Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how a company with a single brand is perceived as uniform, as well as how they use internal brand building to reconcile various competing actors within one brand. Furthermore the aim is to examine how staff, through internal brand building processes, perceives and identifies themself with the values of the common brand. Method: A case study with method triangulation was conducted at Nordiska Kompaniet department store in Stockholm. Quantitative data through a questionnaire survey with employees combined with two observations. Qualitative data was given through an email interview with a responsible manager of digital channels and PR from NK AB. Theories: This study has used the following theories; Destination marketing, Corporate brand, internal branding, corporate identity, corporate culture, brand value, service brand values, brand citizenship behaviour. Conclusion: This case study of NK has shown that internal branding building in a department store is a comprehensive work, which all involved must have a unified perception and understanding of the brand, in order to successful unite under one brand. Internal brand building is done primarily to employees through various recurrent trainings and meetings, with the purpose to create behaviour consistent with the brand values. However, there is a lack of communication since staff did not correctly perceive and understand the actual brand values. This results in that staff identify with incorrect values, which means that they have a brand citizenship behaviour that is not consistent with the brand values. / Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur ett företag med ett gemensamt varumärke uppfattas som enhetligt, samt hur de använder intern varumärkesuppbyggnad för att förena olika konkurrerande aktörer under ett varumärke. Syftet är således att undersöka hur personalen med hjälp av intern varumärkesuppbyggnad, uppfattar och identifierar sig med det gemensamma varumärkets värden. Metod: En metodtriangulering genomfördes på Nordiska Kompaniet i Stockholm. Kvantitativ data gavs genom en enkätundersökning med anställda kombinerat med två observationer. Kvalitativa ansatsen var genom en e-post intervju med ansvarig chef för PR och digitala kanaler på NK AB. Teori: Studien har använt följande teorier; Destinationsmarknadsföring, företagsvarumärke, intern varumärkesuppbyggnad, företagsidentitet, företagskultur, varumärkesvärden, servicevarumärkets värden samt varumärkesorienterade beteende. Slutsats: Fallstudien på Nordiska Kompaniet har visat att intern varumärkesuppbyggnad i ett varuhus är ett omfattande arbete, där alla inblandade måste ha en enhetlig uppfattning och förståelse av varumärket, för att de framgångsrikt ska förenas under ett varumärke. Intern varumärkesuppbyggnad sker framförallt till anställda genom olika återkommande utbildningar och möten, för att således skapa ett beteende förenligt med varumärkets värden.  Däremot finns en brist i kommunikationen när personalen inte korrekt uppfattar och förstår varumärkets faktiska värden. Det leder till att personalen identifiera sig med felaktiga värden. Vilket gör att de uppvisar ett varumärkesorienterande beteende som inte är förenligt med varumärkets värden.

Under de senaste åren har det blivit allt vanligare för konsumenter att använda sig av sociala medier, främst inom turismindustrin. Det är vanligt för konsumenter att idag stöta på nya destinationer och att viljan av att resa uppstår genom sociala medier. Denna studie handlar om att få en djupare förståelse av hur destinationsmarknadsföring tolkas av konsumenter. För att uppnå syfte har dessa två frågeställningar formulerats, Hur möts konsumenterna av destinationsmarknadsföring på sociala medier? och Vilket inflytande påstår konsumenterna att destinationsmarknadsföring inom sociala medier har på deras köpbeslut av destination?. Den empiriska materialinsamlingen har tagits fram genom att genomföra 20 kvalitativa intervjuer på konsumenter. Valet av att genomföra intervjuerna på konsumenter var för att få konsumenternas perspektiv av det valda forskningsområdet. För att analysera den empiriska materialinsamlingen har studien utgått ifrån fem teorier, Social media marketing, Konsumentens beslutsprocess, WOM och eWOM, Personliga egenskapers påverkan på konsumenternas köpbeteende och Push- och Pull faktorer. Studien har kommit fram till att konsumenter ofta möts av destinationsmarknadsföring i sin vardag på sociala medier. Samt att mötet även har ett stort inflytande på konsumenternas köpbeslut, då viljan av att resa uppkommer och beslutet av destination tas. / Over recent years it has become increasingly common for the general populous to use social media, especially for companies and consumers in the tourism industry. This affects the way potential consumers learn about new destinations and also influences their opinions on said places. The aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of how destination marketing is interpreted by consumers. In order to achieve this, two questions needed to be answered: How do consumers come across destination marketing on social media? and In what way do consumers feel destination marketing impacts their purchasing decisions? Interviews were conducted with 20 consumers to obtain qualitative data in order to gain an insight on the consumers perspective. Empirical data was analyzed using five different theories: Social Media Marketing, The Buyer Decision Process, WOM and eWOM, Personal Characteristics Affecting Consumers Behavior and Push- and Pull Factors. This study shows that consumers encounter destination marketing on social media often and also that destination marketing has a significant influence on consumers purchasing decisions as it encourages travel and allows selection of destination.

Text in English / One of the critical challenges associated with migration is a need to acquire a destination language, which has never been an easy experience for immigrants. This study aims at exploring and analysing experiences of Malawian immigrant labourers in their process of acquiring spoken skills of isiZulu in Durban. In order to understand the phenomenon under investigation better, this study used a qualitative research approach and adopted a phenomenological research design. The data for this study was collected using semi structured one-to-one interviews. The data were analysed using content analysis method and was approached and discussed in light of Schumann‟s (1986) Acculturation Model and frame works and a destination–language acquisition model of Chiswick and Miller (2001). Empirical findings from this study have shown that adults; just like children, are also capable of mastering a second language if they can manage both social and psychological factors that impede acquisition. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M. A. (Linguistics)

This study was conducted in order to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon of drug trafficking with specific reference as to how South African drug mules are used in crossborder drug smuggling. Through media analysis, semi-structured interviews with drug trafficking experts and a literature study the researcher was able to make findings and recommendations as per the objectives of the study. The objectives of the study included examining how drug mules smuggle drugs across South African borders; what role drug mules play in drug trafficking syndicates and the motivations and reasons why South Africans are increasingly being recruited as drug mules. The researcher also attempted to determine the nature and extent of the drug demand supply in and to South Africa. By making the deduction that drug demand and drug supply are interrelated the researcher was ultimately able to conclude that drug mules will continue to engage in drug smuggling as long as there is a demand for drugs and readily available drug supply routes to and from a county. From the media reports analysed cocaine, methamphetamine and heroin were the drugs most smuggled by South African drug mules. It is also clear from the media reports that cocaine and methamphetamine are smuggled in the largest quantities by South African drug mules. The quantities of heroin found in the possession of South African drug mules were insignificantly small. This contradicts treatment centre data analysed that indicated heroin and methamphetamine users were almost double in numbers in comparison to cocaine users being treated at centres. Most South African drug mules are used to smuggle drugs to the cocaine markets in Europe and South Africa; the cannabis/marijuana (herb) market in Europe; the cannabis (resin) hashish market in Canada and the United States of America; the crystal methamphetamine market in the Far East (largely Japan and Korea) and the heroin market in South Africa. Using criminology theories as a basis, the researcher attempted to describe why people are vulnerable to being recruited as drug mules. Findings concluded that structural factors such as poverty and unemployment and substance abuse-related problems, particularly in marginalised and disadvantaged communities, all contribute to South Africans becoming drug mules. Recommendations by the researcher focused on identifying specific vulnerabilities associated with drug mule recruiting and its consideration in legislation relating to drug trafficking in South Africa. The recommendations focus on the specific prosecution of drug abusers, drug mules, drug distributors and drug mule recruiters. Lastly it is projected by the researcher that the drug demand in South Africa will continue to increase if the drug supply routes and drug smuggling operations by syndicates are not addressed more firmly / Criminology and Security Science / M. A. (Criminology)

The theoretical part of this thesis is focused on the explanation of the Smart concept within the cities and tourist destinations, how the destination of Písek uses marketing communication to attract new visitors and to keep the existing ones. In this part, the reader will also be informed about the topic of measuring emotions, what the methods are, their strengths and weaknesses, and specifically how the EDA method (measurement of electrodermal activity, or skin conductivity) works, which was used in the practical part. The aim of thesis is to use new technologies in effective marketing of tourism destinations - based on measurement of emotional reactions using the EDA method, optimalization of visual communication for destination Písek and its surroundings as a city with a Smart city concept. The practical part describes how the questionnaire and measurement by the EDA method took place. During the research the respondents were shown pictures that were taken of Písek and its surroundings. Data processing was done by evaluating the questionnaire and EDA measurements. The results of both research methods were ranked in the Top Ten Positively/Negatively Ranked Images with Higher Emotional Response. Ten positively and ten negatively evaluated questionnaire and EDA measurements are also visualized in this thesis. It can be concluded from the research that the EDA method is suitable for the measurement of emotions and, together with the questionnaire, it provided interesting information on what type of images is suitable to use in the marketing communication of Píseckem, s. r. o.

L’estimation des matrices origine-destination (OD) est un sujet de recherche important depuis les années 1950. En effet, ces tableaux à deux entrées recensent la demande de transport d'une zone géographique donnée et sont de ce fait un élément clé de l'ingénierie du trafic. Historiquement, les seules données disponibles pour leur estimation par les statistiques étaient les comptages de véhicules par les boucles magnétiques. Ce travail s'inscrit alors dans le contexte de l'installation à Brisbane de plus de 600 détecteurs Bluetooth qui ont la capacité de détecter et d'identifier les appareils électroniques équipés de cette technologie.Dans un premier temps, il explore la possibilité offerte par ces détecteurs pour les applications en ingénierie du transport en caractérisant ces données et leurs bruits. Ce projet aboutit, à l'issue de cette étude, à une méthode de reconstruction des trajectoires des véhicules équipés du Bluetooth à partir de ces seules données. Dans un second temps, en partant de l'hypothèse que l'accès à des échantillons importants de trajectoires va se démocratiser, cette thèse propose d'étendre la notion de matrice OD à celle de matrice OD par lien afin de combiner la description de la demande avec celle de l'utilisation du réseau. Reposant sur les derniers outils méthodologies développés en optimisation convexe, nous proposons une méthode d'estimation de ces matrices à partir des trajectoires inférées par Bluetooth et des comptages routiers.A partir de peu d'hypothèses, il est possible d'inférer ces nouvelles matrices pour l'ensemble des utilisateurs d'un réseau routier (indépendamment de leur équipement en nouvelles technologies). Ce travail se distingue ainsi des méthodes traditionnelles d'estimation qui reposaient sur des étapes successives et indépendantes d'inférence et de modélisation. / Origin Destination matrix estimation is a critical problem of the Transportation field since the fifties. OD matrix is a two-entry table taking census of the zone-to-zone traffic of a geographic area. This traffic description tools is therefore paramount for traffic engineering applications. Traditionally, the OD matrix estimation has solely been based on traffic counts collected by networks of magnetic loops. This thesis takes place in a context with over 600 Bluetooth detectors installed in the City of Brisbane. These detectors permit in-car Bluetooth device detection and thus vehicle identification.This manuscript explores first, the potentialities of Bluetooth detectors for Transport Engineering applications by characterising the data, their noises and biases. This leads to propose a new methodology for Bluetooth equipped vehicle trajectory reconstruction. In a second step, based on the idea that probe trajectories will become more and more available by means of new technologies, this thesis proposes to extend the concept of OD matrix to the one of link dependent origin destination matrix that describes simultaneously both the traffic demand and the usage of the network. The problem of LOD matrix estimation is formulated as a minimisation problem based on probe trajectories and traffic counts and is then solved thanks to the latest advances in nonsmooth convex optimisation.This thesis demonstrates that, with few hypothesis, it is possible to retrieve the LOD matrix for the whole set of users in a road network. It is thus different from traditional OD matrix estimation approaches that relied on successive steps of modelling and of statistical inferences.

Mes travaux de recherche ont pour sujet unificateur : les déplacements et les réseaux de transport ; et ils ont été traités par une approche unique, la modélisation physico-économique à caractère mathématique et algorithmique.<br />Une telle modélisation comporte quatre aspects : un contenu sémantique, à caractère physique ou économique ; une formulation mathématique ; un solveur technique ; un aspect empirique (métrologie, statistique, économétrie).<br />Les disciplines mises en œuvre sont variées : théorie des réseaux, optimisation, informatique algorithmique, probabilités et statistiques, et aussi économie, socio-économie et physique du trafic. Mes contributions théoriques concernent la théorie des réseaux, l'économie du transport et la physique du trafic.<br />Mes travaux se répartissent en quatre thèmes :<br />A. La mesure et la modélisation du trafic. Au niveau local d'une route, j'ai analysé la relation entre flux et vitesse en mettant en cohérence l'analyse désagrégée, probabiliste au niveau du mobile individuel ; et l'analyse macroscopique en termes de flux et de distribution statistique des temps.<br />B. La modélisation des réseaux et des cheminements. L'équilibre entre offre de transport et demande de déplacement conjugue une dimension spatiale - topologique, une dimension temporelle, et une dimension comportementale - économique. Les enjeux de modélisation concernent : la représentation de l'offre et la demande ; la formulation et les propriétés d'existence – unicité – stabilité ; les algorithmes. Je me suis intéressé à la diversité des comportements ; et à la modélisation fine de l'offre et à la dimension temporelle.<br />C. L'analyse socio-économique des déplacements. Je me suis intéressé à l'usage de divers moyens de transport et à la prospection de leur clientèle potentielle ; au choix d'horaire de déplacement ; aux caractéristiques à la fois économiques et dynamiques de la congestion.<br />D. La distribution spatiale des déplacements et des activités. Je me suis intéressé d'une part à l'observation des flux par relation origine-destination (O-D) et à l'inférence statistique des matrices O-D ; et d'autre part, à la justification microéconomique des déplacements en raison de la localisation et de l'utilité des activités.

Avec l'apparition massive des borderline products, les frontières traditionnelles entre la denrée alimentaire et les autres catégories de produits que l'on ingère ne cessent de se brouiller. Certes des éléments de définition de cette denrée se trouvent dans divers textes juridiques, notamment communautaires à l'image du règlement Food Law, mais toujours est-il que malgré tout demeure en partie le mystère identitaire qui entoure cette notion. Aussi, afin de pouvoir appliquer aux produits litigieux un statut adéquat et déterminer par la même le régime juridique qui doit être le leur, des références précises de l'aliment doivent être mises en évidence au travers de son analyse d'ensemble, l'étude tant de sa fonction que de sa présentation s'avérant indispensable pour résoudre cette problématique non dépourvue d'importance pratique.

En la primera parte de esta tesis se profundiza en el estudio de los factores e interrelaciones que influyen en las actitudes de los residentes y se plantean propuestas genéricas para la adecuada gestión de los destinos turísticos. Los destinos turísticos evolucionan y en destinos maduros es necesario conocer su pasado para comprender mejor su presente. Ibiza es un destino maduro y, por tanto, es necesario un estudio previo de su evolución para una mejor comprensión de los resultados del estudio empírico. La descripción de la historia del turismo en Ibiza, apoyado en el uso del modelo de Ciclo de Vida del Destino Turístico, constituye la segunda parte de la tesis. Finalmente, se realiza un estudio empírico en la tercera parte de la tesis. Mediante el uso de diversos tipos de análisis se revisa si es de aplicación la teoría al caso concreto de Ibiza.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The Garden Route is located along the southern Cape coast of South Africa, between the Outeniqua Mountain Range and the coast, stretching from Gourits River in the west to Bloukranz River in the east. This region is recognised as a holiday destination and the centre of the southern Cape’s tourism industry. It has also gained popularity as a golfing destination set to proliferate in terms of new golfcourse developments (Golf Digest 2004; Gould 2004; Granger 2003). No known complete academic or public record is however available for the study area in which all the golf development types, namely short courses, public-municipal golf-courses and residential golf estates, are recorded. This leaves a gap in the understanding of the Garden Route as a golfing destination, as well as opening the floor for public speculation about the status of the Garden Route golfscape. This situation emphasises the need for a description of the Garden Route golfscape in order to achieve a better understanding of it and of the Garden Route as an emerging golfing destination. The research aspires to describe the Garden Route golfscape in terms of the geographic spatial distribution and characteristics of all the golf development types mentioned. It also aims to analyse how the public and developers of golf developments perceive the Garden Route golfscape. The research has shown that amongst the four identified intra-regional golfscapes of the Garden Route, namely the Mossel Bay, George, Knysna and Plettenberg Bay intra-regional golfscapes, the George intra-regional golfscape has been affected the most by golf developments. This intra-regional golfscape has the greatest number of existing golf developments, as well as the highest number of new golf development applications followed by Mossel Bay, Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. It is also clear from the research that the press, through publishing factually incorrect and biased information, plays a significant role in negatively affecting the public’s perception about the Garden Route golfscape. The literature, as well as the results of the public opinion poll, identifies residential private golf estate developments as the development type responsible for controversial golf debates. The survey indicated that there is less concern and objection to public-municipal golf-courses and short courses. The lack of public support for golf developments is as a result of the fact that the public is not convinced that either the natural environment or tourism, will benefit from the Garden Route developing into an international golfing destination. At the time of research, the Garden Route hosted 22 approved golf developments of which nine are short courses, another nine are golf estates and the remaining four are public municipal courses. A total of eight new golf estates are proposed for the Garden Route. There are no proposals for new public-municipal golf-courses or short courses. The research has highlighted that existing challenges associated with Garden Route golf developments must be quantified through future research in order to compare the impacts (economic, social and environmental impacts) with that of other land uses in the study area. Results from such future exercises, combined with future in-depth environmental and human resource audits of the area, will help determine the carrying capacity of the study area for golf developments, which will in turn contribute to an even better understanding of the Garden Route golfscape.