Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur det skadereducerande arbetet gällande substansmissbruk iPortugal är utformat inom ett urval av frivilligorganisationer och hur rådande lagstiftningpåverkar arbetet. Den metod som användes i studien var en kvalitativ metod i form avindividuella intervjuer med fem medarbetare inom fyra olika frivilligorganisationer. Studiengenomsyras av de teoretiska utgångspunkterna systemteori samt etablerade och outsiders.Resultatet visade att skadereduktion är ett storskaligt arbete inom Portugal, vilken denavkriminaliserande lagen är essentiell för. Resultatet visade också att skadereduktion innebärolika åtgärder i form av distribution av material och företrädarskap för att återintegreramänniskor som befinner sig i socialt utsatta situationer till samhället. I resultatet framkom attdet finns en resistens i det portugisiska samhället gentemot skadereduktion och dess målgruppsom försvårar utvecklingen av arbetet. Slutsatsen som kunde dras var att det storskaligaskadereducerande arbetet är viktigt för att inkludera en annars exkluderad grupp människor isamhället, och att den avkriminaliserande lagen gör detta arbete möjligt. / The purpose of the study was to investigate how the harm reduction work regarding substanceabuse in Portugal is designed within a selection of voluntary organizations and how currentlegislation affects the work. The method used in the study was a qualitative method in the formof individual interviews with five employees within four different NGOs. The study ispermeated by the theoretical points of system theory as well as established and outsiders. Theresults showed that harm reduction is a large-scale work within Portugal, for which thedecriminalized law is essential. The results also showed that harm reduction involves variousmeasures in the form of distribution of materials and advocacy to reintegrate people who are insocially vulnerable situations into society. The results showed that there is a resistance to harmreduction and its target group in Portuguese society that complicates the development of work.The conclusion that could be drawn was that the large-scale harm reduction work is importantto include an otherwise excluded group of people in society, and that the decriminalizing lawmakes this work possible.

Den svenska narkotikapolitiken kännetecknas av stränga förbudslagar som har mött motstånd de senaste åren. Detta eftersom dess effektivitet har blivit ifrågasatt. Målet med denna undersökningen är att undersöka svenska socialarbetares åsikter om den svenska narkotikapolitiken och hur den påverkar deras arbete. Vidare vill vi även se hur socialarbetare ställer sig till en eventuell avkriminalisering av cannabis för eget bruk och hur det hade kunnat påverka deras arbete. Undersökningen består av åtta semi-strukturerade intervjuer med personer som stöter på klienter med missbruk på olika sätt. Resultatet visar att intervjupersonerna anser att narkotikapolitiken bör utvärderas. De anser att den nuvarande narkotikapolitiken är repressiv och straffar mer än den hjälper. Vidare påpekar de att en eventuell avkriminalisering kan gynna brukare- och missbrukare även om det är en komplex policyfråga som måste utvärderas noggrant innan det implementeras. Intervjupersonerna nämner en rädsla för att en avkriminalisering av cannabis för eget bruk hade normaliserat drogen och ökat användningen. Den svenska narkotikapolitiken bidrar även till stigmatisering av brukare- eller missbrukare, något som gör att de ses som avvikare och kriminella och förhindrar dem från att söka hjälp. Vår slutsats är att den svenska narkotikapolitiken i sin nuvarande form måste förändras. Huruvida detta är genom en avkriminalisering av cannabis för eget bruk eller genom att förbättra och göra den nuvarande missbruksvården mer lättillgänglig är något som måste övervägas. / The Swedish drug policy is characterized by strict prohibitionist laws which has seen some resistance in recent years due to questioning of its effectiveness. The aim of this essay is to examine Swedish social workers views regarding the Swedish drug policy and how it affects their work with drug users and drug dependent clients. Furthermore we wanted to see what social workers feel about decriminalization of cannabis for personal use and how it could affect their line of work. The study consists of eight semi-structured interviews with social workers who come across clients with addictions in different ways. The results show that the interviewees believe that the drug policy needs to be evaluated. They believe that it’s currently repressive and punishes more than it helps. Furthermore, they point out that decriminalization can benefit users and drug dependent clients even though it’s a complex policy that must be properly evaluated before implementing. The interviewees mention a fear that decriminalization of cannabis for personal use would normalize the drug and in turn lead to an increased use. The Swedish drug policy is also considered to contribute to the stigmatization of users or drug dependent clients. This in turn leads them to be seen as deviants and criminals, something that prevents them from seeking help. Our conclusion is that Sweden's drug policy, in its current form, needs to change. Whether this is through decriminalization of own use or through improving the accessibility and quality of current drug treatment care is something that needs to be considered.

No description available.

Este estudo trouxe o debate sobre a Política de Combate às Drogas no Brasil sob o enfoque metodológico da Criminologia Crítica, utilizando autores de referência como Alessandro Baratta e Salo de Carvalho. A crítica vai ao sentido de questionar o proibicionismo, perspectiva que embasa as políticas de combate às drogas no mundo, com grande influência no Brasil. Do ponto de vista histórico é evidente que o proibicionismo não tem evitado o consumo das drogas, muito menos tem contribuído para minimizar os efeitos deletérios sobre a questão social que o tráfico ocasiona, arrebanhando em suas práticas ilícitas uma série de crimes que afetam toda a sociedade, particularmente, nas franjas mais pauperizadas da classe trabalhadora. Nessa perspectiva, a atual Política de Combate às Drogas, por não diferenciar o traficante do usuário apenas contribui para o superencarceramento de jovens das camadas populares. No Brasil o fenômeno do superencarceramento fere os Direitos Humanos. A descriminalização da maconha, nesse sentido, poderá ter forte impacto para evitar a prisão cautelar de jovens usuários ou que portem pequena quantidade da droga. Enquanto a descriminalização não ocorre, mediante amplo debate social, o Estado pode atuar frente à problemática, adotando procedimentos que auxiliam nas decisões judiciais, como a Justiça Restaurativa, a Justiça Terapêutica e a Audiência de Custódia, que se constituem alternativas à prisão cautelar. Por fim, o presente estudo procura trazer algumas reflexões teóricas sobre a política de redução de danos que é uma tendência mundial, adotada por países que aderiram à descriminalização das drogas. / This text brings in the discussion about the drug dealing combat policy in Brazil, under the emphasis of Criticism Criminology. The work is based on authors like Alessandro Baratta and Salo de Carvalho. The argumentation goes on questioning prohibitionism, witch is the bases of the combat policies over the entire world, including Brazil. Under a historical point of view, it´s obvious that prohibiotionism hasn´t been effective in avoiding drug consumption growth, let alone minimizing the deleterious effects over the social issue generated by the drug market, involving in itself a great amount of crimes that affect all the society, in special, the working masses with low incomes.Under this radar, the current combat policy, while not sorting out drug dealers from consumers, contributes itself for the prision population growth. In Brazil particularly, this phenom hurts Human Rights. The Marijuana regulamentation, in this direction, might be a strong factor to avoid the arrest of young users caught with a small amount of the drug. While the decriminalization is still on debate, the government can face the problem with paleactive procedures that would help justice, like Restaurative Justice, Therapeutic Justice and the Custody Audience, for instance. All of them alternatives for the arrest. Lastly, this study brings some theorical insights over the Damage Reduction Policy, a global tendency adopted by many countries that has joined the idea of drug discriminalization.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Afonso Rodrigues.pdf: 2823038 bytes, checksum: a258e5db3ccdadf4928a11019d529822 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-24 / The purpose of this essay is to reinforce the principle of the minimal intervention of the Criminal Law, placing it as a head principle of the modern environmental crimination and setting it as the last resort, due to its austerity and the selectivity of its penalties and of its stigmatizing character, on the battle against the unbridled consumption of the natural resources which currently occurs. Previously to the concretion of a political-criminal view of the environmental crimination, the legislative instruments used in the environmental protection were subject of a rigorous legitimacy check, finding that, from the analysis of the criminal elements in the Constitution, various are the legal-dogmatic implications that convey and the jeopardy to freedom is great, leading to serious hesitation about the aptitude of the Criminal Law to refrain harmful acts to the environment. The modest contribution that the criminal regulation can offer to the environmental protection, mainly due to the fact that it s a systemic-structural issue demanding broader solutions than the exceptional incidence of the Criminal Law, on one side, and the existence of other mechanisms formal and informal oriented to the effective protection of the environment, on the other side, bind the assumption of measures outside of the Criminal Law that aim to confront the growing environmental degradation, materializing at the same time a serious decriminalizing scheme of the criminal dispositions pertaining Criminal Environmental Law existing today / O objetivo perseguido na presente dissertação é o de fortalecer o princípio da intervenção mínima do Direito Penal, colocando-o como princípio reitor da moderna incriminação ambiental e fincando-o como última alternativa, mercê da severidade e seletividade de suas sanções e de seu caráter estigmatizante, no combate à desenfreada consumação dos recursos naturais que se verifica na atualidade. Antes da concreção de um olhar político-criminal a respeito da incriminação ambiental, os instrumentos legislativos utilizados na proteção do ambiente foram objeto de rigoroso filtro de legitimidade, verificando-se que, à luz da principiologia penal cravada no Texto Maior, são múltiplas as implicações jurídico-dogmáticas que deles advêm e os riscos à liberdade, inúmeros, fazendo pairar forte dúvida sobre o potencial do Direito Penal de refrear atos lesivos ao meio ambiente. A modesta contribuição que a normatividade penal pode oferecer para a tutela do ambiente, sobretudo por se cuidar de problema estrutural sistêmico que demanda soluções mais abrangentes que a excepcional e episódica incidência do Direito Penal, por um lado, e a existência de outros mecanismos formais e informais vocacionados à eficaz do bem jurídico-ambiental, por outro, impõem a adoção de medidas extrapenais com vistas ao enfrentamento da crescente degradação ambiental, concretizando-se ao mesmo tempo um sério programa descriminalizador das disposições penais pertinentes ao Direito Penal Ambiental hoje existentes

Diploma thesis "Effect of NAFTA agreement on drug trafficking between the U.S. and Mexico" analyzes the phenomenon of illegal drug trade in the Americas. The aim of the thesis was to seek causes of drug trafficking based on the proven asymmetry of the U.S. - Mexico political and economic relations and analyze its development to the present. Particular emphasis was placed on NAFTA agreement and evaluation of its effect on drug trafficking. The last chapter provides possible solution proposals globally applicable.

Den här studien undersöker argument som tas upp i debatten om narkotikabruket. Studiens fokus ligger på argumenten som upprätthåller kriminaliseringen av narkotikabruk. Det finns inga substantiella evidens för att den här kriminaliseringen har haft den effekt som var tänkt, men regeringen har uttryckt att de inte vill utreda frågan. Enligt sociologerna Èmile Durkheim och Randall Collins finns det en social nödvändighet av brott; brottsligheten är en naturlig funktion av ett regelstyrt samhälle. Brottslighet aktualiseras genom kriminaliseringar och fungerar som moralbildande genom att det stärker de normativa övertygelserna hos de individer i samhället som inte begår brott. På så sätt handlar lagar, brott och straff mer om att stärka sammanhållningen i samhället än om att straffa brottslingar. Den här studien använder en kritisk diskursanalytisk metod - Norman Faircloughs argumentationsanalys och dialektala utvärdering - för att analysera argument från tre nutida samhällsdebatter, hämtade från SVT och Youtube, och förklara deras moraliska funktioner. Resultatet visar att argumenten som legitimerar kriminaliseringen av narkotikabruk inte är logiska. Dessa argument avfärdar det som motstrider dem samtidigt som de rättfärdigar sig själva på godtyckliga grunder. Argumenten verkar heller inte anta ett opersonligt förhållningssätt till eventuella problematiseringar med kriminaliseringen och dess effekter, utan verkar i första hand syfta till att upprätthålla de moraliska och politiska övertygelserna bakom kriminaliseringen. / This study explores the arguments stated about drug use in public debates, in particular arguments that perpetuate the criminalization of drug use. Even though there aren't any substantial evidence that the criminalization of drug use has had the effect it was intended to have, the Swedish government has stated that they don't intend to evaluate this matter. According to sociologists Èmile Durkheim och Randall Collins there's a social necessity of crime; delinquency is a natural phenomenon in a policy regulated society. Crime reinforces the moral standards within noncriminal individuals by operating as a moral producing idea. Laws, crime and punishment aren't as much about punishing the perpetrator per se, but more about emphasizing and reinforcing social sentiments and solidarity. By using critical discourse analysis - Norman Fairclough's argumentation analysis och dialectical evaluation - this study analyzes arguments from three contemporary public debates, from SVT and Youtube, and tries to explain their moral functions. The result shows that the arguments upholding the criminalization of drug use aren't logical. These arguments reject counterclaims whilst justifying themselves on arbitrary grounds. Moreover, the arguments aren't seemingly based on objectivity regarding the problematizations surrounding the criminalization of drug use and its effects, but seem to primarily enforce the moral and political ideology behind the criminalization itself.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare som arbetar inom missbruk och beroende resonerar kring innehållet i debatten gällande avkriminalisering av narkotika för eget bruk. Val av datainsamling var semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju verksamma socialsekreterare inom missbruk- och beroende området. Empirin har bearbetats genom tematisk analys och analyserats utifrån stigmatiseringsteorin och totalkonsumtionsteorin. Studien visar att det inte finns någon enhetlighet i socialsekreterarnas åsikter och resonemang gällande området och att det likt debatten föreligger en polarisering även här. Resonemangen som fördes av socialsekreterarna i studien gick att koppla till tre olika åsiktsläger. Den prohibitionistiska linjen som förespråkar en fortsatt kriminalisering av narkotika för eget bruk, det restriktiva folkhälsoperspektivet som efterlyste ett mer allomfattande perspektiv kring frågan och den pragmatiska harm reduction linjen som menar på att en avkriminalisering av eget bruk hade varit ett steg i rätt riktning. Studien visar att den huvudsakliga fördelen som socialsekreterarna upplevde med en avkriminalisering av eget bruk hade varit att man minskar stigmatiseringen kring människor som lever med missbruksproblem. Den huvudsakliga nackdelen som identifierades var att tillvägagångssättet hade kunnat leda till en ökad acceptans för narkotika i samhället, vilket hade lett till att fler människor använder narkotika och att man hade fått fler narkotikarelaterade problem. Studien visade även att socialsekreterarnas åsikter kring området påverkats av det praktiska mötet med målgruppen och att detta bidragit till antingen en mer restriktiv eller mer liberal hållning i frågan. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how social workers in the field of substance abuse and addiction reason about the content of the debate regarding the decriminalization of drugs for personal use. The choice of data collection was semi-structured interviews with seven active social workers in the field of substance abuse and addiction. The empiric has been processed through thematic analysis and analyzed on the basis of the stigma theory and the total consumption theory. The study shows that there is no uniformity in the social workers' opinions and reasoning regarding the area and that, like the debate, there is a polarization here as well. The reasoning given by the social workers in the study could be linked to three different opinion camps. The prohibitionist line advocating the continued criminalization of drugs for personal use, the restrictive public health perspective calling for a more comprehensive perspective on the issue, and the pragmatic harm reduction line arguing that decriminalization of drugs for personal use would have been a step in the right direction. The study shows that the main advantage that the social workers experienced with decriminalization of drugs for personal use had been to reduce the stigma surrounding people living with substance abuse problems. The main disadvantage identified was that the approach could have led to increased acceptance of drugs in society, which would have led to more people using drugs and to more drug-related problems. The study also showed that the social workers' views on the area were influenced by the practical meeting with the target group and that this contributed to either a more restrictive or more liberal attitude on the issue.

No description available.

Cette thèse consiste à montrer que les valeurs dans une société donnée sont fortement protégées par la loi pénale. Il en est ainsi des valeurs bancaires - financières. Ce qui importe, c’est le fait que les valeurs peuvent se protéger elles-mêmes en se transformant en d’autres valeurs ou notions (notion - principe). Également, il est supposé que les valeurs dans un autre système soient protégées différemment. À travers cette thèse, nous avons tenté de démontrer la particularité des divers systèmes bancaires, les systèmes islamique et conventionnel. Cette recherche vise à démontrer tout simplement que les valeurs dans ces deux systèmes ne sont pas perçues de la même manière et qu’ils n’ont pas non plus les mêmes valeurs. En droit pénal bancaire ou en droit bancaire « non pénal », la protection peut être différente de celle du droit pénal classique. La particularité de ce domaine réside dans les tendances variables d’une réglementation à une pénalisation et inversement, d’une déréglementation à une dépénalisation. Ainsi à travers cette étude, nous parlerons d’éventualité d’un mouvement. Ce mouvement est observé au niveau de la protection des valeurs. La protection des valeurs et, à la suite le mouvement de protection, peuvent être réalisés à deux niveaux : une protection structurelle des valeurs et une protection opérationnelle des valeurs. Le recours au pénal dans la phase de protection dépend du système auquel est liée la valeur. Les alternatives de la protection pénale dans les deux étapes opérationnelles et structurelles existent, encore que, dans la finance moderne d’aujourd’hui, nous entendons beaucoup parler des nouvelles notions de la gouvernance d’entreprise, de la finance éthique, etc. En dernier lieu, cette thèse a l’intention de démontrer que, par l’effet de la globalisation, même si les valeurs divergent, leurs protections (y compris la protection pénale) vont dans un sens d’harmonisation ; il nous semble qu’une convergence soit en train de se construire. Mais quel est le rôle du droit pénal dans la vie moderne bancaire ? / This thesis aims to show that the values in a given society are strongly protected by the mechanisms of law (both criminal and civil law). The protected values are those basies in banking - financial system. Given the fact that there are two major banking systems: Islamic and conventional, the significance of this research is to show that, firstly, values can protect themselves by transforming into other values / concepts (notion - principe) or by becoming structure in the banking system. Secondly, it is assumed that the protection of the values in another system would be different. Also, the theory of transformation in both levels of the existence of the values and their protection is demonstrated. In criminal banking law or in "non - criminal" banking law, the protection may be different from that of classical criminal law. The particularity of this field is variable trends of regulation to penalization and vice versa: deregulation to decriminalization. Therefore, through this study, the possibility of a movement will be discussed in respect to the transformation theory framework. The trend of movement is observed in the protection of values. Protection of values and the movement of protection, could be achieved at two levels: structural protection of values and operational protection of values. The use of the criminal in the protection phase depends on the system that value is linked. Alternatives (called extra-penal mechanisms) in criminal protection in both operational and structural steps exist; however, in modern finance, new concepts of corporate governance, ethical finance, etc. are in the center of attention. Largely because, theses concepts could protect values without interference of criminal law. In Overall, this thesis intends to demonstrate that, even if the values are different, by the effect of globalization, their protections (including criminal protection) are in a way of harmonization; it seems that convergence is beginning to build. But what is the role of criminal law in the modern banking life?