Were the years of the Fundamentalist/Modernist Controversy (1890-1936) in the Presbyterian Church in the USA years of doctrinal development? This dissertation argues that the answer to this question is both "yes" and ''no." This dissertation, in exploring this particular era of modem American church history, takes its structure from well-known Catholic theologian, John Courtney Murray, and his contribution to the discussion of doctrinal development as it applied to the years of the Arian Controversy culminating in the Council of Nicaea. Murray identified three factions in that struggle: the Futurists, the Archaists, and the Centrists. The Futurists, represented by Arius and his followers, sought to identify Christianity with the prevailing philosophies of the day, thereby reinterpreting and altering certain affirmations of the faith. The Archaists, as seen in the person of Eusebius of Caesarea, reacted strongly to the Arians' proposals by not admitting any doctrinal formulation not couched in the 'sacred words' of Scripture. The Centrists, representing more balanced judgment, as seen in St. Athanasius, prevailed in the end. He saw that doctrinal development, which is herein defined to mean further definition, clarification, and application of existing truths, does indeed take place but not at the expense of denying the historic affirmations of the faith. After investigating development, tradition (the results of doctrinal development over time) and historicism (the theory that doctrine develops out of the historical process itself), Murray's structure is then applied to the struggles in the Presbyterian Church in the early twentieth century. Beginning with Charles Briggs of Union Seminary in New York and his avocation of historical criticism as applied to the Scriptures, the Presbyterian Church in the USA was thrown progressively into turmoil regarding just what constituted the historic affirmations of the faith. Briggs and those who followed, the Liberals or Futurists, wanted to jettison or remold a sizeable portion of the historic Westminster Confession of Faith, the doctrinal heritage of Presbyterianism. Further events, such as the confessional revision of 1903 and the Cumberland reunion of 1906, helped to propel the entire church in a Futurist direction. Opposition from the beginning came primarily from Princeton Seminary. Princeton's professors sought to maintain the historic, confessional stance of the church. In this endeavor they were at times Archaists, Centrists, and even Futurists. The efforts of those who would preserve the traditional, confessional stance of Presbyterianism, however, were doomed to failure as the church moved steadily in a Futurist direction. After some brief insights into the more prominent Futurist personalities and the rise of Fundamentalist opposition, the remainder of the dissertation is taken up with the exploits of J. Gresham Machen and his expulsion from an increasingly Futurist church. Machen was viewed as a trouble maker for opposing this trend. Those of more moderate sentiments often sided with the Liberals/Futurists over against Machen. After much anguish and a lengthy trial, Machen was deposed from the office of minister in the Presbyterian Church in the USA. He immediately proceeded to found a new Presbyterian denomination. Into this new church came both Archaist and Centrist alike, who had previously formed an uneasy alliance in opposition to the Futurism in the mother church. The coalition, however, did not last, and after a short time fragmented into smaller constituencies. Although things did not change all at once in the Presbyterian Church in the USA, Liberalism/Futurism became the norm and remains so until this day. This dissertation argues that the confessional revision of 1903 and the work of J. Gresham Machen can be classified as doctrinal development and, thus, Centrist endeavors. All of the other events of significance that characterize the Fundamentalist/Modernist Controversy were either Archaist in character or Futurist endeavors more concerned with changing the historic affirmations of the faith than developing them. / Church History / M.Th. (Church history)

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’interroger la controverse autour de l’élevage et d’en étudier sa dynamique pour analyser le processus par lequel elle aboutit à une transformation des normes sociales. Pour cela, la controverse est abordée par une analyse systémique permettant de rendre compte de la complexité des relations causales entre ses multiples dimensions et ses différentes échelles d’expression. Les techniques de collecte et d’analyse des données reposent sur des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives pour cerner au plus près les processus sociaux étudiés. Une analyse sociohistorique permet d’ancrer le processus de transformation des normes dans le long terme et montre que, depuis le XIXème siècle, le système productiviste suscite des incertitudes quant à son application dans le domaine agricole, en particulier dans ses conséquences sur les animaux et l’environnement. La description des éléments de la controverse montre qu’elle se structure autour d’incertitudes scientifiques et éthiques auxquelles les parties prenantes de la controverse, que sont le monde de l’élevage et le monde associatif, doivent apporter des réponses. L’analyse de l’audience de la controverse auprès du public permet d’identifier une variété des manières de penser l’élevage, qui s’exprime au sein d’un forum hybride dans lequel une multitude d’acteurs contribuent à donner du sens à l’activité. Les rapports de force entre les acteurs déséquilibrent toutefois les capacités de chacun à influencer cette construction des normes. Globalement, c’est vers une prise de distance avec une forme d’élevage perçue comme industrielle et artificielle qu’évoluent les normes règlementaires, professionnelles et culturelles / The objective of this thesis is to question the controversy about livestock farming and to study its dynamic to then analyse the process by which this controversy results in a transformation of social norms. For that purpose, the controversy is addressed by a systemic analysis that enables to reflect the complexity of causal relations between its various aspects and its different scales of expression. Techniques of data collection and analysis lie on qualitative and quantitative methods in order to understand more precisely the social processes studied. A sociohistorical analysis enables to integrate the process of norms transformation in the long run and to show that, since the 19th century, the productiondriven system creates uncertainty regarding its application in the agricultural area, mainly in its consequences on animals and the environment. The description of the controversy elements shows that the controversy is structured around scientific and ethical uncertainties. Stakeholders of the controversy (the livestock sector and the associative sector) must come up with some answers to these scientific and ethical uncertainties. The analysis of the interest of the public for this controversy enables to identify a variety of ways of thinking the livestock farming that express among a hybrid forum in which a large number of actors contribute to make sense to this activity. However, power relations between the actors unbalance the capacities of each one to influence this norms construction. Globally, regulatory standards, professional and cultural norms are changing towards a distancing with a livestock farming form that is perceived as industrial and artificial.

Le développement récent des Loisirs Motorisés Hors Route (LMHR) suscite une controverse et de vives réactions dans les milieux du sport et de la protection de l'environnement. Le phénomène est encore peu étudié, à la fois du fait qu'il est récent, que l'argumentation relève de plusieurs disciplines et que les loisirs motorisés, s'ils font partie sans problème de l'outdoor recreation nord-américaine, sont rejetés en France par les autres sportifs et ne sont pas reconnus de façon évidente comme relevant du domaine d'une discipline particulière. Afin de combler un manque dans la littérature scientifique française, cette thèse vise à apporter une connaissance fine de la dynamique de la controverse – en tant qu'échange d'arguments génériques – et des conflits dont les LMHR font l'objet. Elle présente deux originalités majeures : sa thématique et son approche combinant les théories de l'acteur-réseau avec les outils de visualisation et d'analyse de réseau basés sur la théorie des graphes. Cette construction théorique et méthodologique visait à interroger les interrelations entre la controverse portée par des collectifs présents sur la scène nationale et les conflits et interactions sur le terrain. Pour cela, nous avons mené des enquêtes sur quatre scènes : la scène nationale (composée de collectifs pro et anti-motorisé, de Fédérations, de constructeurs, de gestionnaires et décideurs et d'élus) ; deux scènes locales conflictuelles où des démarches de gestion sont en cours (le PNR du Pilat et les Chambarans) ; une scène locale où aucun conflit n'est visible sur la scène publique (le canton de La Grave – Villar d'Arène). Nos résultats montrent, que bien que la controverse trouve ses racines dans des conflits sur le terrain, il n'existerait pas de coprésence entre acteurs qui s'opposent. D'abord, en l'absence de conflit, la scène de La Grave apparaît déconnectée du reste du réseau. Ensuite, les détracteurs des LMHR se mobilisent dans la controverse mais ne cherchent pas directement à agir sur le terrain. Par contre, les défenseurs de la pratique s'impliquent, eux, aux deux niveaux. Enfin, les gestionnaires et agents de la police de l'environnement confrontés à la gestion des activités, nouent des liens sur le terrain et au niveau national, à la fois avec les défenseurs et les détracteurs des LMHR ; devenant parfois des acteurs-passerelles. D'un point de vue théorique et méthodologique, les outils de visualisation et d'analyse de réseau ont montré leur intérêt dans le cadre d'une approche par l'acteur-réseau ; les perspectives apparaissent riches. Mots-clés : Sociologie, loisirs motorisés hors route, théories de l'acteur-réseau, visualisation et analyse de réseau, controverse, conflits, gestion / The recent expansion of off road motorized recreation raises controversy and strong reactions from the worlds of sports and environmental protection. The phenomenon is still poorly studied, because it is recent, because the argumentation falls across disciplines and because motorized recreation is rejected by other recreationists. Moreover, motorized recreation is obviously not recognized as a domain of a particular discipline in France, whereas it is truly integrated to outdoor recreation in North America. To fill a gap in the French literature, this thesis aims to provide a detailed understanding of the dynamics of the controversy - as an exchange of generic arguments - and conflicts around motorized recreation. The thesis has two main peculiarities: its theme and its approach combining the actor-network theory, visualization tools and network analysis based on graph theory. The aim of this theoretical and methodological building was to examine the interrelationships between the controversy – carried by groups who are present on the national scene – and conflicts and interactions in the field. To do this, we investigated four scenes: the national scene (composed of pro-motorized and anti- motorized collectives, Federations, manufacturers, managers, policy makers and elected officials), two local scenes where conflict management approaches are in progress (NRP Pilat and Chambarans), a local scene where no conflict is visible in the public arena (the township of La Grave - Villar d'Arene). Our results show that although the controversy is rooted in conflicts on the field, there would be no copresence between opposing stakeholders. First, in the absence of conflict, the scene of La Grave is disconnected from the network. Second, critics of motorized recreation rally in controversy but do not try to act directly on the field. By contrast, the defenders of those activities imply them at both levels. Finally, managers and actors in charge of environmental police who face the management of the activities, build relationships in the field and at a national level, with both defenders and detractors of motorized recreation, sometimes becoming gateways actors. From a theoretical and methodological point of view, tools for visualization and network analysis have shown their interest in the context of the actor-network theory: perspectives appear to be rich. Key words : Sociology, off road motorized recreation, Actor-Network Theory, viualization and network analysis, controversy, conflicts, management.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-27T12:00:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDBB.pdf: 8231407 bytes, checksum: 3d172fe38fac5d5edc4799c731b72684 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-31T17:24:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDBB.pdf: 8231407 bytes, checksum: 3d172fe38fac5d5edc4799c731b72684 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-31T17:24:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDBB.pdf: 8231407 bytes, checksum: 3d172fe38fac5d5edc4799c731b72684 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T17:31:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseDBB.pdf: 8231407 bytes, checksum: 3d172fe38fac5d5edc4799c731b72684 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Brazil changed after the Potuguese Royal Family arrives in 1808. One of it was the founda-tion of the Royal Press and the law that allowed to print books and newspapers in Brazilian soil. There are a lot of social, educational and political changes since then. Scientific re-searches are developed and technological systems are deployed, brought from Europe. In 1875, “A Provincia de São Paulo” was created associated to republican and abolitionsit groups, showing the news in São Paulo, Brazil and in the world. In that time, science and technology were becoming common at the urban life and generated public discussions. The newspaper is a plivilage sphere to circulate ideas about that. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the publications about science and technology in that journal about two themes: the Teory of Evolution and the gauges standardization in the construction of the railroads in Bra-zil. The analysis of the controversies is the specific objective. The analysis methodology is composed by two steps: the first one works with boards, facilitating the categorization and description, that shows all publicated information in the scientific and technological sections of the newspaper: “Secção Scientifica” and “Secção Industrial”. The second methodological step is based on the Social Studies of Science and Technology, specifically in two theoretical currents: the Empirical Programme of Relativism (EPOR) and the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT). The categories of analizys come from this theorical and methodological approach, that allow to identify authors and contextualize them to the social and historical analyzed period, to observate motivations, approaches, informations, editorial lines, biases and arguments about the clash involving the scientific theories and technological develop-ment. The time cut comprises from the inauguration of “A Província de São Paulo”, in Janu-ary 4th 1875, to the year of the Republic Proclamation, until December 1889. The first analy-sis refers to the discussion of railroad technology and the controversy over the standardization of gauges. There are two sides: the first one defends the narrow gauge (there are less technical information and more authorial retorical) and the second one defends the large gauge (there are more scientific and technological references). These discussions were between two engi-neers and shareholders of the “Companhia Paulista” with economic interests about the rail-road development. The temporary closure was in favor of the large gauge. The second analy-sis is about the discussion of the Theory of Evolution between 1875 and 1886, involving mostly the defense of the Darwinists ideas. In two moments, authors of different thoughts discussed in the pages of the newspaper. They were, mostly, men of science and defended these interests groups. As a result, they created favorable and receptive agendas to Darwin‟s theories. In both cases, it was possible to evidence the motivations and the artifices involved in the contest, which includes epistemic and non-epistemic arguments, confirming the social construction of technological and scientific processes. / Entre as mudanças ocorridas no Brasil após a chegada da família real portuguesa em 1808 está a fundação da Imprensa Régia, que permitiu impressões de jornais e livros em solo brasi-leiro. O país passa por mudanças sociais, educacionais e políticas a partir de então, com o desenvolvimento de pesquisas científicas e implantação de sistemas tecnológicos trazidos da Europa. Em 1875, nasceu o jornal “A Provincia de São Paulo” com perfil republicano e aboli-cionista, relatando os principais acontecimentos da cidade de São Paulo, da província e do Brasil, relacionando o desenvolvimento nacional a outras realidades do mundo. Neste perío-do, a ciência e a tecnologia estiveram presentes no cotidiano dos grupos sociais e geraram discussões diversas. O jornal é um veículo que favorece a circulação destas ideias em diversas esferas. Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar as controvérsias científicas e tecnológicas veicu-ladas no referido jornal, relativas a dois temas: a Teoria da Evolução e a padronização das bitolas na construção de estradas de ferro. A metodologia de análise é composta por duas eta-pas: a primeira compreendeu a construção de quadros de análise para categorização e caracte-rização de todos os textos publicados na “Secção Scientifica”, editoria reservada pelo jornal para a discussão de temas científicos; e “Secção Industrial”, destinada a temas tecnológicos. A segunda etapa, de análise em profundidade, está fundamentada nos Estudos Sociais da Ciên-cia e da Tecnologia, especificamente em duas correntes: o “Programa Empírico do Relativis-mo” (EPOR na sigla em inglês) e os “Estudos da Construção Social da Tecnologia” (SCOT). Desta abordagem teórico-metodológica foram extraídas as categorias de análise do trabalho que permitiram identificar autores e contextualizá-los ao período sócio-histórico estudado, observar motivações, abordagens, informações, linhas editoriais, vieses e argumentações refe-rentes ao embate envolvendo as teorias científicas e tecnologias concorrentes. O recorte tem-poral compreende da inauguração do jornal, em quatro de janeiro de 1875, até o ano da pro-clamação da República, compreendendo até 31 de dezembro de 1889. A primeira análise em profundidade se refere à discussão da tecnologia das estradas de ferro e a controvérsia da pa-dronização das bitolas. Há duas séries destinadas a esse tema, uma defendendo a bitola estrei-ta (com menos detalhes técnicos e mais retórica do autor) e outra defendendo a bitola larga (com mais referências a cientistas e pesquisas acadêmicas). Esta contenda ocorreu entre enge-nheiros e acionistas da Companhia Paulista com interesses econômicos no desenvolvimento das vias férreas, com encerramento temporário em favor da bitola larga. A segunda análise em profundidade se refere à Teoria da Evolução, tratada de 1875 a 1886, envolvendo majoritari-amente a defesa dos ideais darwinistas. Em dois momentos, autores de pontos de vista contrá-rios defenderam suas ideias, digladiando nas páginas do jornal. Os autores eram, em sua mai-oria, homens de ciência, e defendiam grupos de interesse com este perfil. Como resultado, criaram-se ao longo dos anos analisados, agendas favoráveis e receptivas às teorias de Dar-win. Em ambos os casos, pôde-se evidenciar as motivações e os artifícios envolvidos na con-tenda, que abrangeram argumentos epistêmicos e não epistêmicos, confirmando a construção social dos processos tecnológicos e científicos.

O Brasil possui a segunda maior população bovina do planeta. É também o segundo maior produtor de carne bovina do mundo (ultrapassado somente pelos Estados Unidos) e o maior exportador deste produto. O mesmo sucesso ocorre com a avicultura e a suinocultura nacional. Em paralelo a esta dinâmica de crescimento do sistema-carne, tem-se verificado a emergência de discursos críticos à pecuária e ao consumo de carne em geral, sejam eles vinculados à militância por direitos e bem-estar animal, ou às questões envolvendo o meio-ambiente e a saúde humana. Através de metodologia qualitativa e etnográfica, este trabalho contrasta os argumentos e expressões retóricas de representantes e críticos da carne em três principais eixos: relações humano-animais e socioambientais envolvidas na produção de carne; carnivorismo e comensalismo; impactos do consumo de carne na constituição biológica e moral do ser humano. A partir da ideia de rastreamento de fluxos discursivos, a pesquisa visa mapear a paisagem fenomenal das contemporâneas “guerras da carne”, procurando elencar elementos para responder à seguinte questão: o que está em jogo, para as sociedades modernas, quando produzem e consomem carne? / Brazil possesses the second largest bovine population in the world. It is also the second largest producer of beef (surpassed only by the United States of America), as well as the largest world exporter of this product. The same success occurs with Brazilian aviculture and swine breeding. However, an emerging criticism of stockbreeding and meat consumption in general has marked a parallel presence to this ever expanding meat system. They are linked to militancy in favor of animal wellbeing and rights and questions involving the environment and human health. Through qualitative and ethnographic analysis, the investigation contrasts the arguments and rhetorical expressions of meat representatives and critics in three main axes: human-animal relations and environmental issues involved in the production of meat; carnivorism and commensalism; impacts of meat consumption on biological and moral constitution of the human-being. Through the idea of tracking discursive flows, the research aims to chart the phenomenal landscape of contemporary “meat wars”, seeking elements to answer the follow question: what is at stake for modern societies when they produce and consume meat?

O Brasil possui a segunda maior população bovina do planeta. É também o segundo maior produtor de carne bovina do mundo (ultrapassado somente pelos Estados Unidos) e o maior exportador deste produto. O mesmo sucesso ocorre com a avicultura e a suinocultura nacional. Em paralelo a esta dinâmica de crescimento do sistema-carne, tem-se verificado a emergência de discursos críticos à pecuária e ao consumo de carne em geral, sejam eles vinculados à militância por direitos e bem-estar animal, ou às questões envolvendo o meio-ambiente e a saúde humana. Através de metodologia qualitativa e etnográfica, este trabalho contrasta os argumentos e expressões retóricas de representantes e críticos da carne em três principais eixos: relações humano-animais e socioambientais envolvidas na produção de carne; carnivorismo e comensalismo; impactos do consumo de carne na constituição biológica e moral do ser humano. A partir da ideia de rastreamento de fluxos discursivos, a pesquisa visa mapear a paisagem fenomenal das contemporâneas “guerras da carne”, procurando elencar elementos para responder à seguinte questão: o que está em jogo, para as sociedades modernas, quando produzem e consomem carne? / Brazil possesses the second largest bovine population in the world. It is also the second largest producer of beef (surpassed only by the United States of America), as well as the largest world exporter of this product. The same success occurs with Brazilian aviculture and swine breeding. However, an emerging criticism of stockbreeding and meat consumption in general has marked a parallel presence to this ever expanding meat system. They are linked to militancy in favor of animal wellbeing and rights and questions involving the environment and human health. Through qualitative and ethnographic analysis, the investigation contrasts the arguments and rhetorical expressions of meat representatives and critics in three main axes: human-animal relations and environmental issues involved in the production of meat; carnivorism and commensalism; impacts of meat consumption on biological and moral constitution of the human-being. Through the idea of tracking discursive flows, the research aims to chart the phenomenal landscape of contemporary “meat wars”, seeking elements to answer the follow question: what is at stake for modern societies when they produce and consume meat?

Submitted by Priscilla Araujo (priscilla@ibict.br) on 2016-08-01T19:17:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese para impressao capa dura.pdf: 10961165 bytes, checksum: 7edabf37c43d0eee06e3701d01e9670a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-01T19:17:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese para impressao capa dura.pdf: 10961165 bytes, checksum: 7edabf37c43d0eee06e3701d01e9670a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Discute a dinâmica de validação da informação na Wikipédia. Descreve a cultura colaborativa da Wikipédia, identifica verbetes construídos colaborativamente, investiga o processo de validação social dos verbetes construídos de forma colaborativa e descreve como a web é considerada um espaço de produção de sentido por meio de discurso argumentativo. É usada a cartografia das controvérsias e a análise de redes sociais para compreender as dinâmicas infocomunicacionais de um grupo de pessoas com interesse em discutir uma lista de verbetes que devem constar em todas as Wikipédias. Conclui-se que, de acordo com as propostas teóricas de Jürgen Habermas, a Wikipédia é um ambiente discursivamente emancipatório e construído a partir do discurso argumentativo habermasiano. / It discusses the dynamic validation of information on Wikipedia. It describes the collaborative culture of Wikipedia entries built collaboratively, It investigates the process of social validation of entries constructed collaboratively and It describes how the web is considered an area of production of meaning through argumentative discourse. It is used mapping of controversies and social network analysis to understand the infocommunicative dynamics of a group of people interested in discussing a list of entries to be included in all Wikipedias. In conclusion, according to the theoretical proposals of Jürgen Habermas, Wikipedia is an emancipatory discourse environment and It is built according to Habermasian argumentative discourse.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T13:54:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA CAROLINE NERES CASTRO LICAR.pdf: 749410 bytes, checksum: e9b60d0a08073ddc874d3a319c5e90d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-17 / This work to analyze the historical nature of power relations - from the perspective Foucaultians - within the public school's primary capital of Maranhão, in the first decade of the twentieth century. In this analysis, the object of study has been controversy over the books of the Model School Benedito Leite, especially The Writings Rudimentary Primer (1908), involving Barbosa Godoy, author of the booklet and director of the Normal and Model Schools, and Antonio Lobo, Inspector Public Instruction in 1911. The rejection of the primer, to initiate the reading of the 1st year of School Model, by Inspector of Public Instruction, gave rise to intense debate regarding the application of intuitive and analytical methods. As background to the controversy, highlights the struggle for power understood as true discourse in the educational field, fought between Lobo and Godoi through his speeches materialized in the newspaper Diario do Maranhão. This work is entered in the field of material culture school and the methodology used was based on circumstantial paradigm of Ginzburg (1989), where, through the analysis of the sources, we sought evidence of the use of technologies employed in power relations within the school field. For this analysis were used, regulations, laws, decrees, newspaper articles and works published by those involved in the controversy. It was found that the school is a place of power relations, where the disciplinary power through hierarchical supervision, control the activity and time were the main power devices used in view of the civilizing project of the nation. / Este trabalho de natureza histórica objetiva analisar as relações de poder sob a perspectiva foucaultina no espaço escolar público primário da capital maranhense, na primeira década do século XX. Nessa análise, o objeto de estudo foi polêmica sobre os livros da Escola- Modelo Benedito Leite, principalmente, a cartilha Escripta rudimentar (1908), envolvendo Barbosa de Godóis, autor da cartilha e diretor das escolas Normal e Modelo, e Antônio Lobo, inspetor da Instrução pública, em 1911. A rejeição da cartilha, para a iniciação à leitura dos alunos do 1º ano da Escola-Modelo, pela Inspetoria da Instrução pública, fez emergir intenso debate a respeito da aplicação dos métodos intuitivo e analítico. Como pano de fundo para a polêmica, evidencia-se a disputa por poder entendido como discurso verdadeiro no campo pedagógico, travada entre Lobo e Godóis por meio de seus discursos materializados no jornal Diário do Maranhão. Este trabalho está inserido no campo da cultura material escolar e a metodologia utilizada pautou-se no paradigma indiciário de Ginzburg (1989), onde, por meio da análise das fontes, buscou-se os indícios da utilização de tecnologias de poder empregadas nas relações dentro do campo escolar. Para esta análise foram utilizados, regulamentos, leis, decretos, artigos de jornais e obras publicadas pelos envolvidos na polêmica. Constatou-se que a escola é um espaço de relações de poder, onde o poder disciplinar por meio da vigilância hierárquica, controle da atividade e do tempo foram os principais dispositivos de poder utilizados, tendo em vista o projeto civilizador da nação.

Esta tese aborda o fenômeno da complexidade da educação a distância e semipresencial segundo referenciais conceituais da modalidade, em diálogo com teorias sobre a comunicação digital, a epistemologia da complexidade, a teoria ator-rede e a cartografia das controvérsias. Investiga quem são os atores que constituem o agregado social educação a distância através do mapeamento de conflitos no fórum geral de discussão do primeiro curso semipresencial da USP, o curso de Licenciatura em Ciências, no período de novembro de 2010 a novembro de 2011. Na perspectiva deste trabalho, as controvérsias ocorreram devido à prevalência de uma visão humanocêntrica que deposita nos atores humanos a proeminência e a prevalência das ações, não reconhece que objetos, processos, encontros, entre outros actantes, são também mediadores e não simples intermediários ou atores coadjuvantes. A pesquisa procura demonstrar que a compreensão do que seja o social, conforme a Teoria Ator Rede, pode ajudar a explicar e a superar os entraves que a modalidade da educação a distância ainda enfrenta na sociedade brasileira. / This thesis approaches the phenomenon of complexity of distance and blended education according to conceptual references of the modality, in a dialogue with theories about digital communication, the epistemology of complexity, the actor-network theory, and the cartography of controversies. It investigates who are the actors that constitute the social aggregate of the distance education through mapping of the conflicts which arose in the general discussion forum of the first blended course taught at the University of São Paulo, Licentiate in Sciences, from November 2010 to November 2011. Under the perspective of this work, the controversies originated due to the prevalence of a view, which assigns to human actors the prominence and the prevalence of the actions and does not recognize that objects, processes, meetings, and encounters, among other, are also mediators and not just mere intermediary or supporting actors. This research intends to demonstrate that the understanding of what the social is, according to the actor-network theory, may help to explain and overcome the hindrance that the distance education modality still faces within Brazilian society.

Les albigeois sont des fidèles d’une hérésie médiévale qui s’est amplement développée dans le sud de la France et a disparu vers le XIVe siècle à cause de la croisade albigeoise et de la poursuite de l’Inquisition. Mais curieusement, ils se sont placés de nouveau au centre du débat catholiques-protestants deux siècles plus tard, car les savants de l’époque croyaient qu’ils étaient les ancêtres des protestants français. Du XVIe au XVIIe siècle, même jusqu’au XVIIIe siècle, la divergence entre les catholiques et les protestants donne lieu à des affrontements dans presque tous les domaines, tandis que, paradoxalement, ils se rencontrent dans l’idée de la filiation albigeois-protestants. Ce phénomène est en rapport étroit avec les stratégies apologétique des deux camps antagonistes d’alors et aussi avec les circonstances religieuses, politiques, voire sociales de la France depuis la Réforme. Les défenseurs de l’Église traditionnelle puisent leur inspiration dans l’histoire de la croisade albigeoise et veulent, en la citant comme exemple, écraser leurs ennemis. Les protestants font également attention à cette histoire, mais ce qu’ils y découvrent, ce sont la résonance produite par les persécutions semblables à celles de l’ancienne époque et une opportunité potentielle dont ils pourraient profiter pour augmenter leur chance de succès dans la controverse, surtout en ce qui concerne la question de la généalogie protestante. Ainsi, les albigeois sont peu à peu intégrés dans l’histoire du protestantisme français. Pourtant, cette généalogie, bien qu’elle se diffuse largement, ne peut pas s’éterniser dans l’Histoire, puisqu’au demeurant, elle est une production imaginaire et, à partir du milieu du XIXe siècle, elle disparaît progressivement. / The albigensian movement was a Christian heresy which arose in southern France in the High Middle Ages and disappeared in the fourteenth century. However, during the sixteenth century, this heresy was generally considered as the forerunner of French Protestantism. At that time, the Catholics and the Protestants were antagonistic in regards to almost every topic, but strangely they held identical views towards the “genealogy” between the albigensians and the Protestants. This phenomenon is closely related to the political and religious situation and the polemical strategies of the two sides in France since the Reformation. The Catholics are inspired by the albigensian crusade to eliminate the heretics. As for the Protestants, on one hand, the albigensians’ persecution facilitates reflection on their own experience; on the other hand, it provides an opportunity for them to turn adversity and defeat into victory in the conflict with the Catholics. Since then, the albigensian history is integrated into the history of the French protestant church. But, this genealogy, although it is widely spread, could not continue to be taken in History, because it is after all an imagination.