A l’heure où des réformes proposent de réintroduire la morale à l’école, il est pertinent de s’interroger sur les conceptions qu’ont les individus des valeurs. Cette étude propose une approche comparatiste et croisée des représentations sociales de la tolérance, de la liberté et de la démocratie dans deux groupes marqués par des différences culturelles. Ainsi, des sujets français et libanais proches du milieu éducatif ont participé à ce travail de recherche dont l’objectif est d’examiner certains aspects de l’éducation aux valeurs. Dans une première partie empirique, à partir d’une tâche d’association libre sur mot inducteur « tolérance », les données ont été traitées par le biais d’une analyse prototypique, une analyse de similitude et une analyse multidimensionnelle. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la tolérance est associée à des valeurs et à des thèmes relatifs aux spécificités de chaque société. Des divergences intergroupes et intragroupes sont constatées dans la représentation de la tolérance. Cela rend compte que cette valeur s’inscrit dans une diversité culturelle malgré des consensus attitudinaux apparents. La deuxième partie empirique compare la représentation sociale de la « liberté » et de « la démocratie en tant que valeur universelle » entre des étudiants français et libanais. Nous constatons que la liberté est associée à des domaines plurivalents et qu’elle fonctionne comme un « nexus » (Rouquette, 1994). Quant à la représentation de la démocratie en tant que valeur universelle, elle fait référence à des valeurs tout en s’inscrivant en tant que mode de gouvernement et en suscitant une certaine vision de la démocratie. Outre les différences culturelles, les résultats soulignent que des divergences intragroupes apparaissent lorsque les valeurs se transforment en situations sociétales concrètes. La discussion de l’ensemble de ces études souligne l’importance de tenir compte des conflits de valeurs (évoqués par plusieurs auteurs) dans la question de transmission de valeurs à l’école. / At a time when reforms propose to reintroduce ethics at school, it is pertinent to question the conceptions that individuals have about values. This study proposes a crossed and comparatist approach of social representations of tolerance, liberty and democracy in two groups marked by cultural differences. Thus, French and Lebanese subjects within the domain of education participated in this research work with the objective being to examine certain aspects of the education of values. In the first empirical part, starting from a task of free association on the inductor word “tolerance,” the data was treated through a prototypical analysis, an analysis of similitude and a multidimensional analysis. The results obtained show that tolerance is associated to values and themes relative to the specificities of each society. Intergroup and intragroup divergences were noted in the representation of tolerance. This demonstrates that this value correlates to a cultural diversity despite apparent attitudinal consensuses. The second empirical part compares the social representation of “liberty” and “democracy as a universal value” between French and Lebanese students. We notice that liberty is associated to polyvalent domains and that it functions as a “nexus” (Rouquette, 1994). As for the representation of democracy as a universal value, it references values all the while representing a mode of government and generating a certain vision of democracy. In addition to the cultural differences, the results underline that intragroup divergences appear when values transform into concrete societal situations. The discussion of the ensemble of these studies underlines the importance of taking into account conflicts of values (evoked by several authors) in the question of transmission of values in school.

[pt] Nesta dissertação realizamos uma análise do modelo de financiamento público proposto para o audiovisual no Brasil, e seu impacto nos diferentes estados. Ao constatarmos que a indústria audiovisual nacional apresenta uma expressiva concentração regional da produção e do consumo, optamos por investigar o impacto dessa concentração no desenvolvimento cultural e social do país. Além disso, identificamos possíveis alternativas de desconcentração, a exemplo dos mecanismos de incentivo estaduais que têm sido desenvolvidos na Bahia. Esperamos que esse estudo possa contribuir para o debate sobre a realidade da concentração da indústria audiovisual existente no Brasil. / [en] In this dissertation we performed an analysis of the public financing model proposed for the audiovisual industry in Brazil, and its impact by the different states of the country. Considering that the national audiovisual industry has a significant regional concentration of its production and consumption, we chose to investigate the consequences of this concentration on cultural and social development of the country. Besides that, we identified alternatives of desconcentration, such as local incentive mechanisms that have been developed in Bahia. We hope this study contribute to the discussion of the concentration of the audiovisual industry reality that exists in Brazil.

[pt] A dissertação visou acompanhar um pouco da evolução do sistema de ensino público no Brasil, partindo da década de 1930 até a atualidade buscando compreender as possíveis causas de seu persistente déficit qualitativo, não obstante os avanços alcançados, quanto à expansão do acesso ao ensino, desde o final da década de 1980. Identificamos como um dos importantes componentes para sua condição qualitativamente deficitária a forma conservadora como veio se desenvolvendo o sistema de ensino no país, a qual se mostrou relacionada à forma invertida como se desenvolveram os direitos de cidadania no Brasil. Partiu-se da premissa neste trabalho de que a educação pública como está constituída não se apresenta como democrática, dado que não capacita a todos em igualdade de condições, a despeito de suas diferenças culturais, de renda, gênero, cor ou região, o que acaba permitindo que as desigualdades sociais se reflitam nas desigualdades escolares e sejam reproduzidas fora da escola. A compreensão da educação como e para o exercício dos direitos de cidadania, associada à percepção de que um dos motivos para sua qualidade deficitária seja justamente o esvaziamento de sua condição de direito, nos levou a concluir que uma das possíveis alternativas para o problema do déficit educacional público seria o estabelecimento de uma educação orientada pelos direitos humanos e de cidadania, haja vista que esta favoreceria o fortalecimento dos grupos desfavorecidos na sociedade civil, tornando-os potenciais sujeitos políticos conscientes de seus direitos e deveres de cidadania, mais aptos à participação política e à luta por realização de direitos. / [en] This dissertation has analyzed the Brazilian Public eaching System since the 30`s until nowadays and tried to understand some causes of its quality deficit despite the improvements on the access to basic education observed since the 80`s. Considering the causes of this deficit it is possible to stress that Brazilian education has been developed in a conservative pattern, which is following the inverted citizenship rights development in Brazil. This work followed the idea that public education, as constituted, is not democratic, as it does not make all individuals capable under the same conditions, despite their cultural, income, color or regional differences, what allows the social inequalities to reflect on the school inequalities, becoming natural inside school and reproducing the inequalities outside it. In this case, the comprehension of education as and to the exercising of citizenship rights, associated to the realization that one of the reasons to its deficient quality is exactly the exhaustion of its condition of being a right, lead us to the conclusion that one of the main alternatives to the deficiency of public education in Brazil would be the establishment of education oriented by the human and of citizenship rights. Education that, by having its structure and pedagogical practice oriented by rights, besides stimulating the development of critic, autonomous and reflexive pedagogic individuals, would favor the strengthening of the unprotected groups in civil society, making them potential political subjects aware of their rights and duties if citizenship, more capable to political participation and to fight for their rights.

Background: In modern times it is undeniable that companies that foster diversity have been able to gain an edge over their competitors. Warehouses as every other workplace are trying to follow the trend of economic globalization and a study towards managing the diversity needs to be conducted in order to evaluate the processes that the managers within the warehouses use in order to integrate the workforce effectively. Method: This research uses a qualitative approach which involved semi structured interviews with 5 warehouses that operate within Jonkoping. The study is perceived through an interpretive research philosophy with an inductive research approach. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how cultural diversity is managed at the warehouses within Jonkoping. Also, a further research is conducted on how the tools and processes available to the managers working within the warehouse industry can help them foster diversity within their company. Conclusion: The results depict that the idea of having culturally diverse work teams is becoming increasingly popular and mangers working within the warehouse industry seem to take more interest in hiring people coming from different backgrounds. The major benefits of having a racially mixed team identified by managers were creativity and innovation. The major challenge that was brought up by managers was their ability to be responsive and adaptable towards the needs of their employees.

Cette étude relève de la didactique des langues-cultures. Elle s’appuie sur une problématique constitutive de notre moment historique-social, la cohabitation avec un autre beaucoup plus proche de soi, et la reconnaissance de son égalité. Ce travail de recherche n’est qu’une approche dans un temps et un lieu spécifique : il se situe au Brésil, a pour toile de fond une société très diversifiée dans tous les sens et se soutient sur le processus d’enseignement-apprentissage du FLE d’un public étudiant d’une université publique au Minas Gerais. Parmi les différents vecteurs dont dispose l’apprenant pour construire des représentations sur l’étranger et les autres cultures, nous avons voulu vérifier la participation des manuels utilisés en salle de classe comme matériel de base de connaissance et reconnaissance de la langue-culture francophone, et nous avons posé les questions de recherche suivantes : - Les méthodes de FLE, vont-elles dans les sens de la construction d’une compétence pluriculturelle ? - La réalité française exposée dans le contenu de ces méthodes montre une France ouverte à d’autres cultures ? - L’espace représenté est de même, le plus souvent, celui de l’Hexagone. Qu’en est-il des pays francophones, qu’en est-il des pays où la langue est utilisée pour des raisons historiques, culturelles ou économiques ? Nous proposons une analyse du rôle des acteurs du processus d’enseignement-apprentissage d’une langue étrangère, et nous présentons les méthodes de FLE retenues pour ce travail, notamment en ce qui concerne le contenu culturel des manuels, divisé en deux catégories : la diversité des espaces et lieux et la diversité sociale. Pour mener bien à cette étude, nous avons conduit des enquêtes par questionnaires afin de mettre en évidence le contenu des représentations des apprenants utilisateurs des manuels choisis. / This dissertation highlights the didactics of languages-cultures. It is based on a constitutive problem of our socio-historical moment: living together with an Other a lot closer to Oneself, and recognizing this Other as an Equal. This research work is not but an approach in a specific time and place: it is located in Brazil; it has as a backcloth a society very diversified in all senses, and it has as a scope the process of teaching-learning French as a Foreign Language related to college students in a public university in Minas Gerais state. Among the various vectors that the learner deploys in order to build representations of foreign countries and other cultures, we have chosen to verify the role of the textbooks used in the classroom as basic material to acquire knowledge of the foreign language and recognition of the francophone culture. The research questions we have posed in this regard were the following: - Do the textbooks of French as a Foreign Language go in the direction of building multicultural competence? - Does the French reality exposed in the contents of these textbooks depict France as a country open to other cultures? - Since the space represented is, most of the time, just the Hexagon, what about the francophone countries, where the language is used for historical, cultural or economic reasons? We propose an analysis of the role the actors play in the process of teaching-learning a foreign language. We thus present the textbooks highlighted for this work, notably regarding the cultural contents they encompass, divided into two categories: the diversity of spaces and places, and the social diversity. To render this study feasible, we have conducted surveys using questionnaires, so that we could reveal the content of the representations of the learners using the chosen textbooks.

Nas últimas décadas, produtores simbólicos ditos independentes têm ampliado sua presença no espaço público. Esse adjetivo passou a funcionar como critério distintivo, condensando modos de intervenção intelectual e política que descrevem e prescrevem estilos de presença na produção cultural. Esta tese tem por objetos o desenvolvimento de um debate sobre editores, editoras, livros e publicações independentes em escala transnacional e seu enraizamento no Brasil e na Argentina. Estudam-se os materiais intelectuais, os agenciamentos coletivos e as políticas setoriais e públicas referentes a esse universo. Discute-se a (re)emergência da noção de editor(a) independente e a inscrição sócio-institucional dos agentes engajados em defini-la, difundi-la, adotá-la ou recusá-la. O objetivo foi compreender que sentidos essa categoria classificatória assume; a que posturas ideológicas, estéticas e políticas ela remete em cada caso; e a que condicionantes sociais podem ser atribuídas as diferenças e semelhanças entre os casos estudados. / In recent decades, the so-called \"independent\" symbolic producers have increased their presence in the public space. This adjective began to function as a criterion of distinction, summarizing ways of intellectual and political intervention that describe and prescribe certain styles of cultural production. This thesis addresses the development of a debate on \"independent\" publishers, publishing houses, books and publications on a transnational scale, as well as its specificities in Brazil and Argentina. The intellectual materials, collective bodies and sectoral and public policies on this universe were studied. The public appearance of the notion of \"independent\" publishing is discussed, as well as the social and institutional position of the agents engaged in its definition, diffusion, adoption or rejection. The purpose was to understand which meanings this classification category assumes, to which ideological, aesthetic and political positions it refers in each case, and to which social conditions the differences and similarities among the cases studied can be attributed.

Os estudos sobre a diversidade cultural na Organização do Conhecimento estão imbricados na temática do local/global. Em uma sociedade da informação globalizada, aspectos culturais e éticos adquirem grande relevância nas discussões sobre as implicações da utilização de sistemas de organização do conhecimento em escala global/local. Enquanto produtos culturais, os sistemas de organização do conhecimento expressam valores, que podem ser analisados do ponto de vista das garantias sobre as quais tais sistemas se constituem. As garantias estão sempre presentes em sistemas de organização o conhecimento, embora nem sempre sejam aplicadas de modo consciente e sistemático, ou mesmo apresentadas de modo transparente para os usuários dos sistemas. Desse modo, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o conceito de garantias como ferramenta teórico-metodológica que, em suas diversas formas, pode contribuir para a incorporação da diversidade cultural às práticas da Organização do Conhecimento. Parte da hipótese de que formas de garantias estão sendo desenvolvidas e/ou reformuladas para permitir a elaboração de sistemas organização do conhecimento que incorporem a diversidade cultural como valor ético. Discute os conceitos de cultura, diversidade cultural, globalização e sociedade da informação como elementos-chave em estudos voltados para as dimensões cultural e ética da Organização do Conhecimento. Discute os pressupostos teóricos dos conceitos de garantia, garantia literária, garantia cultural e garantia ética. Identifica demais formas de garantias propostas na literatura da área para verificar o contexto de uso das garantias, a precisão conceitual dos termos e identificar suas possíveis inter-relações por meio da análise de artigos publicados em periódicos acadêmicos e da construção de um glossário com os termos identificados. Verifica que as discussões de conceitos já estabelecidos, como os de garantia cultural e garantia do usuário, e a formulação de outras garantias, tais como a garantia autopoiética ou a garantia do ponto de vista podem ser relacionadas à incorporação da diversidade cultural às práticas da Organização do Conhecimento. / Research about cultural diversity in Knowledge Organization is connected to the theme local/global. In a globalized information society, cultural and ethical aspects come to the fore in discussions about the implications of using knowledge organization systems in a global/local scale. As cultural products, knowledge organization systems embody values which can be analyzed from the standpoint of the warrants on which they are based. Warrants are always present in knowledge organization systems, even though they are not always applied consistently and systematically, or even made transparent to the users of such systems. Thus, the objective of this research is to analyze the concept of warrants as a theoretical and methodological tool which, in its various forms, may contribute to the integration of cultural diversity to knowledge organization practice. The research is based on the hypothesis that forms of warrant are being developed and/or reconceptualized to allow for the design of knowledge organization systems in which cultural diversity is integrated as an ethical value. It discusses the concepts of culture, cultural diversity, globalization and information society as key elements in research about the ethical and cultural dimensions of Knowledge Organization. It discusses the theoretical framework of the concepts of warrant, literary warrant, cultural warrant and ethical warrant. It identifies other forms of warrant in the literature to analyze their context of use, their conceptual accuracy and potential inter-relations through a survey of the terms in conceptual papers to write a glossary. It was noted that research about more established concepts, such as cultural warrant and user warrant, and the development of other warrants, such as autopoietic warrant or viewpoint warrant are related to the integration of cultural diversity in knowledge organization practice.

O presente estudo trata da experiência educativa do Barracão de Ideias, ocorrida na cidade do Salvador-Ba, no âmbito da Educação Básica da rede privada de ensino, que vem sendo sistematizada desde 2011. O objeto deste estudo foi a investigação acerca da prática educacional do coletivo do Barracão de Ideias, à luz de duas categorias de análise: currículo e lugar, sendo para isso necessário compreender os mecanismos de produção e manutenção de ambiguidades e ambivalências presentes na tradição do currículo escolar brasileiro, como lugar de silenciamento das diversidades, dos espaços de representação de outras legitimidades social, cultural, estética, política e ideológica, e de que maneira a prática pedagógica do Barracão de Ideias se constitui em um instrumento de desmascaramento e problematização dessas ambivalências. / The current study deals with the educational experience of the Shack of Ideas which takes place in the city of Salvador-Bahia, in the scope of Basic Education of the private school system, systematized since 2011. The object of this study was the investigation about the educational practice of the collective of Shack of Ideas, in the light of two categories of analysis: curriculum and place. Thus, we sought to understand the mechanisms of production and maintenance of ambiguities and ambivalences present in the tradition of the Brazilian school curriculum, as a place of silencing of diversity, of the representation spaces of other social, cultural, aesthetic, political and ideological legitimacy and of how the pedagogical practice of the Shack of Ideas constitutes an instrument of unmasking and problematizing of these ambivalences.

Devido aos avancos da tecnologia da informacao e comunicacao, vive-se um momento marcado pelo aumento da quantidade de informacoes disponiveis na Internet, bem como pelo acelerado crescimento do numero de pessoas conectadas a rede. As bibliotecas, diante disso, tiveram que atender a demanda de clientes e usuarios de disponibilizar diversos produtos e servicos na internet. Houve uma ampliacao do publico de uma biblioteca digital, que embora planejada para uma populacao local, passou a ser regional, nacional e, ate mesmo, internacional. Acentua-se, portanto, uma preocupacao: o acesso universal, acessibilidade e usabilidade que a tecnologia pode proporcionar a uma sociedade que requer informacao em qualquer lugar e horario, para todos os tipos de usuarios em seus contextos individuais de busca. Tal preocupacao evidencia algumas lacunas do conhecimento sobre como considerar publicos de culturas distintas em projeto e avaliação de bibliotecas digitais e como considerar as diferencas culturais no uso e na usabilidade. O objetivo dessa dissertacao e investigar como o tema da diversidade cultural esta sendo abordada em estudos sobre usabilidade de bibliotecas digitais, por meio de mapeamento e revisao da literatura localizada e disponivel, de modo a contribuir para uma sistematização sobre o tema.. Apesar de embrionario, as conclusoes dessa pesquisa acerca da influencia da diversidade cultural na usabilidade de sistemas digitais podem ser aplicados e discutidos no ambito da Ciencia da Informacao, especialmente para o tema das Bibliotecas Digitais. / Due to advances in information and communication technologies, we can see the increasing amount of information available on the Internet and the rapid growth in the number of people connected to the network. The libraries have changed the way they serve customers and users and made available a lot of products and services on the Web and are increasingly serving worldwide audience. Even if initially designed for a local population, a digital library is now serving a regional, national and even international audience. And now it concerns about universal access, usability and accessibility of the systems that would provide information at any time and any place for all users in their individual search contexts. This concern highlights a few gaps about how to embody audiences from different cultures in digital library design and evaluation and how to consider cultural differences in the usability studies. This dissertations goal is to investigate how cultural diversity has been addressed in digital libraries usability studies, through research in diverse publications about the topic. Although this them is in a initial stage of research, the findings of this study about the influence of cross-cultural usability of digital systems can be applied and discussed within the Information Science, especially in the Digital Libraries topic.

[pt] Trata o presente estudo da adoção de ações afirmativas no ensino superior público no Brasil, especificamente, na Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi analisar a experiência das ações afirmativas, modalidade cotas, implementadas no ano de 2003, pela UERJ, sua gênese, características, implantação e primeiros resultados. Pretendeu ainda, conhecer essa experiência mais especificamente, num espaço considerado de especial prestígio acadêmico na universidade: a Faculdade de Direito, tendo como recorte a posição de seus professores acerca daquela experiência já implementada em suas salas de aula. Optamos por uma abordagem do tipo qualitativa. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a temática das ações afirmativas, um levantamento dos documentos e estatísticas oficiais da universidade e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os professores da referida Faculdade. A experiência de 2003 demonstrou a viabilidade política e acadêmica de um acesso mais democrático aos cursos considerados de maior status social, entretanto, a questão da permanência dos alunos cotistas num quadro de insuficiência de recursos da universidade tem gerado tensões e desafios que cabem à comunidade interna da UERJ e também a externa enfrentar. / [en] The current study focuses on the adoption of affirmative action policies by the public sector higher education system in Brazil, more specifically by the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). The overall purpose of the research was to analyse the UERJ experience of introducing affirmative action in 2003 by means of a quota system, taking into consideration its genesis, characteristics, implementation and initial results. The study aimed in particular at investigating the experience within the boundaries of a highly prestigious academic space in this University - the Law School - focusing on the stance adopted by the faculty with regard tothe experience already being implemented in their classrooms. We have opted for a qualitative approach in our research. To this end, a review of the literature on the topic of affirmative action, a survey of University official documents and statistical data as well as semi-structured interviews with Law School faculty members were carried out. The 2003 experience proved the political and academic viability of a more democratic access to courses of higher social status. However, the issue of the permanence of quota students in a context where University resources are insufficient has generated tensions and challenges that both the UERJ and the wider communities will inevitably have to meet.