Cette thèse concerne l’étude de grandes déviations précises pour deux statistiques de test:le coefficient de corrélation empirique de Pearson et la statistique de Moran.Les deux premiers chapitres sont consacrés à des rappels sur les grandes déviations précises et sur la méthode de Laplace qui seront utilisés par la suite. Par la suite, nous étudions les grandes déviations précises pour des coefficients de Pearson empiriques qui sont définis par:$r_n=\sum_{i=1}^n(X_i-\bar X_n)(Y_i-\bar Y_n)/\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}(X_i-\bar X_n)^2 \sum_{i=1}(Y_i-\bar Y_n)^2}$ ou, quand les espérances sont connues, $\tilde r_n=\sum_{i=1}^n(X_i-\mathbb E(X))(Y_i-\mathbb E(Y))/\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}(X_i-\mathbb E(X))^2 \sum_{i=1}(Y_i-\mathbb E(Y))^2} \, .$. Notre cadre est celui d’échantillons (Xi, Yi) ayant une distribution sphérique ou une distribution gaussienne. Dans chaque cas, le schéma de preuve suit celui de Bercu et al.Par la suite, nous considérons la statistique de Moran $T_n=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n\log\frac{X_i}{\bar X_n}+\gamma \, ,$o\`u $\gamma$, où γ est la constante d’ Euler. Enfin l’appendice est consacré aux preuves de résultats techniques. / This thesis focuses on the study of Sharp large deviations (SLD) for two test statistics:the Pearson’s empirical correlation coefficient and the Moran statistic.The two first chapters aim to recall general results on SLD principles and Laplace’s methodsused in the sequel. Then we study the SLD of empirical Pearson coefficients, name $r_n=\sum_{i=1}^n(X_i-\bar X_n)(Y_i-\bar Y_n)/\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}(X_i-\bar X_n)^2 \sum_{i=1}(Y_i-\bar Y_n)^2}$ and when the meansare known,$\tilde r_n=\sum_{i=1}^n(X_i-\mathbb E(X))(Y_i-\mathbb E(Y))/\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}(X_i-\mathbb E(X))^2 \sum_{i=1}(Y_i-\mathbb E(Y))^2} \, .$ .Our framework takes place in two cases of random sample (Xi, Yi): spherical distributionand Gaussian distribution. In each case, we follow the scheme of Bercu et al. Next, westate SLD for the Moran statistic $T_n=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n\log\frac{X_i}{\bar X_n}+\gamma \, ,$o\`u $\gamma$ , where γ is the Euler constant.Finally the appendix is devoted to some technical results.

Purpose – The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of the factors contributing to deviations in the internal document handling at a manufacturing company. When minimising the faults in the document it leads to higher effectiveness for the company. Method – A case study has been conducted at a company. The methods that were used to collect empirical data were interviews and document studies. The theoretical framework was found using a systematic review of what has been studied before. By combing the empirical data and the theoretical framework the studies purpose will be able to be reached. Findings – The study shows that a manufacturing company need to make sure that they use the employee’s competences since they have the best knowledge on how to manufacture the product. To use their competences the management of the company need to organize the company so that they can get a better view of the employee perspective. To minimise the faults, the disturbing elements need to be removed from the work environment since these distractions cause deviations. The digitalisation of the documents will remove most of the simple document faults, but the digital system must use continuous improvements to maximise the use of the system. Several different underlying factors play a role in why deviations occur, why it is important to monitor and work to improve all factors that cause deviations. From a sustainability perspective, there are reasons to expect a more well-functioning and pleasant workplace that increases social sustainability. Handling the document correct lowers the risk for disposal of products because of document deficiencies, and less raw material and energy will be wasted. Not wasting resources will also save money for the company since they will not need to throw away products. Implications – The results of the study can be used as guidance for organizations that operates in a similar situation with the same prerequisites as the case company. With the support of the study, a business can find the deviations in their document handling and learn how to reduce these. Limitations – The case study has been conducted on one company. If the case study had covered multiple companies, it would have reached greater reliability. Since several factors were considered significant to the study the depth of each factor has been limited. / Syfte – Studiens syfte är därför Att skapa en förståelse för de faktorer som bidrar till att avvikelser uppstår i den interna dokumenthanteringen hos ett tillverkande företag. Detta leder till en högre effektivitet genom att dubbelhanteringen av dokument minskar. Metod – En fallstudie har genomförts med intervjuer och dokumentstudie. Den insamlade empirin har analyserats mot studiens teoretiska ramverk för att besvara forskningsfrågorna och slutligen uppnå studiens syfte. Resultat – Människan har en central roll i hanteringen av dokument och det är avgörande att stödja människan i arbetet för att fel inte skall uppstå. Studien har kommit fram till att företag måste nyttja medarbetarnas kompetenser i större utsträckning då det är medarbetarna som ser vad som fungerar i praktiken. För att nyttja medarbetarnas kompetens behöver företagsledningen organisera verksamheten på ett sådant sätt att de skapar en större förståelse och närhet till verksamheten. Det är även viktigt att aktivt arbeta med att förbättra arbetsmiljön då stress och störande moment är faktorer som leder till att misstag uppstår. Utöver detta bör dokumentationen digitaliseras och ständigt förbättras eftersom en digitalisering tar bort majoriteten av de mänskliga felen genom att införa larm och kontrollpunkter som fångar upp misstag. Det finns flera underliggande faktorer som påverkar varför avvikelser sker. Det varierar mellan vilka faktorer som påverkar vid ett visst tillfälle och det är därför viktigt att arbeta för att förbättra samtliga. En välfungerande och trivsam verksamhet ökar den sociala hållbarheten på arbetsplatsen. Dessutom innebär en korrekt dokumenthantering minskad risk för kassering av icke användbara produkter. Att inte behöva kassera produkter som är färdigtillverkade förbrukar mindre råmaterial och energi, vilket både är dåligt för miljön men även för ekonomin. Implikationer – Studiens resultat kan komma att fungera som en vägledning för verksamheter som verkar i en liknande situation med samma förutsättningar som fallföretaget. Med hjälp av studien kan företag hitta orsaker till avvikelser i sin egen dokumenthantering och därefter minska dessa. Begränsningar – Studien har genomförts på ett företag. Om fler företag hade undersökts hade en större reliabilitet kunnat nås. Då flertalet faktorer ansågs vara viktiga att ta med i studien har djupet för varje faktor fått begränsas i omfattning.

This thesis aims to analyze how different temperature deviations affect the components of wind turbines. A study of the temperatures in several different components was carried out to get a clearer picture of how these affects operational reliability. By trying to link, for example, extreme values of temperatures to possible alarms and downtime in the wind power plants, the hope is that this study will be able to contribute to safer and more maintenance-free wind turbines in the future. The 12 wind turbines that have been evaluated in this study are localized in southern Sweden. The time period for the collected data extends over 6 years. In the thesis, an analysis has been carried out with the help of the computer program Matlab to examine different types of data collected from the components in the wind turbines. The data was plotted with the help of various functions in Matlab and with the help of mathematical equations. The data was then observed ocularly by the authors, which led to the discovery of different connections between temperature variations in the components and different error codes. The generator bearing was the component that was found to have the highest correlation between temperature deviations and specific error codes related to various yaw-errors, which can be explained as error codes that occur when the wind turbine fails to adjust itself to the wind. An analysis has also been made to determine whether there was a temperature-related upward trend in any of the components in the wind turbines. This was carried out with the help of various standard deviation calculations and calculation of the mean temperature value of different components. The standard deviation in this case describes how much the temperature of each component varies from the mean value. It turned out that there was such an upward trend for the Generator Bearing and Generator Phase 3 components. Some turbines also turned out to have a more distinct upward trend than others

We consider p independent Brownian motions in ℝd. We assume that p ≥ 2 and p(d- 2) < d. Let ℓt denote the intersection measure of the p paths by time t, i.e., the random measure on ℝd that assigns to any measurable set A ⊂ ℝd the amount of intersection local time of the motions spent in A by time t. Earlier results of Chen derived the logarithmic asymptotics of the upper tails of the total mass ℓt(ℝd) as t →∞. In this paper, we derive a large-deviation principle for the normalised intersection measure t-pℓt on the set of positive measures on some open bounded set B ⊂ ℝd as t →∞ before exiting B. The rate function is explicit and gives some rigorous meaning, in this asymptotic regime, to the understanding that the intersection measure is the pointwise product of the densities of the normalised occupation times measures of the p motions. Our proof makes the classical Donsker-Varadhan principle for the latter applicable to the intersection measure. A second version of our principle is proved for the motions observed until the individual exit times from B, conditional on a large total mass in some compact set U ⊂ B. This extends earlier studies on the intersection measure by König and Mörters.

Coronakommissionen drog 2020 slutsatsen att strukturella samt organisatoriska brister förekommer inom särskilda boenden (Coronakommissionen, 2020). WHO:s (2017) studier inom hälso- och sjukvården visar att misstag ofta beror på bristfälliga system, processer och arbetsförfaranden. Systematiskt förbättringsarbete genomförs inom vård- och omsorg genom avvikelsehantering, egenkontroll och riskanalys med syftet att förbättra verksamhetens kvalitet (Socialstyrelsen, 2012). Studiens syfte var att belysa hur covid-19 påverkat avvikelsehanteringen inom kommunala särskilda boenden samt lyfta hur lärdomar dragits av framgångar och utmaningar kring avvikelsehanteringen och vidare systematiskt förbättringsarbete under pandemin. En kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med undersköterskor och enhetschefer för att fånga faktorer som bidragit till framgång samt utmaningar i pandemin, statistik- och dokumentgranskning utfördes. Empiriska data analyserades genom tematisk analys samt kopplades till teoretisk referensram. Slutsatsen synliggör hur systematiskt förbättringsarbete grundad på inrapporterade avvikelser möjliggörs genom kommunikation i team- att vara en lärande organisation, tydliga rutiner/arbetssätt, tillåtande klimat på arbetsplatsen och tydligt ledarskap. / The corona commission 2020 concluded a prevalence of structural and organisational flaws within nursing homes (Coronakommissionen, 2020). Studies from WHO (2017) within healthcare shows that mistakes often were caused by flawed systems, processes and working procedures. Systematic improvement within healthcare is accomplished by deviation reporting, independent control measures and risk analysis with the goal of quality improvement within the operation (Socialstyrelsen, 2012).  The cause of the study was to illuminate the impact of covid-19 regarding the handlement of deviation reports within municipal nursing homes and to bring forth the lessons learnt through success and challenges regarding handlement of deviation reports and further systematic improvements during the pandemic. A qualitative study with semistructural interviews was conducted with assistant nurses and head of departments to gather factors contributing to success and challenges. Empiric data was analysed through thematic analysis and then attached to a theoretical framework. The conclusion illuminates how systemic improvement based on reported deviations are made possible through communication in a team- to be a learning organisation, explicit routines, accepting environment at the workplace and a thorough leadership. / <p>2021-06-06</p>

A commonly used tool in data analysis is to compute a sample mean. Assuming a uni-modal distribution, its mean provides valuable information about which value is typically found in an observation. Also, it is one of the simplest and therefore very robust statistics to compute and suffers much less from sampling effects of tails of the distribution than estimates of higher moments. In the context of a time series, the sample mean is a time average. Due to correla- tions among successive data points, the information stored in a time series might be much less than the information stored in a sample of independently drawn data points of equal size, since correlation always implies redundancy. Hence, the issue of how close the sample estimate of a time average is to the true mean value of the process depends on correlations in data. In this thesis, we will study the proba- bility that a single time average deviates by more than some threshold value from the true process mean. This will be called the Large Deviation Probability (LDP), and it will be a function of the time interval over which the average is taken: The longer the time interval, the smaller will this probability be. However, it is the precise functional form of this decay which will be in the focus of this thesis. The LDP is proven to decay exponentially for identically independently distributed data. On the other hand we will see in this thesis that this result does not apply to long-range correlated data. The LDP is found to decay slower than exponential for such data. It will be shown that for intermittent series this exponential decay breaks down severely and the LDP is a power law. These findings are outlined in the methodological explanations in chapter 3, after an overview of the theoretical background in chapter 2. In chapter 4, the theoretical and numerical results for the studied models in chapter 3 are compared to two types of empirical data sets which are both known to be long- range correlated in the literature. The earth surface temperature of two stations of two climatic zones are modelled and the error bars for the finite time averages are estimated. Knowing that the data is long-range correlated by estimating the scaling exponent of the so called fluctuation function, the LDP estimation leads to noticeably enlarged error bars of time averages, based on the results in chapter 3. The same analysis is applied on heart inter-beat data in chapter 5. The contra- diction to the classical large deviation principle is even more severe in this case, induced by the long-range correlations and additional inherent non-stationarity. It will be shown that the inter-beat intervals can be well modeled by bounded fractional Brownian motion. The theoretical and numerical LDP, both for the model and the data, surprisingly indicates no clear decay of LDP for the time scales under study.

The construction industry is an exciting and community developing industry, but it is also very much talked about because of the high injury frequency that the industry is characterized by. As a part of preventing accidents at work, the employer conducts systematic work environment work to detect risky parts of the work and to remedy these. Despite the elimination of risks at work, accidents and incidents - so-called deviations in the working environment - occur. Deviations in the working environment must be reported immediately to the employer. Within the company that is subject of this study, the deviations are reported and stored a system called BIA. BIA enables, based on the deviation reports, to create statistical data for the company with respect to different parameters. This report is based on this deviation statistics with regard to accidents and incidents, produced from the reporting tool BIA. The study has investigated in which stages/phases incidents and accidents occur, which work operations that cause incidents and accidents, as well as injury risks and causes of injury behind accidents and incidents. The majority of the company's incidents and accidents occur during construction projects, production and land work. Incidents are caused by work tasks such as excavation work, work at/with passing vehicle traffic and movement within the area. Accidents are caused by work at/by machine, manual handling of material / product and work at/with handheld work equipment. The damage risks in the event of incidents are vehicle accidents, hit by falling or flying objects and stuck or clamped between objects. The causes of injury caused by accidents are damage by self-handled objects, fall at the same level and contact with sharp objects. Fall from height and fall at the same level are the cause of damage in a large part of the accidents. The result of the study also shows that the information given in the event reports in BIA, either lacks of information or that the information is inadequate. / Byggbranschen är en spännande och samhällsutvecklande bransch, men den är också mycket omtalad med anledning av den höga skadefrekvens som branschen karakteriseras av. Som ett led i att förebygga olyckor i arbetet bedriver arbetsgivaren ett systematiskt arbetsmiljöarbete för att upptäcka riskabla moment i arbetet samt åtgärda dessa. Trots eliminering av risker i arbetet, inträffar olycksfall och tillbud – så kallade avvikelser i arbetsmiljön. Avvikelser i arbetsmiljön skall omedelbart rapporteras till arbetsgivaren. Inom det företag som utgör föremål för denna studie rapporteras och lagras avvikelserna i ett system som kallas för BIA. BIA möjliggör att, utifrån avvikelserapporter, skapa statistiskt underlag för företaget med avseende på olika parametrar. Denna rapport är baserad på denna avvikelsestatistik med avseende på olycksfall och tillbud, framtaget ur rapporteringsverktyget BIA. Studien har undersökt i vilka skeden/faser tillbud och olycksfall inträffar, vilka arbetsmoment som föranleder tillbud och olycksfall samt skaderisker och skadeorsaker bakom tillbud och olycksfall. Majoriteten av företagets tillbud och olycksfall inträffar vid anläggningsprojekt, produktion och markarbete. Tillbud föranleds av arbetsmoment som schaktningsarbete, arbete vid/med passerande fordonstrafik samt förflyttning inom området. Olycksfall föranleds av arbete vid/med maskin, manuell hantering av material/produkt samt arbete vid/med handhållen arbetsutrustning. Skaderiskerna vid inträffade tillbud är fordonsolycka, träffas av fallande eller flygande föremål samt fastnat eller klämts mellan föremål. De skadeorsaker som olycksfall innebär är skada av egenhanterat föremål, fall i samma nivå samt kontakt med vasst föremål. Fall från höjd och fall i samma nivå utgör orsak till skada i en stor del av olycksfallen. Resultatet av studien visar också att det saknas information i de händelserapporteringar som inkommer i BIA, alternativt är den tillgängliga informationen bristfällig.

[pt] Nesta tese de Doutorado, nós estudamos cotas para as probabilidades de desvio de uma variável aleatória X que conta o número de arestas de um hipergrafo induzido por um subconjunto aleatório de m elementos do seu conjunto de vértices. Nós consideramos dois contextos: o primeiro corresponde a hipergrafos que possuem certo tipo de regularidade, ao passo que o segundo lida com hipergrafos que são, em algum sentido, longe de serem regulares. É possível aplicar estes resultados a estruturas discretas, como o conjunto de progressões aritméticas de tamanho k no grupo aditivo de inteiros módulo um primo e também no conjunto dos N primeiros inteiros positivos. Além disso, também deduzimos resultados para o caso em que o subconjunto aleatório é gerado incluindo cada vértice do hipergrafo independentemente com probabilidade p. / [en] In this Ph.D. thesis, we study bounds for the deviation probabilities of a random variable X that counts the number of edges of a hypergraph induced by a random m–element subset of its vertex set. We consider two contexts: the first corresponds to hypergraphs with some kind of regularity, whereas the second addresses hypergraphs that are in some sense far from being regular. It is possible to apply these results to discrete structures such as the set of k–term arithmetic progressions in the additive group of integers modulo a prime and in the set of the first N positive integers. Furthermore, we also deduce results for the case when the random subset is generated by including each vertex of the hypergraph independently with probability p.

Актуальность диссертационной работы заключается в необходимости изучения взаимосвязи между технологиями коммуникации среди поколений в семье и снижением социальных девиаций в молодежной среде. Изучены теоретические основания исследования межпоколенческих коммуникаций и социальных девиаций. Разработаны технологии межпоколенческой коммуникации, предложена их классификация по трем основаниям и описаны три актуальные технологии. В ходе социологического опроса выявлено наличие проблем во взаимоотношениях между поколениями в семье, связанных с непониманием друг друга. Для решения выявленных проблем разработан проект, в рамках которого укрепляются взаимоотношения между поколениями в семье, проводятся междисциплинарные мероприятия для специалистов сферы превентологии. / The relevance of the dissertation work lies in the need to study the relationship between communication technologies among generations in the family and the reduction of social deviations in the youth environment. The theoretical foundations of the study of intergenerational communications and social deviations are studied. Technologies of intergenerational communication have been developed, their classification on three grounds has been proposed, and three current technologies have been described. During the sociological survey, the presence of problems in the relationship between generations in the family associated with misunderstanding of each other was revealed. To solve the identified problems, a project has been developed within the framework of which relationships between generations in the family are strengthened, interdisciplinary events are held for specialists in the field of preventology.

För studenter på universitet och högskolor med funktionsnedsättningar i form av lässvårigheter, såsom till exempel dyslexi och ADHD, kan tillgången till kurslitteratur i form av talböcker innebära att de får samma möjlighet som övriga studenter att delta fullt ut i studierna och slutföra sina studier. I Sverige har studenter med funktionsnedsättningar på universitet och högskolor rätt till särskilt stöd under studierna, såsom att få kurslitteratur inläst i talboksformat.  Denna uppsats tittar närmare på hur studenter med läsnedsättningar vid Jönköping University (JU) upplever att de får tillgång till talböcker givet hur JU kommunicerar tillgängligheten till dessa böcker. I uppsatsen används en kvalitativ forskningsansats. Åtta intervjuer har genomförts med studenter på JU som använder talböcker. Uppsatsen ger en ögonblicksbild och bygger på de personliga upplevelserna hos de intervjuade studenterna.  Studenterna som intervjuades i denna uppsats uttrycker att de upplever att kommunikationen om talböcker brister och därmed bidrar till att försvåra tillgängligheten. I vissa fall menar studenterna att de inte i tid kunde få tillgång till kurslitteraturen som de behövde för kurserna på grund av bristande kommunikation eller på grund av hur deras förfrågningar hanterades, inte till följd av den faktiska tillgången till talböckerna.  Trots att relevant information om talböcker finns lättillgänglig för studenterna på JUs hemsidor menade studenterna att JU inte kommunicerar tillgängligheten till talböcker på ett sätt som underlättar tillgången. De upplevde att kommunikationen från JUs sida är otillräcklig. Det framkom även att studenterna saknade information och dialog om rättigheterna att få tillgång till kurslitteratur i form av talböcker. För att förbättra så att studenterna får tillgång till kurslitteratur i talboksformat i tid tror de att JU skulle kunna göra mer för att kommunicera tillgängligheten till talböcker.  Med avstamp i filosofen Foucaults synsätt skulle studenter med funktionsnedsättning kunna sägas påverka och utöva makt över sin situation när de förklarar och kommunicerar sina behov av talböcker till JU. Det är viktigt att komma ihåg att det är först då, när det sker, som tillgängligheten till talböcker blir relevant i förhållande till studenternas behov. Möjligen kan slutsatserna i denna uppsats vara ett första steg för att anpassa JUs kommunikation om tillgänglighet till talböcker för att bättre spegla studenternas behov. Uttryckt i Foucaults anda skulle en sådan åtgärd bidra till att skapa ett mer jämlikt maktförhållande mellan JU och studenterna med läsnedsättningar. / For students at university and college level with special needs in relation to reading, such as dyslexia and ADHD, the availability of course literature in the form of audiobooks can enable this group to have the same opportunity as other students to study as well as complete their studies. Indeed, students at university and college level in Sweden, with certain challenges, have a right to special support, including to have any course literature recorded in audiobook format.  This study examines how students with impeded reading capability at Jönköping University (JU) assess their own access to audiobooks given how JU is communicating the availability of audiobooks. A qualitative research method is used in this study. Eight interviews was conducted with students at JU who uses audiobooks. Building on personal experiences from the interviewed students, this study gives a snapshot picture.  Students interviewed in this study expressed that they found that communication on audiobooks were insufficient, thus contributing to making these less accessible. Students argued that they in some cases had not been able to access needed course literature in time, due to the lack of communication or due to how their requests had been handled, not because of the actual lack of audiobooks.  Despite relevant information on audiobooks being available on JU’s homepages, students argued that JU was not communicating the accessibility of audiobooks in a way to allow students ease of access to them. Students argued that communication from JU was insufficient. The study also found that some student lacked information and a dialogue on their rights to have course literature in the format of audiobooks. To enhance students’ access to course literature in the format of audiobooks, these students believe that JU could do more to communicate the accessibility of audiobooks.  Using Foucault’s theory, it could be argued that students with disabilities would be able to utilize their own power over their situation as they explain and communicate their need of audiobooks to JU. It is only as this is done that access to audiobooks will be relevant in relation to student’s needs. Possibly, the conclusions of this study could be a first step to adjust JU’s communication on the access of audiobooks to better mirror student’s needs. Expressed in the spirit of Foucault, such action could contribute in creating a more equal power relation between JU and students with reading disabilities.