DNA methylation plays a role in several biological functions, such as gene expression regulation, and several endogenous and exogenous factors affect these DNA methylation patterns in the cell. One such alteration of a cell line's DNA methylation pattern is caused by the insertion of a vector into the cell line. Using the cytosine–extension assay and realtime methylation–specific PCR, alterations of DNA methylation levels on both global and gene–specific levels were investigated. In some cell lines the cellular transformation led to an increase in DNA methylation levels, and in others a decrease in DNA methylation amounts was observed. The same phenomenon was seen in the promoter regions of specific genes, showing that vector–insertion into a cell line caused DNA methylation alterations in many regions of the genome. These alterations in DNA methylation are investigated in this reduced representation study using enrichment of the methylated fraction of fragmented DNA and subsequent GS FLX Titanium sequencing of these methylated fragments. The results of sequence data analysis showed that methylated fragments are distributed over the whole genome, but could be related to only a few specific genes. These results have implications for cell culture work, biotechnological applications and uses in gene therapy. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Occupational risk management can be a catalyst in generating superior returns for all stakeholders on a sustainable basis. A number of companies in South Africa have implemented Cardinal Rules of Safety adopted from international companies to ensure the safety of their employees. The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of the cardinal rules on employee safety behaviour implemented at power stations in Mpumalanga. The empirical study was done by using a questionnaire as measuring instrument. The questionnaire was developed from a literature review and contains questions and items relevant to the initial research problem. The questionnaire comprised of five–point Likert scale type questions.The convenience sampling method was applied identifying 90 participants at three different power stations in Mpumalanga taking part in the study. Statistical analysis was performed by the Statistical Consulting Service of the North–West University using SPSS. Cronbach’s alpha co–efficients was used to determine the reliability of the factors. Descriptive statistics (Mean, standard, deviation, were used in the compiling of the profile of the results. While Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was calculated to identify practically significant associations between variables and factors The research findings suggest that there is practical significant correlation between the factors that were measured. The opinion given by respondents suggests that cardinal rules of safety were implemented, given all the necessary support by management and enforced throughout the organisation. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

No description available.

Abstract 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-OGDDs) are an enzyme family that contains many enzymes that modify chromatin in extensive ways. These enzymes include several histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) and TET enzymes that convert methylated cytosine (5-mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) ultimately leading to DNA demethylation. Disturbed DNA and histone methylation are found in many cancers. However, the role of KDMs and TETs behind these oncogenic changes has so far not been fully investigated. This study focused on the role of these chromatin-modifying enzymes in cancers with special emphasis on enzyme kinetic studies. Cancers with inactivating fumarate hydratase (FH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations accumulate fumarate, succinate and R-2-hydroxyglutarate, respectively. In this study we showed how these cancer-associated 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) analogues can inhibit the TET enzymes and many of the KDMs leading to lower 5-hmC levels and increased H3K27 and H3K9 methylation on chromatin, respectively. We also characterized kinetic properties of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)-associated TET2 mutants and found that their ability to bind 2-OG or iron was impaired leading to diminished catalytic activity. Tumours are often hypoxic due to inadequate vasculature and blood supply. The TET enzymes and KDMs require oxygen for the reactions they catalyse. We determined the oxygen affinity of TETs and many KDMs and found that a H3K27 demethylase KDM6A has a remarkably low affinity for oxygen indicating that it is inactivated in hypoxic tumours and tissues. H3K27 methylation was found to be increased in hypoxic cells and this blocked cell differentiation. Altogether, these studies shed light on the mechanisms behind the altered DNA and histone methylation found in several cancers with hypoxic conditions or FH, SDH and IDH mutations. Altered DNA and histone methylation has previously been associated with progression of cancer, such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We now linked catalytic inhibition of 2-OGDDs to disturbed DNA and histone methylation that can account for altered cell differentiation, EMT and increased aggressiveness and invasiveness of cancers. / Tiivistelmä 2-oksoglutaraatista riippuvaiset dioksygenaasit ovat entsyymiperhe, johon kuuluu useita entsyymejä, jotka muokkaavat kromatiinin epigeneettisiä merkkejä monin tavoin. Näitä entsyymejä ovat mm. DNA:n demetylaatioon vaikuttavat TET-entsyymit sekä useat histonidemetylaasit. Vaikka muutoksia DNA:n ja histonien metylaatiotasoissa on havaittu useissa syövissä, ei näiden entsyymien roolia muutosten taustalla ole vielä tutkittu. Tämä tutkimus kohdistui näiden epigenetiikkaan vaikuttavien entsyymien roolin ymmärtämiseen syövissä keskittyen erityisesti kyseisten entsyymien kinetiikkaan. Useissa syövissä on havaittu fumaraattihydrataasin, sukkinaattidehydrogenaasin ja isositraattidehydrogenaasien aktiivisuuteen vaikuttavia mutaatioita, jotka johtavat fumaraatin, sukkinaatin ja R-2-hydroksiglutaraatin kertymiseen syöpäsoluihin. Tässä tutkimuksessa osoitimme, kuinka nämä karsinogeeniset 2-oksoglutaraattianalogit voivat inhiboida TET-entsyymejä ja histonidemetylaaseja, mikä alentaa 5-hydroksimetyylisytosiinitasoja ja lisää histonien metylaatiota. Näytämme myös, kuinka tietyillä akuutissa myelooisessa leukemiassa esiintyvillä TET2-mutanteilla on heikentynyt kyky sitoa 2-oksoglutaraattia tai rautaa, mikä johtaa entsyymien aktiivisuuden laskuun. Kasvainkudoksissa happipitoisuudet ovat usein matalia nopean kasvun ja puutteellisen verisuonituksen vuoksi. TET-entsyymit ja histonidemetylaasit vaativat happea katalysoimissaan reaktioissa. Määritimme TET-entsyymien ja monien histonidemetylaasien riippuvuutta hapesta ja osoitimme, että H3K27-histonidemetylaasi KDM6A on erittäin riippuvainen hapesta, mikä osoittaa, ettei se pysty toimimaan kasvaimissa ja kudoksissa, joissa happipitoisuudet ovat matalia. Huomasimme, että vähähappisissa olosuhteissa solujen H3K27 metylaatio on lisääntynyt, mikä johti erilaistumisen estymiseen soluissa. Tämä tutkimus paljasti uusia mekanismeja useista syövistä löytyneiden muuntuneiden DNA:n ja histonien metylaatiotasojen taustalla. Häiriintynyt DNA:n ja histonien metylaatio on aiemmin yhdistetty syöpien etenemiseen, erityisesti solujen erilaistumisen häiriintymisen kannalta. Tässä tutkimuksessa yhdistimme 2-oksoglutaraatista riippuvaisten entsyymien inhibition häiriintyneeseen DNA:n ja histonien metylaatioon, joka voi johtaa muuntuneeseen solujen erilaistumiseen ja lopulta lisääntyneeseen syöpien aggressiivisuuteen ja invasiivisuuteen.

O aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) é uma doença assintomática na maioria dos casos, podendo acometer 5% das pessoas do gênero masculino com idade superior a 65 anos, predispondo ao risco de ruptura com mortalidade em torno de 80%. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os perfis de expressão gênica e de metilação do DNA no tecido, como também os microRNAs no plasma e no tecido de indivíduos com e sem AAA na tentativa de identificar marcadores biológicos e alvos terapêuticos para o diagnóstico, monitoramento e tratamento precoce do AAA. Os perfis de expressão gênica, miRNA e metilação de DNA dos tecidos da aorta abdominal (n=6) obtidos durante a cirurgia aberta para correção de AAA foram comparados com tecidos da aorta abdominal de doadores de órgãos sem AAA (n=6). Também foram comparados os perfis de miRNAs circulantes no plasma do grupo AAA (n=6) com o grupo-controle de voluntários com as características semelhantes, porém sem AAA (n=6). Para a análise da expressão gênica, utilizou-se a qPCR Array, analisando-se genes relacionados ao endotélio vascular humano (PAHS-015Z, QIAGEN®). A análise do perfil de miRNA foi realizada utilizando-se Human miFinder 384HC miScript miRNA PCR Array (MIHS-3001Z, QIAGEN®) e, para análise de metilação do DNA, utilizou-se a qPCR array com 22 genes das vias de estresse e toxicidade EpiTect Methyl II (EAHS-581Z, QIAGEN®). O software Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA®) foi utilizado para identificação das prováveis relações entre os microRNAs e a expressão gênica realizada nesta pesquisa. No estudo da expressão gênica, quatro genes (SPHK-1, TYMP, ALOX5 e HIF1A) foram identificados como mais expressos e outros 6 genes (PTGIS, CX3CL1, ITGB1, COL18A-1, FN1 e AGTR1) apresentaram expressão reduzida nos tecidos de AAA. Na análise do perfil de miRNAs, 24 miRNAs foram significantemente mais expressos e 35 miRNAs menos expressos no tecido. No plasma de indivíduos com AAA, 8 miRNAs apresentaram-se mais expressos e 9 miRNAs menos expressos. Dois miRNAs, miR-328-3p e let-7c-5p demonstraram expressões comuns entre tecido e plasma. Quanto ao padrão de metilação de DNA, somente o gene GDF15 teve grau de metilação maior nos tecidos de AAA quando comparado ao grupo-controle. A análise funcional revelou que o gene PTGIS (prostaciclina sintetase), um potente vasodilatador e inibidor da atividade plaquetária, foi reprimido pelo miR-150-5p, que se mostrou 7,5 vezes mais expresso no tecido de AAA, e teve uma possível interação com o miR-328-3p, cuja expressão foi 3,7 vezes mais baixa no tecido. Os genes com expressão reduzida nos tecidos do AAA foram alvos de miRNAs com expressão aumentada, evidenciando a importância e influência dos fatores epigenéticos tanto para o desenvolvimento quanto para a gravidade do AAA. / Abdominal aortic aneurism (AAA) is an asymptomatic disease in the majority of cases that may occur in 5% of males over age 65, predisposing to the risk of rupture leading to a mortality rate of 80%. The aim of this study was to evaluate the DNA metilation and gene expression profile in tissue, and microRNA expression pattern in both plasma and tissue samples from individuals with and without AAA to identify biological markers and therapeutic targets for an early diagnosis and treatment of AAA, respectively. Genes and miRNA expression and DNA metilation profiles in AAA tissues (n= 6) were compared to abdominal aortic tissues obtained from organ donators without AAA (n = 6). We also compared circulating miRNAs profiles in plasma samples, between AAA (n = 6) and the control group without AAA (n = 6). For the gene expression analysis we used a qPCR Array (PAHS-015Z, QIAGEN®) to analyze genes related to human vascular endothelium. For the miRNA expression pattern and for DNA methylation analysis we used the Human miFinder 384HC miScript miRNA PCR Array (MIHS-3001Z, QIAGEN®) and EpiTect Methyl II (EAHS-581Z, QIAGEN®), respectively. The Ingenuity software was used to identify the interactions between the miRNAs and genes evaluated in this study. Four genes (SPHK-1, TYMP, ALOX5 and HIF1A) were upregulated and six other genes (PTGIS, CX3CL1, ITGB1, COL18A-1, FN1 e AGTR1) were downregulated in AAA tissues. In addition, the miRNAs analysis showed 24 miRNAs more expressed and 35 miRNAs less expressed in AAA tissue than controls. Although in plasma samples, AAA group presented 8 miRNAs more expressed and 8 miRNAs less expressed than controls. Only, miR-328-3p and let-7c-5p were differently expressed between AAA and controls in both tissue and plasma samples. DNA methylation analysis showed that the gene GDF15 was hypermethylated in AAA tissues when compared to the control group. Functional analysis revealed that PTGIS, a potent vasodilator and platelet activity inhibitor was supressed by miR-150-5p, which had a seven-fold increase in AAA tissues. Moreover, a possible interaction between PTGIS and miR-328-3p, about 4-fold decreased in AAA tissues, was showed. Thus, the downregulated genes in AAA tissues are targets of miRNAs with increased expression in the same biological sample. These results highlight the importance and influence of epigenetic factors for both development and severity of AAA.

Introdução: Apesar da identificação de fatores prognósticos clínicos e patológicos, muitos pacientes portadores de carcinoma de células renais (CCR) apresentam metástases ao diagnóstico e outros irão desenvolver recorrência local ou à distância durante o seguimento. Novos fatores prognósticos e de origem molecular têm sido avaliados no CCR, destacando-se o PTEN como um dos principais genes envolvidos na carcinogênese renal. Objetivos: Avaliar os fatores clínicos e anatomopatológicos mais significativos nas taxas de sobrevida, identificar a frequência de hipermetilação do gene PTEN através da técnica do pirosequenciamento, o impacto da hipermetilação do gene nas taxas de sobrevida global (SG) e livre de doença (SLD), como também, a associação da presença de hipermetilação com os principais fatores prognóticos. Material e métodos: Foram avaliados 137 pacientes portadores de CCR submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico do tumor primário entre 1997 e 2009. Foram considerados os dados epidemiológicos, clínicos, anatomopatológicos, de estadiamento (TNM 2004) e os obtidos da reação de pirosequenciamento. Resultados: O tempo de seguimento médio foi de 32,3 meses e mediana de 28,8 meses. Considerando o estadimento clínico, foram fatores independentes para a SG: idade (p<0,01), ASA (p=0,02), margens cirúrgicas (p=0,04), grau de Fuhrman (p=0,01), estádio clínico (p<0,001) e subtipo histológico (p<0,01). No modelo múltiplo a SLD foi influenciada únicamente pelo estádio clínico (p<0,001). Dos 137 casos analisados, hipermetilação do gene foi detectada em cinco casos (3,6%). Devido a baixa freqüência detectada optou-se por não realizar a associação da metilação do PTEN com os fatores prognósticos. Em relação às taxas de SG e SLD, de acordo com o perfil de hipermetilação do PTEN, não houve a ocorrência de nenhum evento, ou seja, morte, morte por CCR ou recorrência da doença para os cinco casos que apresentavam hipermetilação. Conclusões: A hipermetilação do xv PTEN foi detectada com baixa frequência, sugerindo a participação de outros genes ou mecanismos moleculares diferentes da metilação na inativação deste gene frequentemente envolvido na carcinogênese renal. As taxas de sobrevida não foram influenciadas pelo perfil de hipermetilação do PTEN, permanecendo o estadiamento clínico do TNM como a principal variável determinante da evolução e do risco de recidiva pelo CCR / Introduction: Despite the identification of clinical and pathological prognostic factors, many patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have metastases at diagnosis and others will develop local or distant recurrence during follow-up. New prognostic factors and of molecular origin have been evaluated in RCC, highlighting PTEN, one of the main genes involved in renal carcinogenesis. Objetives: To assess the most significant clinical and pathological factors in survival rates, and identify the frequency of hypermethylation of the PTEN gene by the pyrosequencing technique, the impact of gene hypermethylation on overall survival (OS) rates and disease free interval (DFS), as well as associating presence of hypermethylation with main prognostic factors. Methods: We evaluated 137 patients with RCC that underwent surgical treatment of primary tumor between 1997 and 2009. We considered the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, staging (TNM 2004) data and those obtained from pyrosequencing. Results: Mean follow-up was of 32.3 months and the median of 28.8 months. Considering the clinical TNM stage, the OS was influenced in the multiple model by age (p < 0.01), ASA (p = 0.02), surgical margins (p = 0.04), Fuhrman´s grade (p = 0,01), clinical stage (p <0.001) and cell subtype (p < 0.01). DFS were influenced in multivariate analysis only by presence of clinical stage (p <0.001). Of the 137 cases examined, gene hypermethylation was detected in five cases (3,6%). Because of this low frequency perceived, we elected not to carry out the association of PTEN methylation with prognostic factors. Regarding OS and DFS rates, according to the hypermethylation of PTEN profile, no event occurred, that is to say death, death from RCC or disease recurrence in the five cases with hypermethylation. Conclusions: Hypermethylation of PTEN was detected with low frequency suggesting involvement of other genes or different molecular mechanisms of methylation upon inactivation of this gene, frequently involved in renal xvii carcinogenesis. Survival rates were not influenced by the hypermethylation of PTEN profile, with clinical TNM staging remaining as the main determinant for development and risk of RCC recurrence

Com o início da fortificação de farinhas com ácido fólico (AF) no Brasil, a partir 2004, a população passou a estar exposta de modo compulsório a maiores quantidades desta vitamina. Sabe-se que o AF na sua forma sintética pode não ser completamente convertido para formas metabolicamente ativas, levando ao aparecimento de uma fração não metabolizada no organismo. Este fato é mais preocupante nos indivíduos que além da fortificação, fazem uso terapêutico dessa vitamina, como em pacientes com anemias hemolíticas (esferocitose hereditária (EH), &#946;-talassemia heterozigótica (&#946;-TH), entre outras). O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar se as concentrações séricas de AF não metabolizado (UMFA) afetam a metilação global do DNA; a expressão de RNAm de genes da DHFR, MTHFR, interferon-&#947;, TNF-&#945; e interleucina (IL)-8; e a citotoxicidade de células NK. Foram incluídos 27 pacientes com EH, 50 indivíduos com &#946;-talassemia heterozigótica (&#946;-TH) e 136 indivíduos saudáveis. Outros 30 indivíduos saudáveis foram incluídos num estudo de intervenção com 5mg/dia de AF durante 90 dias. Foram realizadas as análises de: ácido fólico sérico, eritrocitário e UMFA, vitamina B12, homocisteína total; expressões de RNAm dos genes de MTHFR, DHFR, IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945; e IL-8; citotoxicidade das células NK; metilação global do DNA e citocinas séricas IL6, IL-8, IL10, IFN-&#947; e TNF-&#945;. Resultados: Os pacientes EH apresentaram maiores concentrações de AF (sérico, eritrocitário e UMFA) que seus controles, sendo que 55,5% (método microbiológico) e 74,1% (método LC-MS/MS) apresentaram concentrações suprafisiológicas da vitamina, e 74,1% apresentaram concentrações aumentadas de UMFA. No grupo &#946;-TH foi observado maiores concentrações de folato eritrocitário comparado ao controle e 22% dos indivíduos tinham concentrações suprafisiológicas de AF. No estudo de intervenção, após 45 e 90 dias de uso de AF as concentrações suprafisiológicas estavam presentes em 93,3% dos indivíduos e 100% deles apresentavam concentrações aumentadas de UMFA. Não foram observadas diferenças nas taxas de metilação global do DNA entre os grupos EH e &#946;-TH quando comparados aos seus controles e não foi verificada correlação entre metilação global e concentrações de UMFA. Tanto EH quanto &#946;-TH apresentaram maior expressão de RNAm de IL-8, quando comparados aos seus controles. No grupo de intervenção houve maior expressão de IL-8 após 45 dias de uso de AF quando comparado ao período pré-intervenção. Foi mostrada uma correlação inversa entre as concentrações de folato eritrocitário com o número de células NK no grupo EH e com a capacidade citotóxica das células NK no grupo total (EH + controle). No grupo intervenção foi observado menor número e menor capacidade citotóxica das células NK após 90 dias de uso de AF. Conclusões: O uso de AF 5mg/dia foi associado com aumento expressivo das concentrações de folato sérico, eritrocitário, UMFA, na expressão de RNAm de genes da citocina inflamatória IL-8 e redução do número e da citotoxicidade das células NK. Dessa forma, altas doses de AF podem resultar em alterações de componentes do sistema imune podendo prejudicar os mecanismos de vigilância celular das células NK. Os nossos achados sugerem que é importante o acompanhamento terapêutico dos pacientes que fazem uso de AF, especialmente aqueles indivíduos que fazem uso crônico desta vitamina por longo tempo, como os pacientes com anemias hemolíticas, mulheres que desejam engravidar e gestantes. / With the beginning of the fortification of flour with folic acid (FA) in Brazil, since 2004, the population has been exposed compulsorily to larger amounts of this vitamin. It is known that FA in its synthetic form can not be completely converted to metabolically active forms, leading to the appearance of an unmetabolized fraction in the body. This fact is more worrying in subjects beyond fortification, make therapeutic use of this vitamin, such as patients with hemolytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis (HS), &#946;-thalassemia heterozygotic (&#946;-TH), among others). The aim of this study was to evaluate if serum concentrations of unmetabolized FA (UMFA) affect the global DNA methylation; mRNA expression of DHFR, MTHFR, interferon-&#947;, TNF-&#945; and interleukin (IL)-8 genes; and on cytotoxicity of NK cells. It was included 27 patients EH, 50 subjects &#946;-TH and 136 healthy subjects. Another 30 healthy subjects were included in an intervention study with 5 mg/FA daily during 90 days. Analyzes performed were: serum and erythrocyte folate, and UMFA, vitamin B12, tHcy; mRNA expression of MTHFR, DHFR, IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945; and IL-8 genes; cytotoxicity of NK cells; global DNA methylation and serum cytokines IL6, IL-8, IL10, IFN-&#947; and TNF-&#945;. Results: EH patients presented higher FA concentrations (serum, erythrocytes and UMFA) than controls ones, and 55.5% (microbiologic method) and 74.1% (LC-MS/MS method) showed supraphysiologic concentrations of vitamin, and 74.1% presented increased concentrations of UMFA. In &#946;-TH group, it was observed higher erythrocyte folate concentrations compared with the control and 22% of subjects had supraphysiological concentrations of FA. In the intervention study, after 45 and 90 days of FA use, supraphysiological concentrations were present in 93.3% of subjects and 100% of them showed increased concentrations of UMFA. It was not observed differences in global methylation of DNA between EH and &#946;-TH groups when compared to their controls and it was not observed significant correlation between global DNA methylation and UMFA levels. Both EH and &#946;-TH showed higher mRNA expression of IL-8 gene, when compared to controls. In the intervention group, there was higher mRNA expression of IL-8 gene after 45 days of FA use when compared to pre-intervention period. It was demonstrated an inverse correlation between erythrocyte folate levels and the number of NK cells in EH group; and cytotoxic capacity of NK cells on total group (EH + control). In intervention group, it was observed fewer number and lower cytotoxic capacity of NK cells after 90 days of AF use. Conclusions: The use of AF 5mg daily was associated with a significant increase in serum and erythrocytes folate levels, accompanied by increase in UMFA levels, an increase in mRNA expression of IL-8 gene, and reduction of the number and the cytotoxicity capacity of NK cells. Thus, high doses of AF can result in modifications of the immune system components, which may damage the cell surveillance mechanisms of NK cells. Our findings suggest that is important the therapeutic follow up of patients that are using AF, especially those subjects with chronic use of this vitamin, such as patients with hemolytic anemia, women who wish to become pregnant and pregnant women.

It is increasingly recognized by the scientific community that the field of epigenetics is a key step for a better understanding of human biology in both normal and pathological states. Its implication in cancer, and in particular in breast cancer, is now well accepted. Breast cancer, responsible for more than 450,000 deaths worldwide yearly, is a heterogenous disease at the histological and clinical levels as well as at the molecular level. Despite considerable efforts to develop new treatments and improve patient management, patients with a same “profile” of breast cancer can respond differently to therapies and have completely different clinical outcomes. There is therefore a critical need to improve our understanding of breast cancer biology and diversity, in order to find new markers that should provide a better management of patients and the development of new therapies. An increasing number of biologists, pathologists as well as clinicians are currently working towards these goals. During my PhD, we have conducted two studies in order to gain new insights into the contribution of epigenetics in breast cancer biology.<p>In the first study, by performing large genome-scale DNA methylation profiling of numerous breast tumors as well as of normal breast tissues, we first revealed the existence of six groups of breast tumors based on their DNA methylation profiles. Three of these groups showed a strong association with the basal-like, HER2 and luminal A breast cancer subtypes, previously identified by gene expression profiling. Interestingly, the three other groups were found to be a mixture of several gene expression-based subtypes, thus revealing the capacity of DNA methylation profiling to improve breast tumor taxonomy. Second, our study suggests that the establishment of DNA methylation patterns of breast tumors might help to determine their cell type of origin. Finally, we also showed that DNA methylation profiling can reflect the cell type composition of the tumor microenvironment and that a signature of T cell tumoral infiltration is associated with a good prognosis in particular categories of breast cancer patients. <p>In the second study, we revealed the clinical relevance of the KDM5 histone demethylases in breast cancer. The expression of these histone demethylases was deregulated in the analyzed breast tumors as well as in the pre-invasive samples as compared to normal breast samples. This suggests that KDM5 enzymes might be good markers for early diagnosis of breast cancer. Moreover, we showed a prognostic value of the KDM5C histone demethylase.<p>In conclusion, the above data should provide a better understanding of breast cancer biology and diversity, and this should bring new insights to improve breast cancer patient management.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La plasticité cérébrale pathologique qui se met en place en réponse à l'administration répétée de drogue nécessite des modifications de l’expression des gènes, au moyen,entre autres, de mécanismes épigénétiques tels que la méthylation de l’ADN. Dans ces travaux, nous avons montré que l’inhibition des ADN méthyl transférases par la 5-aza-2’-désoxycytidine augmentait les propriétés renforçantes de la cocaïne dans un protocole d’auto-administration intraveineuse, et ce, sans affecter la motivation des rats pour la cocaïne, ni la réactivation du comportement de recherche après une période de sevrage.L’analyse du méthylome dans le cortex préfrontal médian nous a permis de caractériser près de 190000 régions génomiques différentiellement méthylées suite au traitement par la cocaïne, en association ou non avec la 5-aza-2’-désoxycytidine. Nous avons sélectionné une vingtaine de régions situées soit dans les promoteurs soit au sein de gènes participant à la plasticité neuronale. L’analyse de la transcription de ces gènes a permis, pour certains d’entre eux, de corréler les variations de méthylation avec celles d’expression, comme dans le cas du gène Hdac2. / Repeated drug administration lead to pathological brain plasticity that requires modifications of gene expression through, among others, epigenetic mechanisms such DNA methylation. Here, we showed that DNA methyltransferases inhibitors such 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine increase reinforcing properties of cocaine in an intravenous self administration paradigm without affecting the motivation of rats for the drug, nor drug seeking after withdrawal. The analysis of the methylome in the medial prefrontal cortex allowed us to identify approximatively 190000 differentially methylated genomic regions in response to cocaine treatment, in association or not with 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine. We selected around twenty regions within promoters or body of genes known to participate in neuronal plasticity. The study of the transcription of these genes permitted for some of them to correlate the modifications of the DNA methylation with the modifications of the expression, like, for example, in the case of the gene Hdac2.

La maladie de Chagas est une maladie parasitaire causée par le protozoaire Trypanosoma cruzi et transmise par des insectes hématophages . Elle est composée de 2 phases : la phase aiguë et la phase chronique. Parmi les individus infectés, 30 % développent la forme chronique de la maladie. Les patients présentent des atteintes cardiaques, digestives (œsophage, côlon) et cardiodigestives. Notre étude a été focalisée sur les patients atteints de cardiomyopathie chagasique (CCC). Notre objectif est d’identifier des gènes de susceptibilité pouvant être impliqués dans le développement des formes chroniques. Notre étude a permis de mettre en évidence une variation d’expression de certains gènes entre les CCC et les contrôles. Nous nous sommes également intéressés aux processus épigénétiques pouvant réguler l’expression des gènes. Une étude de la méthylation de l’ADN croisée avec l’étude du transcriptome nous ont permis d’identifier des gènes présentant à la fois des variations d’expression et de méthylation. Pour certains de ces gènes, nous avons démontré que la méthylation est responsable de la variation d’expression observée. Enfin, nous avons étudié un ARN long non-codant, MIAT. Nous avons démontré qu’il est surexprimé chez les CCC par rapport aux contrôles et dans un modèle murin infecté par T. cruzi. De plus, l’analyse de l’expression de micro-ARNs couplée à une analyse de transcriptome nous a permis d'identifier plusieurs micro-ARNs indispensables à la régulation de l’expression des gènes. Enfin, une étude protéomique nous a permis de mettre en évidence une augmentation de la production de protéine pour certains gènes, en lien avec l’augmentation de l’expression observée. / Chagas disease is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by the hematophagous insects. The disease is composed by acute and chronic phases. Among the infected individuals, 30 % develop chronic form. They suffer from heart, digestive (esophagus, colon) and cardiodigestives injury. Our study was focused on patients with dilated chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC). Our goal is to identify susceptibility genes that may be involved in the development of chronic forms. Our study revealed a variation in the expression of certain genes between CCC group and controls. We are also interested in epigenetic processes that can regulate the expression of genes. A study of the DNA methylation crossed with the transcriptome allowed us to identify genes presenting both variations in expression and methylation. For some of these genes we demonstrated that methylation is responsible for the expression variation observed. Finally, we studied a long non-coding RNA called MIAT. Our study demonstrated that it is overexpressed in CCC compared to controls and in a murine model infected by T. cruzi. Furthermore, the analysis of the expression of micro-RNAs crossed with transcriptome analysis allowed us to identify several micro-RNAs whose functions are essential in the regulation of gene expression. Finally, a proteomic study allowed us to demonstrate an increase in the production of protein for certain genes, correlated with the increase in expression levels observed.