Examensarbetet syftar till att uppmärksamma kvalitetsavvikelser i produktionen på ett internationellt företag som säljer kundanpassade transportlösningar inom logistik och lagerhantering. Med hjälp av en arbetsmetod, kallad Näranalys, ska tillvägagångssättet att hantera en kvalitetsavvikelse förbättras. Anledningen till implementeringen är att komma underfund med grundorsakerna till avvikelser samt att bearbeta dessa för att reducera risken för återkomst. Fel och brister som uppkommer i alla verksamheter kan definieras som kvalitetsbristkostnader och kan, enligt Sörqvist, bestå av uppemot 30 % av ett företags totala omsättning och är därför väsentligt att minimera (2001).Utifrån organisationsfilosofin Lean Management med dess verktyg och metoder har ett antal aspekter framstått som väsentliga för att en implementering av en arbetsmetod ska bli lyckad. Att reflektera över hur filosofins standardisering kan komma att bidra till psykosociala påfrestningar kan en mer hållbar och prefererande arbetsgång tas fram utifrån olika branscher och förutsättningar. En avgörande faktor ur studiens utfall är medvetenheten kring den framtagna arbetsmetoden. Det är därav viktigt att ett förtydligande sker gällande att arbetsmetoden inte skapades för övervakning mot enskilda individer, utan för att förbättra arbetssättet och skapa förutsättningar för operatörer att göra rätt från första början.Nyckelord: Lean, / This thesis aims to pay attention to quality deviations in the production of an international company that export customized transport logistics and inventory management. With the help of a working method, called Näranalys, should approaches to manage a quality deviation be improved. The reason to the implementation is to figure out the root causes of deviations and to process them in order to reduce the risk of recurrence. Faults and defects arising in all activities can be defined as the quality deficiency cost and may, according to Sörqvist, consist of up to 30% of a total turnover and is therefore essential to minimize (2001).Based on the organization philosophy Lean Management, a number of aspects have been identified as essential for the implementation of a working method to succeed. Reflecting on how the philosophy of standardization can contribute to psychosocial stresses is an important part of the studie. A crucial factor in the outcome of the study is the awareness of the working method. It is therefore important to clarify that the working method was not created for monitoring individuals, but to improve the way in which work is done and to create the conditions for operators to have the right circumstances to make a good job from the start.

Jemelka, L. The Principle of Subsidiarity of the Administrative Procedure Code, dissertation. Prague: Charles University in Prague, Law Faculty, 2012 In this dissertation I address the principle of subsidiarity of the Administrative Procedure Code, in particular I address the issue of current, previous and future application of the general rules of administrative proceedings in certain administrative proceedings and other procedures of the administrative bodies. This topic, which is close to my profession, is seen from the practical as well as from the theoretical point of view. The Czech administrative proceedings are analysed in both aspects de lege lata and de lege ferenda. In introduction of this dissertation I describe basic terms relevant for definition of the mutual relation between legal acts. I emphasize mainly the possible meaning of the term subsidiarity and particularly its meaning expressed by the rule lex specialis derogat legi generali. I also address other terms such as reference, analogy ect. Assessment of the application and subsidiarity of the Administrative Procedure Code is not limited to the current legal framework, but covers also applicability of the principle of subsudiarity of the Administrative Procedure Code in the past. It is necessary discuss the previous legal...

Cette thèse porte sur divers aspects de lois et de processus non-gaussiens qui partagent des propriétés de changement d'échelle où intervient l'exposant 2/3. Les deux principaux objets probabilistes que nous allons présenter sont : 1) La loi de Tracy-Widom : C'est la loi limite de la plus grande valeur propre de matrices aléatoires appartenant aux beta-ensembles lorsque leur dimension tend vers l'infini. Dans un travail en commun avec Balint Virag, nous avons établi le comportement asymptotique de la queue droite de cette loi pour tout beta strictement positif, en utilisant des outils d'analyse de diffusions du type Girsanov. 2) Le ''vrai'' processus auto-répulsif (''true self repelling motion'') TSRM : C'est un processus auto-interagissant qui a été introduit par Balint Toth et Wendelin Werner. Nous nous sommes intéressés à des propriétés de cet objet liées à ses trajectoires (grandes déviations, lois du logarithme itéré) et à des calculs explicites de lois marginales (travail en collaboration avec Balint Toth). Cette étude nous a aussi amenés à aborder des questions liées à la théorie des jeux. / This thesis focuses on various aspects of non-Gaussian distributions and processes sharing scaling properties where the exponent 2/3 appears. The two probabilistic objects that we will introduce are: 1) Tracy-Widom distribution: This is the large dimensional limit of the top eigenvalue of random matrices in beta-ensembles. In a joint work with Balint Virag, we studied the asymptotic behavior of its right tail for all positive beta, using tools coming from diffusion analysis, such as the Girsanov formula. 2) The “true self repelling motion” (TSRM): This is a self-interacting process which was introduced by Balint Toth and Wendelin Werner. We have been interested in properties related to trajectories of this motion (large deviations, law of the iterated logarithm) and explicit distribution computations (joint work with Balint Toth). During this study, we have also dealt with questions related to game theory.

Dans leur célèbre article de 1987, les physiciens Per Bak, Chao Tang et Kurt Wiesenfeld ont montré que certains systèmes complexes, composés d'un nombre important d'éléments en interaction dynamique, évoluent vers un état critique, sans intervention extérieure. Ce phénomène, appelé criticalité auto-organisée, peut être observé empiriquement ou simulé par ordinateur pour de nombreux modèles. Cependant leur analyse mathématique est très ardue. Même des modèles dont la définition est apparemment simple, comme les modèles décrivant la dynamique d'un tas de sable, ne sont pas bien compris mathématiquement. Le but de cette thèse est la construction d'un modèle de criticalité auto-organisée, qui est aussi simple que possible, et qui est accessible à une étude mathématique rigoureuse. Pour cela, nous modifions le modèle d'Ising Curie-Weiss généralisé en introduisant un contrôle automatique du paramètre de température. Pour une classe de distributions symétriques satisfaisant une certaine condition d'intégrabilité, nous montrons que la somme Sn des variables aléatoires du modèle a le comportement typique du modèle d'Ising Curie-Weiss généralisé critique: les fluctuations sont d'ordre n^(3/4) et la loi limite est C exp(- lambda*x^4) dx, où C et lambda sont des constantes strictement positives. Notre étude nous a menés à généraliser ce modèle dans plusieurs directions : cas de la dimension supérieure, fonctions d'interactions plus générales, extension à des auto-interactions menant à des fluctuations d'ordre n^(5/6). Nous étudions aussi des modèles dynamiques dont la distribution invariante est la loi de notre modèle d'Ising Curie-Weiss de criticalité auto-organisée. / In their famous 1987 article, Per Bak, Chao Tang and Kurt Wiesenfeld showed that certain complex systems, composed of a large number of dynamically interacting elements, are naturally attracted by critical points, without any external intervention. This phenomenon, called self-organized criticality, can be observed empirically or simulated on a computer in various models. However the mathematical analysis of these models turns out to be extremely difficult. Even models whose definition seems simple, such as the models describing the dynamics of a sandpile, are not well understood mathematically. The goal of this thesis is to design a model exhibiting self-organized criticality, which is as simple as possible, and which is amenable to a rigorous mathematical analysis. To this end, we modify the generalized Ising Curie-Weiss model by implementing an automatic control of the inverse temperature. For a class of symmetric distributions whose density satisfies some integrability conditions, we prove that the sum Sn of the random variables behaves as in the typical critical generalized Ising Curie-Weiss model: the fluctuations are of order n^(3/4) and the limiting law is C exp(- lambda*x^4) dx where C and lambda are suitable positive constants. Our study led us to generalize this model in several directions: the multidimensional case, more general interacting functions, extension to self-interactions leading to fluctuations with order n^(5/6). We also study dynamic models whose invariant distribution is the law of our Curie-Weiss model of self-organized criticality.

Epiroc manufactures and develops equipment for the mining and infrastructure industry. This thesis has been performed at Epiroc Underground Rock Excavation (URE) in Örebro, the company’s largest production unit for underground machines. In this project MH machines (material handling) have been investigated, i.e loaders and trucks. These machines are currently being built at the factory area in central Örebro and subsequently quality controlled in the Kvarntorp mine before they are finally delivered to the customer. The project aims to evaluate how current test methods in the mine could be minimized and, in the future, removed for certain machine types. Today the machines passes six steps between final assembly and delivery, which results in an extended lead time. The machines are started up at the pressurizing station before they are ready for the quality control, i.e testing. The machines are then transported to Kvarntorp, about 20 kilometers from the factory, before the test operators from Epiroc conducts the testing. Each machine type has machine-specific checklists which means that the test operator performs both visual inspection as well as test drive in order to verify the machine’s overall quality and performance. The current test procedure causes machine damages and the mining environment makes it necessary to perform both re-painting and washing. Summarized, the current test procedure leads to increased costs, increased amount of rework and extended lead times. In addition, the machine handling between the factory area and Kvarntorp involves logistical challenges. The work began with a literature study where the focus was on change management, flow efficiency and total quality management. Subsequently, a current state analysis was carried out in order to map the current structure and it’s problem areas. Identified problems included extended lead time, machine damages (paint, tires, bucket, snow) and work environment. All together, these areas lead to increased costs for the afterflow. These problems were categorized into three main problems; test procedure, environment and economy. To seek for improvements, three study visits were carried out; Volvo CE Arvika, Komatsu Forest Umeå and Epiroc SED Örebro. The inspiration was used to create an optimized test facility at the factory area. The work resulted in a solution where all areas are improved, i.e lead time, machine damages and work environment. A new test procedure based on an improved visual inspection, new bucket test and a succeeding test drive on a chassis dynamometer has eliminated the need for the Kvarntorp mine. With the new test facility the machine damages have been eliminated and the working environment for the affected people has improved considerably. Furthermore, the lead time is also heavily reduced. All together, the improvements results in large annual savings, which in turn gives relatively short pay back time. Epiroc is recommended to invest in both short and long term solutions where the short term can be implemented before the new test facility is finalized. In a short term perspective it is important to create a good dialogue between test operators and assemblers, switch to digital checklists and to remove the currently mandatory drag test. In longer term, Epiroc should implement a quality team, invest to increase data access and finally invest in the test facility. / Epiroc tillverkar utrustning för borraggregat samt bergbrytnings- och anläggningsindustrin för både ovan- och underjordsapplikationer. Detta examensarbete har utförts vid Epiroc Underground Rock Excavation (URE) i Örebro, företagets största produktionsenhet för underjordsmaskiner. För detta projekt har så kallade MH-maskiner (material handling) undersökts, det vill säga lastare och truckar. Dessa maskiner byggs idag på fabriksområdet i centrala Örebro och kvalitetskontrolleras därefter i gruvmiljö i Kvarntorp innan de slutligen levereras till kund.   Projektet syftar till att utvärdera hur nuvarande testmetoder i gruva skulle kunna minimeras och framåt även tas bort för vissa maskintyper. Dagens upplägg innebär att maskinerna passerar sex steg mellan slutmontering och leverans, något som medför en förlängd ledtid. Maskinerna startas upp vid tryckställning och blir därigenom klara för kvalitetskontroll, så kallad provning. Maskinerna transporteras då till Kvarntorp, cirka 20 kilometer från fabriken, innan provare från Epiroc genomför provningen av dem. Varje maskintyp har maskinspecifika cheklistor som innebär att provaren genomför både visuell inspektion och provkörning för att verifiera maskinens övergripande kvalitet och prestanda. Nuvarande provningsprocedur orsakar skador på maskinerna och gruvmiljön gör att både lackering och tvätt blir nödvändigt för att uppnå önskvärd nivå innan leverans. Sammantaget leder nuvarande provningsprocedur till förhöjda kostnader, ökat omarbete och förlängd ledtid. Dessutom innebär maskinhanteringen mellan fabriksområdet och Kvarntorp logistiska utmaningar.   Arbetet inleddes med en litteraturstudie där fokus låg på förändringsledning, flödeseffektivitet och offensiv kvalitetsutveckling. Därefter genomfördes en grundlig nulägesanalys för att kartlägga nuvarande upplägg och problemområde. Identifierade problem inkluderade förlängd ledtid, maskinskador (lack, däck, skopa, snö) och arbetsmiljö. Sammantaget leder dessa områden till kraftigt förhöjda kostnader för efterflödet av dessa maskiner. Dessa problem kategoriserades till tre huvudproblem; testprocedur, miljö och ekonomi. För att söka förbättringsalternativ genomfördes tre studiebesök; Volvo CE Arvika, Komatsu Forest Umeå och Epiroc SED Örebro. Inspirationen användes till att utfroma en, för URE, optimerad testanläggning i anslutning till fabriksområdet.   Arbetet resulterade i en lösning som innebär förbättringar på alla områden, det vill säga ledtid, maskinskador och arbetsmiljö. Genom ett nytt flöde, med förbättrad visuell inspektion, nytt skoptest och provkörning på chassydynamometer, har behovet av Kvarntorp eliminerats. Med den nya anläggningen är maskinskadorna eliminerade och arbetsmiljön för berörda har förbättrats avsevärt, dessutom med kraftigt sänkt ledtid. Sammantaget resulterar förbättringarna i stora årliga besparingar. Epiroc rekommenderas att satsa på både kort- och långsiktiga lösningar där de kortsiktiga kan implementeras innan den nya testanläggningen tagits i drift. Viktigt på kort sikt är att skapa en bra dialog mellan provare och montörer, övergå till digitala checklistor samt att frångå det idag obligatoriska dragtestet. På längre sikt bör Epiroc implementera ett kvalitetsteam, satsa på att öka datatillgången samt att investera i testanläggningen.

Seja $\\Sigma_(\\mathbb)$ um shift enumerável topologicamente mixing com a propriedade BIP sobre o alfabeto $\\mathbb$, $f: \\Sigma_(\\mathbb) ightarrow \\mathbb$ um potencial com variação somável e pressão topológica finita. Sob hipóteses adequadas provamos a existência de um princípio dos grandes desvios para a familia de estados de Gibbs $(\\mu_{\\beta})_{\\beta > 0}$, onde cada $\\mu_{\\beta}$ é a medida de Gibbs associada ao potencial $\\beta f$. Para fazer isso generalizamos alguns teoremas de Otimização Ergódica para shifts de Markov enumeráveis. Esse resultado generaliza o mesmo princípio no caso de um subshift topologicamente mixing sobre um alfabeto finito, previamente provado por A. Baraviera, A. Lopes e P. Thieullen. / Let $\\Sigma_(\\mathbb)$ be a topologically mixing countable Markov shift with the BIP property over the alphabet $\\mathbb$ and a potential $f: \\Sigma_(\\mathbb) ightarrow \\mathbb$ with summable variation and finite pressure. Under suitable hypotheses, we prove the existence of a large deviation principle for the family of Gibbs states $(\\mu_{\\beta})_{\\beta > 0}$ where each $\\mu_{\\beta}$ is the Gibbs measure associated to the potential $\\beta f$. For do this we generalize some theorems from finite to countable Markov shifts in Ergodic Optimization. This result generalizes the same principle in the case of topologically mixing subshifts over a finite alphabet previously proved by A. Baraviera, A. Lopes and P. Thieullen.

Desvios da norma padrão, comumente chamados de \"erros\", são fatos comuns na escrita dos aprendizes da variante culta de uma língua materna como o português brasileiro. Tratados como um \"mal a ser combatido\", eles são, na verdade, importantes indícios do processo de assimilação da escrita culta pelo falante nativo. Revelam qual a tendência da transformação que naturalmente ocorre numa língua, demonstrando, por exemplo, a obsolência das gramáticas tradicionais, que não aceitam determinadas construções já muito freqüentes. Mas seria possível detectar algum padrão desses desvios? Haveria desvios típicos de um determinado perfil de redatores? Essas indagações motivaram a presente investigação, que se baseou na concepção de que esses estudos são de natureza empírica, comprometidos com a noção de que a língua funciona tal como um sistema probabilístico, de onde é possível prever tendências, por exemplo, de mudança. Falamos, pois, de uma investigação à luz da Lingüística de Corpus. Composto de redações do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM), edição de 2002, cedidas pelo Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais (INEP) juntamente com determinados traços do perfil dos redatores, construímos um corpus que foi batizado de Corvo, e se ocupou de uma faixa específica de textos: a de pior desempenho no ENEM no quesito domínio da norma culta. Observamos, desse modo, textos em que, supostamente, há freqüência maior de desvios e maior variedade de tipos de desvios. Nossa metodologia de pesquisa apoiou-se no uso do revisor gramatical automático ReGra, bastante popular no país e que auxilia o usuário no uso correto do português culto padrão. Além disso, construímos um material próprio de detecção e classificação dos desvios gramaticais, aumentando a capacidade de tratamento automático dos textos. Assim, foi possível gerar uma versão do corpus anotada em desvios, i.e., os textos apresentam indicações de quando e qual tipo de desvios ocorrem. Como resultado temos um mapeamento do Corvo; ou seja, um panorama dos desvios típicos de um determinado tip o de perfil de redator. Constatamos a deficiência ortográfica como o traço típico do grupo de indivíduos investigado, mas, sobretudo, que a ortografia é motor para o pleno funcionamento de uma revisão gramatical automática. O revisor ReGra mostrou-se incapaz de processar satisfatoriamente textos desse tipo de redator, mas, ainda assim, comprovou que esses textos apresentam desvios gramaticais de tratamento complexo, cuja intervenção do revisor, se acontece, pouco altera na qualidade geral dos mesmos. Com respeito à tipologia de desvio, pudemos constatar a validade da tipologia aplicada na pesquisa, que advém do ReGra e, portanto, está à margem das discussões teóricas ortodoxas. De fato, há recorrência de tipos de desvios, e isso numa freqüência que nos autoriza admitir a fraca assimilação de certas regras gramaticais tomadas como básicas (p.ex., a pontuação, a concordância e a regência). Constatamos, com relação ao perfil de redatores, que textos com maior potencial para a revisão da escrita, i.e., aqueles que alteram significativamente a qualidade textual com interferências pontuais de revisão, são justamente os produzidos pelos concluintes do ensino médio e não pelos egressos. / Deviations from the standard norm, usually called \'mistakes\', are common events in writing pieces of language learners speakers of a native language such as Brazilian Portuguese. They are treated as \'an evil that must be fought\'. They are, in fact, important evidence of the acquisition process of writing in the standard norm by the native speaker. They reveal the transformation trend, which normally occurs in a language, showing, for instance, the obsolescence of traditional grammars that do not accept certain patterns, which are frequent nonetheless. However, is it possible to identify a pattern in these deviations? Are there common deviations among a certain profile of students? These are the questions motivating this study, which is based on the concept that these investigations are empirical in nature, and are marked by the notion that language operates as a probabilistic system, in which it is possible to forecast trends of change, for example. We are, therefore, speaking of an investigation in the light of Corpus Linguistics. We compiled a corpus of essays written during the National Middle Education Exam (ENEM) carried out in 2002. These essays were obtained with the National Institute for Research in Education (INEP) together with the profile of the students. The corpus was called Corvo, and it is made up of a certain bracket of texts: those having obtained the worst performance rate in the ENEM in the standard norm category. We observed, therefore, texts in which there are, allegedly, a greater frequency of deviations and a greater variety of kinds of deviations. The research methodology was supported by the electronic grammar checker - ReGra - which is very popular in the country, and helps the user in writing standard Portuguese correctly. In addition, we built a specific tool for identifying and classifying grammar deviations, thus, increasing the ability to treat the texts electronically. Therefore, it was possible to generate an annotated version of the corpus according to the deviations, i.e., the texts were annotated according to when and what kind of deviations they presented. As a result, we have a mapping of the Corvo; that is, a view of the common deviations of students belonging to a certain profile. We identified poor spelling as a common feature of the group, but, above all, that spelling is the engine enabling a full grammatical check to operate. The ReGra grammar checker was not able to satisfactorily process these kinds of texts, but, even so, it proved that these texts presented complex grammar deviations, and the intervention of the checker, when it is applied, little alters their overall quality. In regard to deviation typology, we identified the validity of the typology used in this study, which results from the ReGra and, therefore, lies in the outskirts of orthodox theoretical discussions. In fact, certain kinds of deviations reoccur at a frequency that enables us to admit a poor assimilation of certain grammatical rules considered basic (e.g., punctuation, agreement and use of prepositions). We found that in regard to the profile of the students, texts with a greater writing check potential, that is, a check that would significantly improve text quality through individual checking interferences, are te xts produced by students who finished middle education and not those produced by students who are finishing the course.

Diese Arbeit behandelt die Asymptotik von Austritts- und Übergangszeiten für gewisse schwach zeitinhomogene Diffusionsprozesse. Darauf basierend wird ein probabilistischer Begriff der stochastischen Resonanz (SR) studiert. Techniken der großen Abweichungen spielen eine zentrale Rolle. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit (Kapitel 1-3) werden Resultate aus der Theorie der großen Abweichungen für zeithomogene Diffusionen rekapituliert. Es werden die klassischen Resultate von Freidlin und Wentzell und Erweiterungen dieser Theorie präsentiert, und es wird an das Kramers''sche Austrittszeitengesetz erinnert. Teil II befasst sich mit dem Phänomen der SR, d.h. mit Periodizitätseigenschaften von Diffusionen. In Kapitel 4 werden physikalische Maße zur Messung der Periodizität diskutiert. Deren Nachteile legen es nahe, einem alternativen, probabilistischen Ansatz zu folgen, der hier behandelt wird. Das 5. Kapitel dient der Herleitung eines gleichmäßigen Prinzips der großen Abweichungen für Diffusionen mit schwach zeitabhängigem, periodischem Drift. Die Gleichmäßigkeit des Prinzips ermöglicht die exakte Bestimmung exponentieller Übergangsraten in Kapitel 6, das die zentralen Ergebnisse des 2. Teils beinhaltet. Hierdurch wird die Maximierung gewisser Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten ermöglicht, was zum in Kapitel 7 studierten Resonanzbegriff führt. Teil III der Arbeit setzt sich mit der Asymptotik von Austrittszeiten sogenannter selbststabilisierender Diffusionen auseinander. In Kapitel 8 wird der Zusammenhang zwischen interagierenden Teilchensystemen und selbststabilisierenden Diffusionen erläutert und die Existenz- und Eindeutigkeitsfrage behandelt. Das 9. Kapitel dient dem Studium der großen Abweichungen dieser Klasse von Diffusionen. In Kapitel 10 wird das Kramers''sche Austrittszeitengesetz auf selbststabilisierende Diffusionen übertragen, und in Kapitel 11 wird der Einfluß der selbststabilisierenden Komponente auf das Austrittszeitengesetz illustriert. / In this thesis, we study the asymptotic behavior of exit and transition times of certain weakly time inhomogeneous diffusion processes. Based on these asymptotics, a probabilistic notion of stochastic resonance (SR) is investigated. Large deviations techniques play the key role throughout this work. In the first part (Chapters 1-3) we recall the large deviations theory for time homogeneous diffusions. We present the classical results due to Freidlin and Wentzell and extensions thereof, and we remind of Kramers'' exit time law. Part II deals with the phenomenon of stochastic resonance. That is, we study periodicity properties of diffusion processes. In Chapter 4 we explain the paradigm of stochastic resonance and discuss physical notions of measuring periodicity of diffusions. Their drawbacks suggest to follow an alternative probabilistic approach, which is treated in this work. In Chapter 5 we derive a large deviations principle for diffusions subject to a weakly time dependent periodic drift term. The uniformity of the obtained large deviations bounds w.r.t. the system''s parameters plays a key role for the treatment of transition time asymptotics in Chapter 6, which contains the main result of the second part. The exact exponential transition rates obtained here allow for maximizing transition probabilities, which finally leads to the announced probabilistic notion of resonance studied in Chapter 7. In the third part we investigate the exit time asymptotics of a certain class of so-called self-stabilizing diffusions. In Chapter 8 we explain the connection between interacting particle systems and self-stabilizing diffusions, and we address the question of existence. The following Chapter 9 is devoted to the study of the large deviations behavior of these diffusions. In Chapter 10 Kramers'' exit law is carried over to our class of self-stabilizing diffusions. Finally, the influence of self-stabilization is illustrated in Chapter 11.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'étude des décisions des ménages ruraux Ougandais en termes de gestion des risques climatiques. Dans un premier temps, nous testons l'impact des transferts des fonds des migrants sur le niveau de spécialisation des cultures agricoles ainsi que le niveau de risque du portefeuille des cultures des ménages contraints par l'accès aux marchés du crédit et de l'assurance. Nous complétons cette première analyse avec une étude sur la capacité des transferts des migrants à encourager les ménages à utiliser des inputs plus risqués tels que les engrais. Dans un troisième temps, nous explorons si le morcellement des terres peut réduire les effets négatifs de la variabilité des précipitations sur les rendements des cultures agricoles. Le dernier objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser l'impact de l'inégalité d'accès à l'eau sur l'intensité et l'incidence des manifestations et des émeutes au sein d'un pays. Le point central et commun aux différents chapitres est la variabilité climatique : quelles sont les conséquences pour les ménages agricoles ; comment les ménages peuvent se protéger contre les aléas climatiques et quelles sont les implications pour la disponibilité de l'eau et les conflits. Telles sont les questions que la thèse vise à aborder à travers une approche micro-économétrique. / The dissertation provides evidence on the agricultural decisions of rural Ugandan households in terms of risk management against weather variability. First, I study the impact of remittances sent by migrants on households' degree of crop specialization and crop riskiness, as remittances may, to some extent, relieve credit and risk constraints. I complete the first objective with a second analysis that explores if remittances can motivate households to use riskier inputs - fertilizers. Third, I examine whether land fragmentation can reduce the negative impacts of rainfall variability on farmers' crop yields. In the final chapter, I test whether inequality in access to water for consumption may increase the incidence and the intensity of low-level conflicts. The central and common theme of the different chapters is weather variability: what are the consequences for agricultural households, how can households protect themselves against weather fluctuations and what are the implications for water availability and social conflict. Those are the questions that the dissertation aims at addressing with a micro-level empirical approach.

L'objet de cette thèse est double. Elle a tout d'abord pour finalité d'enrichir la compréhension des pratiques dans leurs rapports aux normes en dépassant une vision binaire en termes d'opposition ou non. Elle entend par ailleurs approfondir la connaissance sur les pratiques, encore peu explorées mais pourtant fondamentales, des managers de première ligne en matière de gestion des mobilités internes. Adoptant une approche« HRM-in-practice » et abductive, cette thèse repose sur l'étude d'une grande entreprise publique qui souhaite faire de ses managers de « véritables acteurs » d'une politique dite « d'activation des mobilités internes». Cette recherche met alors en évidence une diversité des pratiques RH des managers de première ligne alors même qu'ils font face à des normes identiques émanant de la Direction qui restreignent fortement leurs marges de manœuvre formelles. En introduisant les concepts de transgression et de bricolage dans le cadre d'analyse de la perspective de la pratique, nous montrons que derrière cette diversité se dissimulent quatre manières différentes de se comporter face aux normes : les pratiques peuvent non seulement s'opposer ou non aux normes, mais également prendre de la distance ou non avec ces dernières. Cette distinction des pratiques en fonction de leurs rapports de transgression et de bricolage vis-à-vis des normes permet tout d'abord de mettre en évidence les caractéristiques en termes de moyens mobilisés et de logiques d'action qui les différencient. Ces diverses pratiques apparaissent par ailleurs comme des réponses locales à des tensions qui peuvent être considérées relativement aux normes en vigueur ou au système de gestion des mobilités internes. Nous montrons enfin que les différents types de pratiques identifiés participent diversement à la fabrique des mobilités internes. / The purpose of this thesis is twofold. It first aims to enrich the understanding of practices considering how they are related to norms without restricting our view to a binary approach of opposition or not. It also intends to deepen the knowledge about first-line managers' practices in the internal mobility management process. While fundamental, these practices still remain poorly explored. Adopting a « HRM-in-practice » and an abductive perspective, this thesis relies on the study of a large public company that intends to give its managers a key role in internal mobility process. This study reveals a diversity of first-line managers' HR practices even though they are faced with the same top management's norms that severely restrict their formal leeway. By introducing the concepts of deviance and bricolage into the Practice Perspective's analysis framework, we show that this diversity conceals four different ways of behaving towards norms: in addition to opposition or not to norms, practices can also apply them with more or Jess distance. The distinction of these practices regarding the consideration of norms with or without deviance and bricolage first highlights the differentiation in used resources and action logics. These practices can also be considered as local adaptations to tensions related either to current norms or to the internal mobility management system. We finally show that the different practices that have been identified contribute to the construction of internal mobility in different ways.