De nos jours, l’industrie de la microélectronique cherche à développer des composants toujours plus performants tout en réduisant la consommation d’énergie. Les solutions planaires ayant atteint leurs limites, desstructures 3D furent développées afin d’empiler verticalement les circuits. Cela nécessite une parfaite maitrise des différents procédés d’assemblage au sein desquels le collage direct de couches minces d’oxyde de silicium déposées par PECVD constitue une alternative intéressante en ce sens qu’elle permet l’élaboration à basse température de structures intégrant des couches isolantes composées d’oxyde de silicium.Le collage direct d’oxyde de silicium obtenu par voie thermique fut largement étudié par le passé. Cependant, l’utilisation d’oxyde de silicium obtenu par voie de dépôt PECVD fut jusqu’ici peu répandu dans les structures collées. L’objet de notre étude fut d’évaluer les particularités de l’oxyde de silicium déposé dans le cadre du collage direct ainsi que les mécanismes spécifiques mis en jeu lors du scellement de l’interface de collage. Le collage direct s’effectuant par la mise en contact de ces surfaces à température ambiante, puis étant généralement suivi d’un recuit de consolidation, des mécanismes particuliers auront lieu dans le volume de l’oxyde ainsi qu’à l’interface de collage permettant de différencier le comportement des oxydes déposés en collage.Dans cette étude, nous avons assemblés différentes configurations d’oxydes et montré l’influence primordiale de l’eau sur le collage direct. Il est apparu que, dès la température ambiante, cette dernière impactait déjà le collage en modifiant les propriétés physicochimiques et mécaniques de la subsurface de l’oxyde. A plus haute température, l’eau migre du volume de l’oxyde vers l’interface de collage permettant la fermeture de l’interface de collage en exacerbant les propriétés de l’oxyde précités. L’eau résultant de la fermeture de l’interface de collage est alors soit stockée à l’intérieur de cavités se formant à l’interface de collage, soit évacuée dans la subsurface de l’oxyde suivant la typologie de celui-ci. Il a également été montré que l’oxydedéposé disposait d’un profil de concentration d’eau relativement équilibré et qu’il pouvait contenir une quantité importante d’eau. Ces constations ont permis l’élaboration de structures bicouches optimisées pour le collage direct. La compréhension de ces différents mécanismes apporte un nouvel éclairage dans l’utilisation des procédés de collage direct pour les applications du futur. / Nowadays, the microelectronics industry is seeking to develop ever more efficient components while reducing energy consumption. Planar solutions having reached their limits, 3D structures were developed to vertically stack the circuits. This requires a perfect control of the different assembly processes in which the direct bonding of thin layers of silicon oxide deposited by PECVD constitutes an interesting alternative in the sense that it allows the elaboration at low temperature of structures integrating insulating layers composed of silicon oxide.The direct bonding of silicon oxide obtained by thermal oxidation has been widely studied in the past. However, the use of deposited PECVD silicon oxides has not been so far widespread in bonded structures. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the particularities of the silicon oxide deposited in the direct bonding framework as well as the specific mechanisms involved during sealing of the bonding interface. Since direct bonding takes place by bringing these surfaces into contact at room temperature and then generally followed byconsolidation annealing, special mechanisms will take place in the oxide volume and at the bonding interface to differentiate the behaviour of the PECVD deposited silicon oxides in bonding.In this study, we assembled different oxide configurations and showed the primordial influence of water on direct bonding. It appeared that, from the ambient temperature, the water was already impacting the bonding by modifying the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the oxide subsurface. At higher temperatures, the water migrates from the oxide volume to the bonding interface allowing the closing of the bonding interfaceby exacerbating the above oxide properties. The water resulting from the closing of the bonding interface is then either stored inside cavities forming at the bonding interface or discharged into the oxide subsurface dependingon the type of oxide. It was also shown that the deposited oxide had a relatively balanced water concentration profile and could contain a significant amount of water. These findings have led to the development of two-layerstructures optimized for direct bonding. Understanding these different mechanisms provides new insights into the use of direct bonding processes for future applications.

I dagens konsumentsamhälle växer hela tiden utbudet av varor och tjänster att välja mellan och därmed växer även konkurrensen mellan de olika företag som finns ute på marknaden.Utvecklingen inom direktmarknadsföringen går snabbt framåt och med framstegen inom området kommer det även fram nya sätt att nå kunderna. Individanpassade erbjudande är ett relativt nytt sätt för företagen att arbeta med i sin marknadsföring vilket gör det extra viktigt för företagen att kontrollera hur deras erbjudanden tas emot av deras kunder.Det finns många fördelar med att använda sig av personanpassad DM men självkart kan det också uppstå problem vid användandet av den här typen av erbjudanden. Ett av de främsta problemen är att det kan inkräkta den personliga integriteten hos den som mottar dem.Vår studie är en fallstudie där vi valt att inrikta oss på ICA och hur de arbetar med sin DM. Vi har valt att göra en kundundersökning med respondenter som har ICA-kort, där vi ställer frågor kring kundernas uppfattning av företagets lagring av köpbeteende och anpassade erbjudanden. Genom att göra en intervju med vår kontaktperson på företaget som har en ledande position på ICA:s marknadsavdelning, har vi fått information som hjälpt oss besvara en del av vår problemfrågeställning.Vårt syfte med studien är att undersöka och beskriva hur ICA arbetar med sin direktmarknadsföring. Vi vill skapa en förståelse kring ICA:s förhoppningar om hur deras direktmarknadsföring uppfattas av kunderna, samt om det stämmer överens med verkligheten.De problemformuleringar vi arbetat efter ser ut på följande vis:Huvudfråga: Hur uppfattas ICA:s DM-erbjudande ”mina varor” av deras kunder?Delfråga 1: Hur arbetar ICA med sin DM?Delfråga 2: Hur vill och tror ICA att deras DM-erbjudande ”mina varor” uppfattas av deras kunder?Vår undersökning visar att ICA:s personanpassade erbjudande ”mina varor” överlag är en uppskattad tjänst bland deras kunder. Problem som kan uppstå gällande inkräktande av den personliga integriteten var inte så stora som företaget själva trodde att det kunde bli vid uppstartandet av den här typen av erbjudande. Majoriteten av respondenterna i vår undersökning har angivit att de var positiva till ”mina varor”. Den största andelen kunder uppfattade också de här erbjudandena som något de ibland har nytta av och även ibland att de är relevanta för dem och deras hushåll.

Este estudo é uma reflexão sobre a prática de trabalho do registro sonoro sincrônico centrado na descrição e na análise dos procedimentos empregados na captação de som direto na realização dos longas-metragens brasileiros Contra todos e Antônia. A prática do registro sonoro sincrônico é conceituada como um método de trabalho compartilhado por uma categoria profissional, com procedimentos norteados por parâmetros técnicos que se conformaram precocemente no período de transição para o cinema sonoro durante a constituição do código de representação do cinema clássico norte-americano. Dependente da tecnologia, o método de trabalho de captação de som direto reestrutura-se com o advento de novas ferramentas, permitindo o surgimento de formas alternativas de realização. As experiências analisadas permitem perceber o amplo espectro de escolhas envolvidas na atuação do profissional do som direto, indicando a existência de uma componente criativa na aplicação e desenvolvimento desta prática de trabalho. Premissas particulares de realização, condicionantes orçamentárias e o advento de nova tecnologia estimulam o surgimento de procedimentos que dinamicamente reanimam o tradicional método de trabalho de captação de som direto. / This study is a reflection on the working methods of synchronous sound recording focusing on the description and analysis of the procedures used in the sound recording of the Brazilian feature films Contra todos and Antônia. The practice of synchronous sound recording is conceived as a working method shared by professional recordists, with procedures guided by technical parameters that surfaced very early in the transition period from silent to sound films, then to the establishment of representational standards of the American classical cinema. Being technology dependent, the working method of sound recording renews itself with the coming of new tools, that enables new ways of working. The experiences in focus reveal the broad spectrum of choices involved in the practice of the sound recordist, unveiling the existence of a creative component in the process. Production issues, budgetary constraints and the advent of new technology stimulate the emergence of procedures that dynamically reform the traditional working method in sound recording.

L’attractivité des pays est aujourd’hui une composante importante de la politique économique ; elle est au centre des politiques de promotion, d’aménagement et de développement. Avec la mondialisation de l’économie où la réduction des coûts de transport et de télécommunications a anéanti les distances, les firmes désireuses de s’implanter à l’étranger font monter les enchères quant à leur sélection et choix d’implantation ; les pays se retrouvent en situation de concurrence et mettent tout en œuvre, non seulement pour attirer les investissements mais aussi pour les retenir. Les Etats deviennent ainsi les promoteurs de leurs propres territoires afin de séduire les firmes multinationales dans un contexte de surenchère puisque les projets d’investissement sont en nombre limité et que la liste des territoires candidats à leur accueil ne cesse de s’allonger.De par la signature de l’Accord d’association avec l’Union Européenne et des négociations en vue de son adhésion à l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC), l’Algérie vise la libéralisation de son économie et son ancrage dans l’économie internationale. Dans cette libéralisation interviennent les investissements directs étrangers (IDE). L’intérêt de l’Algérie est dans les retombées tant managériales, économiques que sociales sur son économie. Pour cela, l’Algérie a prévu un certain nombre de textes et de lois régissant les fondements de sa politique d’investissement qui donne des garanties et des avantages certains aux investisseurs. Dans son processus de transition d’une économie centralisée à une économie de marché déclenché des la fin de l’année 1988, le gouvernement algérien s’est imposé une politique de réformes structurelles qui a permis de rétablir les équilibres macro-économiques, la libéralisation de l'économie, sa dotation en infrastructures modernes et la diminution du risque-pays. Ces réformes ont permis l’accroissement des flux d’IDE vers l’Algérie. Cependant, ces résultats restent en deçà du potentiel d'investissement du pays : l’Algérie n’attire pas suffisamment de firmes étrangères comparativement aux pays voisins. Bien que l'Algérie ait enregistré des résultats positifs dans certains secteurs tels que les hydrocarbures, les télécommunications, la sidérurgie et la pharmacie ; les réformes introduites depuis les années 90 se sont révélées insuffisantes. Et la politique de promotion et d’attraction des IDE menée n’a pas réalisé les objectifs escomptés. De même, les recettes des exportations d’hydrocarbures n’ont pas permis de créer un tissu industriel compétitif et de permettre à l’investissement productif de jouer un rôle plus important dans l’économie du pays. L’essentiel de l’effort productif privé est orienté vers l’économie spéculative au détriment d’une économie productive. Les IDE que l’ouverture de l’économie algérienne et son important potentiel devaient attirer, demeurent faibles. Pourtant, le dispositif juridique mis en place en Algérie donne des avantages et des garanties certains aux investisseurs étrangers. / The attractiveness of the country is now an important component of economic policy; it is the center of political promotion, planning and development. With the globalization of the economy where cost reduction of transport and telecommunications annihilated distance, firms wishing to establish themselves abroad are upping the ante on their selection and choice of location , the country found in competition and make every effort not only to attract investment but also to retain them. And states become promoters of their own territories to attract multinational firms in the context of escalation as investment projects are limited and that the list of candidates to their home territories continues to grow. By the signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union and negotiations for its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO ), Algeria aims to liberalize its economy and its roots in the international economy. Involved in the liberalization of foreign direct investment (FDI). The interest of Algeria in both managerial benefits, economic and social impact on its economy. To do this, Algeria has provided a number of texts and laws governing foundations of its investment policy that guarantees and advantages to investors.It is around the elements of the problem mentioned above that will focus our research in attempting to answer the following key questions : What determines the choice of multinational firms in the location of their investment, in other words what are the ex ante determinants of FDI ? What are the main instruments of economic and financial policy or the means used by governments to encourage and attract foreign investment ? What are the effects of these policies on FDI flows ?What about Algeria and its policy of promoting investment ? What are the effects of this policy, including the legal framework set up on FDI in Algeria? This device is sufficient to attract foreign investors?In its transition from a centralized to a market economy triggered the end of the 1988 economy , the Algerian government has imposed a policy of structural reforms that helped restore macroeconomic balances , liberalization economy, its modern infrastructure and staffing reduction of country risk . These reforms have increased FDI flows to Algeria. However, these results remain below the investment potential of the country: Algeria does not attract enough foreign firms compared to neighboring countries. Although Algeria has recorded positive results in certain sectors such as hydrocarbons , telecommunications, steel and pharmacy reforms introduced since the 90s have proved insufficient . And policy promotion and attraction of FDI led has not achieved the desired objectives. Similarly, revenues from hydrocarbon exports have failed to create a competitive industrial structure and allow for productive investment to play a more important role in the economy. Most of the private productive effort is directed toward the speculative economy at the expense of a productive economy . FDI that the opening of the Algerian economy and its great potential would attract, remain weak. However, the legal framework set up in Algeria provides some benefits and guarantees to foreign investors.

This paper aims to explore the relationship between Foreign Direct Investments and the standard of living in terms of the Human Development Index in the region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The theory of economic growth is based on Solow. For the region of Sub-Saharan Africa, Foreign Direct Investments ought to be of great importance to finance the investments needed to achieve economic growth according to Solow. The reason for this is that the region of Sub-Saharan Africa lacks the ability to finance these investments with its own savings. The focus of the report is the Foreign Direct Investments; although the variable shows no significant correlation to the Human Development Index, there is a significant positive correlation between Foreign Direct Investments and health expenditure as a percentage of total government expenditure, one of the driving forces behind an improved Human Development Index.

A scaled direct energy conversion device was built to convert kinetic energy of singly ionized helium ions into an electric potential by the process of direct conversion. The experiments in this paper aimed to achieve higher potentials and higher efficiencies than ever before. The predicted maximum potential that could be produced by the 150 kV accelerator at the Texas A&M Ion Beam Lab was 150 kV, which was achieved with 92% collection efficiency. Also, an investigation into factors affecting collection efficiency was made. It was concluded that charge was being lost due to charge exchange occurring near the surface of the target which caused positive target atoms to be ejected from the face and accelerated away. Introducing a wire mesh near the face of the target with an electric potential, positive or negative, which aimed to control secondary ion emissions, did not have an effect on the collection efficiency of the system. Also, it was found that the gas pressure inside the chamber did not have an effect on the collection efficiency. The goal of achieving higher electric potentials and higher efficiencies than previous direct conversion work was met.

Conjugated polymers are currently being used for a wide range of electronic applications. In this thesis, we studied two different synthetic approaches that lead to novel monomers and polymers that can be potentially used in electrochromic, or photovoltaic devices. The first approach described in this thesis is the utilization of olefin cross metathesis to create a family of dithienogermole (DTG) monomer derivatives in which synthetic control of the solubilizing side chains is achieved through an alkenyl building block. This alkenyl intermediate allows one to functionalize the DTG moiety though olefin cross metathesis to obtain a wide range of alkyl chain lengths and pendant functionalities on the polymer backbone. This work lead to the first example in the literature in which the synthesis of DTG moieties was not limited by the chain length of the solubilizing alkyl units. It provides a route that avoids the use of distillation for the purification the DTG monomer, allowing for the synthesis of a wide range of DTG derivatives that were previously unobtainable though the conventional synthetic methods. Finally, in this thesis we also describe the work of the use of direct (hetero)arylation polymerizations (DHAP) as a means of obtaining 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene-based conjugated polymers for use in electrochromic applications. This synthetic method offers a rapid route to achieving polymers in high yields with simplified purification procedures and low residual metal content, as determined by inductive coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The studied polymers possess comparable electrochromic properties to those previously reported by the Reynolds group, implying that their switching ability from a colored to a transmissive state is independent of the residual metallic impurities.

Tyrimo objektas – tiesioginė parama. Tyrimo dalykas – tiesioginės paramos schemos. Darbo tikslas - ištirti tiesioginės paramos schemų pokyčius ir įvertinti paramos atsiejimo nuo gamybos poveikį žemės ūkiui. Uždaviniai: 1. Identifikuoti tiesioginių išmokų kaip tiesioginės paramos reikšmę ir nustatyti jų vietą agrarinės politikos priemonių sistemoje; 2. Išnagrinėti tiesioginės paramos schemų pokyčius ir atlikti jų palyginamąją analizę; 3. Išanalizuoti ir įvertinti tiesioginės paramos atsiejimo nuo gamybos poveikį Lietuvos žemės ūkiui. Tyrimo metodai: literatūros sisteminės analizės ir sintezės; grafinio vaizdavimo metodai; statistinių duomenų palyginimo; indukcijos ir dedukcijos; modeliavimo ir konstrukcinių skaičiavimų metodai; prognozuojamiems dydžiams nustatyti panaudota modeliavimo programa GAMS; loginio mąstymo ir atsiribojimo metodai. Ištyrus tiesioginės paramos schemas ir jų poveikį žemės ūkiui pagal Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių mokslinius veikalus, periodinę literatūrą, konferencijų medžiagą ir interneto puslapių duomenis, identifikuota tiesioginės paramos kaip agrarinės politikos priemonės esmė ir formos, išnagrinėti schemų pokyčiai, įvertintas atsiejimo nuo gamybos poveikis žemės ūkio plėtotei. / Research object - direct support. Research subject – direct support schemes. Research aim – explore direct support schemes changes and measure decoupling impact for agriculture. Objectives: 1. Identify direct payments import in concept of direct support and establish them position in agricultural policy system; 2. Scrutinize direct support schemes changes and make comparable analysis of them; 3. Traverse and measure direct support decoupling form productivity impact for Lithuania agriculture. Research methods – special literature analysis and synthesis; graphical modeling; statistic data comparison; induction and deduction methods; modeling and contraction; GAMS program for future date research; logical and abstraction methods. By exploring direct support schemes and them impact for agriculture by the Lithuanian and the other countries scientific, periodical literature, conferences stuff, web pages data was identified direct support like measure of agricultural policy point and form; scrutinize the changes of schemes, measured direct support decoupling form productivity impact for agriculture.

Darbo objektas- tiesioginių išmokų įtaka žemės ūkio gamintojų pajamoms. Darbo dalykas- tiesioginių išmokų poveikis stambių ir smulkių bei ūkininkaujančių MPŪV ir PŪV žemės ūkio gamintojų pajamoms. Darbo tikslas- sisteminiu požiūriu ištirti ir įvertinti tiesioginių išmokų įtaką žemės ūkio gamintojų pajamoms. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. išanalizuoti žemės ūkio pajamų sampratą, jas įtakojančius veiksnius; 2. išanalizuoti žemės ūkio vyriausybinio reguliavimo pagrįstumą bei tiesioginės paramos būtinumą; 3. nustatyti tiesioginės paramos įtaką stambių ir smulkių žemės ūkio gamintojų pajamoms; 4. nustatyti tiesioginės paramos įtaką žemės ūkio gamintojų, ūkininkaujančių MPŪV ir PŪV, įtaką pajamoms; 5. išanalizuoti tiesioginių išmokų atsiejimo nuo gamybos ekonominį efektyvumą. 6. apibendrinti šiame darbe išanalizuotą medžiagą, atlikti tyrimą bei pateikti išvadas ir siūlymus. Darbo metodai: analizės, lyginamasis, analitinis, statistinių duomenų rinkimo ir analizės, grupavimo, grafinio modeliavimo, anketinės apklausos, loginis ir apibendrinimo metodai. Išanalizavus mokslinę medžiagą, respondentinių ūkių duomenis bei statistinius duomenis, nustatyta tiesioginės paramos įtaka stambių ir smulkių bei ūkininkaujančių MPŪV ir PŪV žemės ūkio gamintojų pajamoms. / The object of the paper is the impact of direct payments on the income of agricultural producers. The subject matter of the paper is the impact of direct payments on the income of big and small agricultural producers farming in less favourable to agriculture areas and favourable to agriculture areas. The aim of the paper is to investigate and assess the impact of direct payments on the income of agricultural producers from the systemic point of view. Objectives: 1. analyse the concept of income from agriculture and factors influencing the such income; 2. analyse the legitimacy of governmental regulation and the necessity of direct support; 3. establish the impact of direct support on the income of big and small agricultural producers; 4. establish the impact of direct support on the income of agricultural producers farming in the areas less favourable to agriculture and favourable to agriculture; 5. analyse the efficiency of dissociation of direct payments from production; 6. generalize data analysed in the present paper, to perform a research and to give conclusions as well as suggestions. The methods of the study: analyse, analytical, collection and analysis of statistical data, grouping, graphic modelling, questionnaire survey, logical and generalisation methods. Having analysed the scientific data, the data of respondents’ farms and statistical data, the impact of direct support on the income of big and small agricultural producers farming in less favourable to... [to full text]

Thesis (Ph.D. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.