equivalence is the most frequent translation equivalent of кто-кто, а and что-что, а in five (a majority of the) language directions. Despite the very limited material, the corpus analysis has made it possible to find tendencies for language specificity in both constructions towards English and Swedish, with regard to dispersion and zero equivalence as variables of language specificity. In a comparison between the language directions within the same corpus, certain differences can be discerned: translations with Russian as target language seem to possess a higher degree of language specificity than the opposite language direction; zero equivalence is much more frequent a translation strategy when translating into Russian, when translating into English and Swedish it is hardly used, the translator instead tries to find corresponding constructions in the target language.

It has been suggested that the semantics of some metaphoricalmotion constructions is related to the deixis of the verbs involved. In accordance with the directions of movement, metaphorical go is said to be associated with deterioration ( go rotten etc.) and metaphorical come – with improvement ( come true etc (cf. Quirk et al. 1985: 1174). The paper at hand aims at empirically testing this assumption from a usage-based construction grammar perspective. It analyses metaphorical-motion constructions from the BNC whose verb-slot is filled by the motion verbs go , come and run followed by an adjective, using the methods of collostruction analysis (cf. Gries and Stefanowitsch 2004a). On the basis of the quantitative analyses carried out, the semantic preferences of the three verbs are determined, compared and related to the deictic aspects involved in the verb meanings. The verb run was selected as a ‘control verb’, since it does not exhibit any deictic aspect of meaning. All three verb constructions are found to exhibit semantic preferences, and, since deixis is absent in run , other aspects are discussed which may motivate such associations. Finally, the results of the data analyses are inspected for what they can say about the emergence of semantic prosodies ‘colouring’ the verbs in the respective constructions.

The purpose of this research paper was to explore if the adverbial phrase but at least (BAL) is a construction and if any constraints could be identified. To be able to determine a classification, the research focused on finding syntactic and semantic patterns, investigating the definition of constructions as being non-predictable and usage-based. The research was a corpus-based study, analyzing 200 tokens that were extracted from the Corpus of Contemporary American English.The tokens were analyzed by coding them by syntactic features, the semantic use of BAL and the semantics of the whole sentence. The result demonstrated that the BAL-phrase is a construction as a syntactic pattern could be determined, the semantic use of BAL indicates that it is usage-based and it incorporates non-compositional meanings. Furthermore, three constraints could be identified.

This thesis investigates the COULD X BE MORE Y phrase (CXBMY), well-known from the television show Friends, to argue for its qualification as a construction. By analyzing the phrase’s formal and functional features, as well as its frequency in the COCA corpus, this thesis compares the findings to the definition of constructions by Goldberg (2006, p. 5). The results prove the hypothesis that CXBMY is a construction since the form-function interrelation conveys its meaning; the form of a yes-no question and emphasis on the main auxiliary is understood based on its function as a rhetorical question and potential parody of the Friends character Chandler, and vice versa. The linguistic information of CXBMY – syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and information packaging – all contribute to describe the meaning of CXBMY, while simultaneously needing one another to create a complete understanding of CXBMY. Consequently, CXBMY has a non-predictability that requires us to store it in a mental constructicon. While CXBMY shows links to other known constructions, such as the SUBJECT AUXILIARY INVERSION CONSTRUCTION and INFORMATION PACKAGING CONSTRUCTION, its specific interrelation between form and function distinguishes CXBMY from other known constructions. Thus, this thesis reaches the conclusion that CXBMY is a construction. Additionally, since the inferential pragmatic function, intonation and information structure of CXBMY is crucial to understand its meaning, this thesis highlights the prominence of these linguistic aspects within Construction Grammar, which have so far been sparsely researched (Leino, 2013; Gras & Elvira-García, 2021; Finkbeiner, 2019).

No description available.

本論文「客語「放」及其同類動詞：框架語義與構式之互動」以Fillmore (1985)提出的「框架語義」以及Goldberg (1995)等學者提出的「構式語法」觀點為基礎，分析客語「放」字構式呈現的多義現象。客語「放」字涉及「使動事件」：空間位移與狀態變化。本文著重分析「使動結構」與客語「放」字在動賓、動補及句子等構式中語意－句法的互動。同時藉助隱喻與轉喻的強化，說明客語「放」字延伸語意之間的關聯性，並進一步闡述客語「放」字在動賓結構中詞彙化為複合詞的現象。此外，本文亦檢視客語其他放置類動詞：方向同類動詞、工具同類動詞、方式同類動詞，經由審視其詞彙化類型與框架語義之互動，說明其語意內涵與句法上的表現。因此，本論文經由分析詞彙化類型與探討事件架構中參與角色的展現與否，說明客語放置類動詞語意與句法間的相互關係。 / English verbs describing putting, a prototypical exemplar of a caused-motion activity, have been pervasively found to be the first acquired and the most frequently used verbs in many languages. Their semantic compatibility with various syntactic structures reinforces the association between verbal meanings and the constructions, giving rise to a grouping of related but distinct senses (Goldberg et al. 2004). Piong3 (放) ‘to put’ in Hakka is abundant in semantics. The basic meaning of piong3 designates a common pattern of human experience: An animate entity exerts manual force upon a physical object and causes the object to move. Adopting Goldberg’s (1995) Constructions and Fillmore’s (1985) Frame Semantics, this study aims to account for the meaning relatedness latent in piong3 and explicate the shades of meaning rooted in the set of its congeners with different degree of family resemblance. It is argued that the delicate nuances denoted by piong3 are derived from the interaction between frames and constructions while the extended meanings of piong3 are linked to its typical use through various metaphors and metonymies such as CONTAINER, EVENT STRUCTURE, CHANGE OF STATE AS CHANGE OF LOCATION metaphors and ACTION FOR RESULT metonymy. Furthermore, with regard to congeners of piong3 in Hakka, it is maintained that differences in profiling and lexicalization patterns capture the primary difference between piong3 and its congeners. Specifically, piong3 does not lexicalize other semantic elements (i.e. path, means, manner, result, and etc.) into its lexical meaning whereas its congeners explicitly do so, in that three subtypes of the congeners can be identified: directional congeners, means congeners, and manner congeners.

本論文主要採用Jackendoff (2002)之平行結構(parallel architecture)來展現客語潛能補語各次構式在音韻、句法以及語意結構的共性與殊性，並據此呈現此構式於抽象性連續體(continuum of schematicity)上由「完全能產性」(fully productive)、「半能產性」(semi-productive)至「完全獨特性」(fully idiomatic)各區段之分佈狀態，進一步歸納出此構式家族之構式基模(constructional schema)以及繼承階層體系(inheritance hierarchy)。在構式語法精神下，每個構式皆是「形式-功能」之組合，Jackendoff (2002)之平行結構極為精細且縝密地描繪構式之「形式」面向。而為了檢視論元角色如何體現於客語潛能補語構式，認知語法中對事件概念之處理方式是不容忽視的，因此，為了補強平行結構在呈現構式「認知功能」面向之不足，本論文將Langacker (1991)認知模型中「行為鏈」(action chain)、「撞球模型」(billiard ball model)、「舞台模型」(stage model)等認知概念整合至平行結構中，用以顯示說話者對事件之概念化如何影響客語潛能構式之論元體現，進一步檢視此構式形式與功能之象徵性關係在連續體上之展現。藉由構式理論與認知模型之整合，本研究為語言形式與功能之對應提供一縝密之分析模式，並得以反思構式語法之應用性與發展性。 / Adhering to the constructional view claiming that every construction is a form-function pairing, this dissertation provides a detailed analysis of the correspondence between linguistic manifestations and speaker's construal of events. The main focus of this study is on the interactions between argument realizations and event conception in Hakka potential complement constructions. In order to show more vividly the subtle interfacing relationships among phonological, syntactic and semantic structures, this study adopts Jackendoff's (2002) parallel architecture to present clearly the degree of schematicity of Hakka PC constructions. On the other hand, further integrating the cognitive representations such as action chains and stage model from Langacker's (1991) Cognitive Grammar into the parallel architecture crystallizes the symbolic relations between the constructional form and function. Members of Hakka PC constructions are shown to be distributed on a continuum of schematicity, from fully productive cases, to semi-productive cases, and finally to fully substantive cases. Moreover, all subconstructions form a family, organized in an inheritance hierarchy in which the one at the lower level inherits general qualities from its inheritor, and at the same time possess its own uniqueness. Integrating the cognitive and the constructional models, this dissertation proposes a fine-grained and full-fledged analysis of both the regularities and the idiosyncrasies of Hakka PC constructions.

La Théorie Usage et Construction (TUC) postule que l’enfant développe son langage, et plus précisément ses formes morphosyntaxiques, grâce à l’utilisation de processus cognitifs généraux qui permettent un mécanisme de complexification et de généralisation de ses propres productions ainsi que de celles issues de l’input. L’approche cognitivo-fonctionnelle n’a été appliquée à la dysphasie que dans peu d’études. De plus, l'acquisition de la syntaxe complexe chez l'enfant dysphasique est un domaine délaissé dans la littérature existante. Ainsi, dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux difficultés des enfants dysphasiques pour la complexité morphosyntaxique à travers la lunette de la TUC, et ce en utilisant à les fois des tâches expérimentales et des situations de génération de langage spontané. Nous postulions que la complexité, concept au cœur de notre travail, est définie par ce qui est cognitivement coûteux, désignant ainsi les formes linguistiques rares, longues ou imbriquées. Notre travail met en évidence que les enfants dysphasiques peuvent être productifs seulement avec les schémas fréquents dans le langage qui leur est adressé, alors que les structures complexes, peu fréquentes dans l’input, sont particulièrement difficiles à appréhender pour eux. Dès lors, ces enfants ont besoin d’être confrontés à davantage d’exemplaires et de contextes de pratique pour que la masse critique suffisante soit atteinte et que l’apprentissage de constructions soit possible. Enfin, un lien relativement clair entre la difficulté de complexification syntaxique et les troubles de la généralisation est mis en évidence. / The Construction and Usage-based Theory (CUT) argues that children develop their language, and more precisely morphosyntactic structures, thanks to the use of general cognitive processes by complexifying and generalizing their own prior productions and productions used in the input. These hypotheses have been tested in children with specific language impairment (SLI) in very few studies. Moreover, development of complex syntax is a little studied area in the literature. Thus, the current doctoral thesis focused on complex syntax difficulties of children with SLI using spontaneous language samples and experimental tasks. This work defines complexity as linguistics forms which are rare, long or nested and more generally cognitively costly. The results obtained show that children with SLI use frequent forms heard in the input productively, whereas complex forms, which are rare in the input are difficult for them. These children need to be exposed to more exemplars and practice settings to reach critical mass and making possible learning of constructions. Finally, this current doctoral thesis highlights a relatively obvious link between complex syntax difficulties and lack of generalization of construction schemas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosangelaMBV.pdf: 716170 bytes, checksum: b171d43fe0eb6f6301e64e00b9a62b55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-19 / This research aims at investigating the constructions with adverbials in ly, based on the view of contemporaneous linguistic functionalism, such as proposed by Giv?n, Hopper, Thompson, Traugott, Furtado da Cunha, as well as the cognitivist notion of language, through construction grammar support upon the patterns of Goldberg and the prototypes theory. The cognitive functional approach adopted here considers the change as a proper and inherent phenomenon of language and understands the linguistic phenomenon as resulting from effective use of language. Another aspect to be considered to the realization of this study is the fact that the formation adjective + ly is a word construction mechanism really productive, which generates interests on linguistic description. In a particular way, our leading objective is to exam the constructions with adverbials in ly in the context of language in use, in its oral and written forms, looking for to apprehend the meaning multiple manifestations forged in the use. Bearing this in mind, we worked with data from the Corpus Discurso & Gram?tica (Natal). There are, in the data, adverbs ended in ly that take the signification of mode, as foreseen in traditional models, but there are also other significations, for instance, the modalizador in its different manifestations. The results show that this adverb is a linguistic mark that carries in its constitution the multiss?mico and multifunctional character, which interferes extremely in the ordination of this category, assuming a position sometimes pre-verbal, sometimes post-verbal. Other aspect observed refers to the relationship between the adverb and the verb, with emphasis on the compatibility or restriction between them, option which is related to the semantic aspect. The data in analysis legitimate the use in different constructions with adverb ended in ly in various genres, as follows: personal experience narrative, retold narrative, local description, proceeding account, opinion account, both in oral as in written language / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar as constru??es com adverbiais em mente , sob o enfoque do funcionalismo ling??stico contempor?neo, tal como proposto por Giv?n, Hopper, Thompson, Traugott, Furtado da Cunha, bem como sob a no??o cognitivista da linguagem atrav?s do suporte da gram?tica de constru??o nos moldes de Goldberg e a teoria dos prot?tipos. A abordagem cognitivo-funcional aqui adotada considera a mudan?a como fen?meno pr?prio e inerente ?s l?nguas, al?m de entender o fen?meno ling??stico como resultante do uso efetivo da l?ngua. Outro aspecto a considerar para a realiza??o desta pesquisa ? o fato de a forma??o adjetivo + mente ser um mecanismo de constitui??o de palavras bastante produtivo, o que gera interesse na descri??o ling??stica. De forma particular, o objetivo norteador ? examinar as constru??es com adverbiais em mente no contexto da l?ngua em uso, na forma oral e escrita, buscando apreender as m?ltiplas manifesta??es de sentido forjadas no uso. Para este fim, lan?amos m?o de dados provenientes do Corpus Discurso & Gram?tica (Natal). Nos dados encontram-se adv?rbios terminados em mente que assumem a significa??o de modo, como previsto nos moldes tradicionais, mas tamb?m outras significa??es, como por exemplo o modalizador em suas diferentes manifesta??es. Os resultados alcan?ados demonstram que esse adv?rbio ? uma marca ling??stica que carrega em sua constitui??o o car?ter multiss?mico e o multifuncional, o que interfere sobremaneira na ordena??o dessa categoria, assumindo posi??o ora pr?-verbal, ora p?s-verbal. Outro aspecto observado refere-se ao relacionamento do adv?rbio com o verbo, com destaque para a compatibilidade ou a restri??o entre eles, op??o que se vincula ao aspecto sem?ntico. Os dados em an?lise legitimam o uso de diferentes constru??es com adv?rbio terminado em mente em diversos g?neros textuais, quais sejam a narrativa de experi?ncia pessoal, narrativa recontada, descri??o de local, relato de procedimento e relato de opini?o, tanto na l?ngua oral, quanto na escrita