This research explores the perspectives of the opinion leaders of the activism movement in Tenerife on tourism on the island and the solutions proposed by these stakeholders to the current sustainability problems related to tourism. These issues include tourist's misbehavior in natural protected areas, waste, submarine emissions of residual water sewage, water shortage, gentrification, overtourism, overpopulation, 14,6% of unemployment in 2022, decline of agricultural land, high population density, etc. Furthermore, this study looks into how sustainability is articulated by the activism movement. The information was gathered from seven semi-structured interviews with opinion leaders of the activism movement with backgrounds in different fields including terrestrial biology, marine biology, archaeology, apiculture and agriculture. A thematic analysis was used to catalogue their responses into common topics to gain an overall picture of their perspective. The activist movement perceives the current tourism model as part of a system that needs to change by controlling and setting boundaries to tourist flows, immigration, construction and real state. Furthermore, they suggest a societal change towards valuing the natural and cultural heritage of the island. Sustainability is articulated by the activists as a balance between humans and nature, which should be obtained through a democratic decision-making process that assesses a common sustainable vision in line with scientific evidence. The activists further suggest that the transition towards sustainability requires cooperation between top-down changes and bottom-up changes, which will ultimately also transform the type of tourism on the island.

The key to an organization's long-term success is a sustainable competitive advantage. In a global market characterized by fierce competition, organizations differentiate themselves no longer through their competitive position or technological or human resources but through knowledge. Such a decisive economic resource needs to be managed, giving rise to the theory of Knowledge Management (KM). Because knowledge is created and shared through social interactions, knowledge transfer is the most critical part of KM. Especially in tourist destinations, the diversity of stakeholders, each with unique skills and knowledge, represents great opportunities for innovation and the sustainable development of destinations but also great challenges. Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) are responsible to maintain the attractiveness of a destination by encouraging competing and complementary organizations to collaborate to exchange knowledge. Ultimately, the tourist experience and image of a destination are created interdependently by the tourism stakeholders. By conducting a case study in the destination of Kalmar, this paper aimed to explain to what extent a DMO manages inter-organizational knowledge transfer within a tourist destination. An explanatory sequence was used to gather primary data in three steps. First, a survey was conducted with local tourism stakeholders. Then, the local DMO and the university were interviewed. The data collected from 32 local tourism stakeholders suggest that tourism stakeholders, primarily SMEs, are lacking the resources to engage in knowledge transfer and overlook the value of external sources of knowledge. The findings of the interviews point to that there is a need to support tourism stakeholders with digitalization, to encourage tourism stakeholders to join a destination network and to close the knowledge gap through research produced by universities. This study contributes to gaining a broader understanding of the opportunities and challenges of inter-organizational knowledge transfer within the destination of Kalmar.

Sustainable Destination Development implies reaching the 17 SDGs at a destination level. Climate crisis is arguably the primary challenge faced by destinations today. It is now commonly accepted that the crisis is primarily caused due to the burning of fossil fuels while converting it into energy. Therefore, decarbonization of the energy sector appears to be a viable way to eliminate the crisis. This ensued the installation of unprecedented amounts of renewable energy facilities in the last two decades, especially in Europe. As such onshore wind power is at the forefront of this trend and is projected to be the primary renewable source of electricity in Europe in foreseeable future. However, substituting fossil fuels by the renewable energy sources such as onshore wind power requires vast land areas, and as argued by many, may undermine biodiversity conservation – an equally urgent matter to be addressed by destinations. This is because land-use change is identified as the foremost cause of the biodiversity loss globally. Thus, this study was aimed to elucidate the ‘green-green paradox’ (i.e., jeopardizing biodiversity while combating climate crisis) using a qualitative research methodology. The main research questions were intended to reveal current best practices of dealing with the challenge, identify main barriers, and suggest solutions for a better practice in the future. Data was collected through semi-structured expert interviews, and the results were reported using thematic analysis. The study found that the current best practise of addressing the biodiversity challenge is via the Mitigation Hierarchy framework – a regulatory tool intended at safeguarding biodiversity while developing infrastructure projects. Simultaneously, the weak implementation of the hierarchy in practice was identified as the primary barrier for harmonious wind power – biodiversity relationship. The huge knowledge gap in understanding the depth of impacts, lack of uniform methodologies to measure and account for them, and the lack of collaboration and communication between stakeholders were identified as the main factors that impede operationalization of the framework. A need for more stricter and better implemented regulations was an important emergent theme throughout the results that was deemed to potentially be the defining factor in addressing the mentioned impediments.

El artículo que se presenta a continuación tiene como objetivo general Analizar los factores clave de éxito del destino de Lambayeque para desarrollar estrategias de marketing turístico. Para obtener información de ambas variables se utilizó una entrevista con enunciados que se podían calificar por la escala de Likert y también preguntas abiertas, por consiguiente, los entrevistados fueron los actores del sector turismo y hotelero de la región Lambayeque, el tipo de investigación es cualitativa. En cuanto a la metodología empleada, tuvo un nivel descriptivo, de tipo aplicada, no experimental. Porsu lado los resultados que se obtuvieron de las entrevistas, fue que, existe poco apoyo de las autoridades para promover el turismo, y a falta de ello, muchas empresas dedicadas alturismo, trabajan de manera individual y la clave del éxito de un destino es que trabajen todos en conjunto, ya que así se puede lograr un mayor turismo no solo nacional, si no también internacional. Lo que se menciona más dentro de las respuestas obtenidas, es quese debe trabajar mucho más con las redes sociales, para promover el turismo, ya que es una pieza fundamental para dar a conocer el potencial del departamento de Lambayeque. Finalmente, se realizó una propuesta en relación a las estrategias que se pueden emplear para mejorar el turismo en Lambayeque. / The article presented below has the general objective of analyzing the key success factorsof the Lambayeque destination to develop tourism marketing strategies. To get information on both variables, an interview was used with statements that could be qualified by the Likert scale and also open questions, therefore, the interviewees were theactors of the tourism and hotel sector of the Lambayeque region, the type of research is qualitative. Regarding the methodology used, it had a descriptive level, applied, not experimental. On the other hand, the results obtained from the interviews were that there is little support from the authorities to promote tourism, and in the absence of this, many companies dedicated to tourism work individually and the key to the success of a destination is Let everyone work together, since in this way greater tourism can be achieved, not only national, but also international. What is mentioned more within the responses obtained is that much more work must be done with social networks to promotetourism, since it is a fundamental piece to publicize the potential of the department of Lambayeque. Finally, a proposal was made regarding the strategies that can be used to improve tourism in Lambayeque.

Vår uppsats handlar om hembygdsföreningeni rollen som turistisk aktör. Vi granskar vilka drivkrafter som aktören uppvisar samt hur dessa påverkar synen på modernisering och digitalisering inom den egna föreningen. Vi vill också lyfta fram hembygdsförening som en vagga i vårt kulturarv. Att låta dåtidens levnadssätt gå hand i hand med nutidens digitaliserade levnadssätt kan göra ett modernt historiskt-och kunskapsmässigt samarbete för kommande generationer. Vidare diskuteras hur medvetenheten om dessa drivkrafter är viktiga för att balansera den konventionella synen på turism ur ett management perspektiv, tillsammans med den ideella föreningens mer psykosociala identitetsskapande syn. Vårt syfte är att definiera hur en hembygd arbetar med turism och hur stor roll turismen har inom föreningen. Vihar sedan använt oss av frågeställningar och en problemformulering där vi tagit upp olika hjälpmedel och undersökt vilka drivkrafter som får aktörerna att ta tag i vissa projekt och användandet av digitalisering. Vårt angreppssätt i dennauppsats är att använda oss av teori som ett ramverk för de påståenden och argument som presenteras i vår empiri och metod-del. Med stöd av vårt teoretiska angreppssätt tillsammans med intervjuresultaten är det vår förhoppning att tydliggöra betydelsen av kulturarvsturismen.Genom kvalitativa intervjuer tar vi upp begreppet kulturarv och förklarar dess innebörd på ett konkret sett. Vi träffar äldre människor där många har minnen från förr och med egna ord kan återspegla historien. I vår uppsats har vi redogjort för Sveriges kulturarvshistoria inom hembygdsföreningar, där vi analyserar de drivkrafter som ligger bakom arbetet med att bevara Sveriges historia hos de enskilda aktörerna. Vår bakgrund inom medieteknik gör att vårt arbete präglas av en världsbild där tekniken är ett verktyg som underlättar utvecklingen av produkter inom turism. Genom insamlat resultat ser vi att aktörerna är överens om att vår historia om hembygdsföreningar och kulturarv behöver bevaras för att människan ska kunna känna en gemenskap och trygghet till sin hembygd. Kulturarvet kan också användas som ett verktyg för att framföra kunskap till olika generationer och vidare kan den digitala utvecklingen av kulturarvsattraktioner nå ut till fler människor i framtiden på ett mer interaktivt sätt. I vår uppsats har vi också kommit fram till att kulturarvsattraktioner spelar en viktig roll inom upplevelseturism på många olika plan genom att studera drivkrafter hos de eldsjälar som erbjuder omgivningen något varaktigt och minnesvärt, som räcker långt framöver. / Our essay revolves around the local history associations and the actors within it as part of the tourism sector. We have researched the driving-forces that these actors possess, their view on modernization and digitalization within the association. With this paper we also want to highlight that local history associations works as a cradle for our cultural heritage. These actors want the life of past times to go hand-in-hand with the digital lifestyle of modern times, which will contribute with historical knowledge for future generations.Furthermore,we discuss how these driving-forces are an important part of the balance between the conventional view on tourism from a management perspective, and the non-profit association’s psycho-social view. Our purpose is to define how local history works within tourism and how big of a role it has within the associations. We discuss different tools at hand and explore what driving-forces that get the actors to use digitalization in certain projects. The method of our essay is to use a theory as a framework for thestatements and arguments that are introduced in our empirical data. With the support of our theory and the results of the interviews, it is our hope to clarify the meaning of cultural heritage site tourism and how the actors work within it.We have used qualitative interviews to discuss the concept of heritage sites and to explain its meaning in a concrete way. We have met with elderly people and made it possible for them to share their memories from past times while also exploring their role within heritage site tourism. In this essay we described the heritage site through local history associations, where we analyze the underlying driving-forces behind the work of individual actors as they attempt to preserve the history of Sweden. This essay also presents the concept of interactive digital storytelling where technology functions as a tool that simplify development of the tourism product . As a conclusion our results show that the actors agreed upon that our history in terms of local history associations and heritage sites needs to be preserved, so that future generations do not lose the feeling of safety and a sense of belonging that comes from being part of a community in their local home environment. The cultural heritage site can be used as a tool to present knowledge to different generations through the means of digital development, the heritage sites can reach a wider audience in the future by presenting interactive modern day solutions.In our essay, we have also found that cultural heritage sites plays an important role in leisure tourism on many different levels through driving-forces of the individuals that offer their surrounding something memorable that will last for eternity.

I denna studie beskriver jag problemet hur planering och zonering av destinationer för friluftsliv och ekoturism kan göras. Genom att utveckla och analysera teori och resultat abduktivt har analys och slutsats utvecklats med Kristianstad Vattenrike som utvalt studerat område. Kristianstad Vattenrike är ett av Sveriges fem biosfärområden och sträcker sig nästan över hela Kristianstad kommun med en mångfald av olika naturtyper. Som utnämnt biosfärområde ska man bidra till hållbar utveckling och utveckla området utefter ledorden bevara, utveckla och stödja och planera området i kärnområden, buffertzoner och utvecklingsområden. För att uppnå studiens syfte att abduktivt visa i teoretisk och analytisk växelverkan hur man kan planera och zonera en destination för friluftsliv och ekoturism så har jag valt att beskriva hur planering av friluftsliv kan göras, om zonering, om planering för ekoturism och rural turismutveckling. Dessa har utvecklats abduktivt med utvald kvalitativ metod för analys av en destination, Kristianstad Vattenrike, och hur det planeras i praktiken för eventuell zonering av friluftsliv och ekoturism enligt tre intervjuer och skriftliga källor om Kristianstad Vattenrike. I studiens resultat och analys analyseras tre frågeställningar för syftet: 1) Vilka förutsättningar för friluftsupplevelser och ekoturism erbjuder natur, landskap samt infrastruktur i Kristianstad Vattenrike?, 2) Hur planeras det för friluftsliv och ekoturism i Kristianstad Vattenrike? och 3) Varför ska zonering användas som medel för att planera hållbara destinationer för friluftsliv och ekoturism? Här beskrivs vilket brett utbud av naturtyper som erbjuds i ett friluftsliv som hela tiden utvecklas med behov och efterfrågan på området, men också med produktutveckling. Det beskrivs att de använt bl a plan för att utveckla badplatser inom Kristianstad Vattenrike som kan utvecklas generellt för friluftslivet. För ekoturism görs vissa näringslivssatsningar men inget som direkt lyckas inspirera till ett hållbart ansvarstagande för företag, men ett par uthålliga entreprenörer har lyckats med utveckling av säsonger för upplevelse av Vattenriket över året. Zonering som medel för planering av friluftsliv och ekoturism beskrivs och klargörs att det är en eftersatt modell i Sverige för planering av friluftsliv och ekoturism och även så i Kristianstad Vattenrike. Efter granskade resultat och analyser så dras slutsatser med studien att zonering behöver en svensk uttalad definition för att lättare kommuniceras och förstås för implementering som destinationer som Kristianstad Vattenrike skulle dra fördel av vid planering och zonering för friluftsliv och ekoturism.

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur företag inom besöksnäringen i Stockholms skärgård samarbetar och om samarbete kan leda till längre säsonger. Samt huruvida de statligt finansierade utvecklingsprojekten i skärgården bidragit till längre säsonger enligt de undersökta företagen. Metod: I denna studie har en kvalitativ metod i form av semi-strukturerade intervjuer används för insamling av empiri. Sex företag på två skärgårdsöar har intervjuats och används som empiriskt huvudmaterial men även en intervju som gjorts med Värmdö kommun har fått ligga till grund för en del av det empiriska materialet. Slutsatser: Det har under studien framkommit att samarbete mellan lokala aktörer är en viktig del i utvecklingen av destinationen. Samarbetet är inte bara en del i utvecklingen utan kan också vara en hjälp till att förlänga säsongerna. Utvecklingsprojekten har enligt företagarna som intervjuats ej gynnat dem. Det framgår att företagarna anser att det är de själva som måste jobba hårt om de ska se någon förändring. / Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate how companies in the tourism industry in the Stockholm archipelago cooperate and whether cooperation can lead to longer seasons. As well as if the state-funded development projects in the archipelago have contributed to longer seasons according to the investigated companies. Methodology: In this study, a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews has been used for the gathering of empirical data. Six companies on two archipelago islands have been interviewed and used as main empirical material, but an interview with Värmdö municipality has also formed the basis for some of the empirical material. Conclusions: During this study, it has been found that cooperation between local actors is an important part of the development of the destination. Not only is the cooperation a part of the destination development, it can also help extend the season. According to the interviewees, the development projects have not benefited them. It is apparent that the entrepreneurs believe that they themselves that must work hard for any change to happen.

This thesis investigates the relationship of regional food products in the tourist home country with destination marketing and management at the example of South Tyrol. South Tyrol was chosen as research area, because the 2 sectors have, on their own, a big standing in the region as well as a cooperate in many different ways. This has led to a symbiosis inside and outside the destination, making it an interesting area to research. While the interplay of the culinary assets of a destination with tourism within the destination is increasingly recognized, developed and used by researchers, planners, companies and authorities, the possible relationship of these sectors outside the destination remains an under-researched area. As Alderighi et al. (2016) found out in a study, an (empirical) connection between availability of local specialities in the tourist home (markets) and the intention of (re-)visit the place is evident. Therefore, this thesis uncovers different tools and mechanisms in (destination) marketing and management for the incorporation of regional food products in the tourist home country. Additionally, experts from the sectors of food and tourism, DMO, will share their considerations and limitations. Theory and practice will be opposed, where as the concepts of “region branding” and “sensory destination marketing” will be elaborated.

Holiday air travel behaviors are nowadays a significant issue in relation to climate change and sustainable tourism. Indeed, transportation, and especially air transportation, have a significant role in climate change. Hence, it is important that the tourism industry includes the transportation sector when developing solutions for sustainable tourism. As students are the future main target group of this industry, it is important to understand the reasons behind their choices. Until now, travel behaviors have been explained using single and specific theories, which did not include many factors explaining holiday air travel decisions. In this study, this concern is addressed by combining two theories in relation to behavior formation - the theory of planned behavior and the value-belief-norm theory - in order to understand all motivations and barriers behind students’ holiday air travel behaviors. The analysis of the findings shows that many internal and external factors affect students decisions in regards to flying during holidays, including values, beliefs, social and personal norms, as well as accessibility, country of origin, price, time, distance, and social influence. However, the analysis of the results also demonstrates two gaps between attitudes and behaviors within the student community, which link to the cognitive dissonance theory: an awareness-attitude behavior gap and a contextual gap. The paper argues that while the theory of planned behavior and the value-belief-norm theory can be used simultaneously in order to analyze decisions regarding holiday air transportation, they are not sufficient as these two gaps emerged. The study concludes suggesting destination developers and national governments to take into account the present factors behind students’ decisions in order to develop sustainable destinations.

Remote communities stay vulnerable in the face of major socioeconomic challenges. Tourism is often seen as a way to stimulate local economies and increase attractiveness of peripheral destinations, while events are considered to be one of the tools to promote tourism. In this regard, local collaboration is deemed to be crucial for facilitating development in spatially remote areas, where social context plays an important role in formation of entrepreneurial networks. By using the case of a local community festival Aldrei fór ég suður (AFS) in Ísafjörður, Iceland, I investigate relationship between the festival and local tourism entrepreneurs and define opportunities that the festival might provide for sustainable development of the area. Based on data collected from 24 interviews, findings suggest that the impact of AFS on local businesses varies depending on the category of business, its location, seasonality and target group, whereas the festival also contributes to enhancement of destination image, extension of tourist season and attraction of new categories of visitors. Following theoretical framework of social capital and social embeddedness, the main role of the festival is found to be related to enhancement of community pride and contribution to social change within community. On the other hand, results demonstrate general lack of willingness to collaborate and suggest an increased risk of overembeddedness given the self-reliant nature of the festival and its reluctance to commercialization. Discussed suggestions for sustainable destination development include co-branding, packaging for extended stay, transportation options and usage of empty housing for temporary accommodation.