Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / In contemporary society, the meaning of diabetes mellitus is associated with a pathological conception, linked to the idea of deficiency and individual responsibility. Consequently, people with diabetes are constantly being called to respond for the appearance of illness or the complications of non-adherence to prescribed forms of care by health professionals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand how people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and their caregivers and / or companions manage the process of accountability in a situation of group interaction. Discursive Psychology, a British proposal for conducting discourse analysis, inspired by social constructionist epistemology was adopted as the theoretical and methodological framework. Five workshops were performed and 25 people (middle-aged adults and seniors from 30 to 70 years) both male and female with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and their caregivers or companions (family, friends, and neighbors), users of services of a Basic Family Health attended. The steps of our analysis were: a) transcripts of the conversations of the group, b) curious, attentive and interrogative reading of the material collected, c) identification of excerpts from conversations that were related to the process of accountability, d) identification of excerpts that illustrate different discursive strategies related to the process of accountability, and e) analysis of the use of discursive strategies for managing accountability. The focus was to understand the role of discursive strategies and their effects on interaction during the conversations of the groups. Through analysis, two discursive strategies were named according to their role in the interaction: 1) "Blaming others: Assigning responsibility to others" and 2) "Blaming oneself." The latter strategy had two distinct movements, so they were categorized into two sub-strategies: "Taking responsibility: the use of other forms of care" and "Taking responsibility: the getting used to living with diabetes." Throughout the analysis, we observed that the discursive strategies allowed participants to put themselves discursively into interactional context in order to present themselves as people who take care of health and manage possible charges. In addition, through analysis, Accountability was understood as something discursively constructed and directly related to situational demands of the interactive context and socio-cultural expectations and not as something that can be defined as an internal psychological construct, as a process decision-making nor as causal attribution. This study therefore invites critical reflection on ways to talk about diabetes and its impact on the lives of people with the disease, their caregivers and health professionals. / Na sociedade contemporânea, os sentidos do Diabetes mellitus estão associados a uma concepção patológica, ligada à ideia de déficit e de responsabilidade individual. Nesse sentido, as pessoas com diabetes são constantemente chamadas a responder seja pelo surgimento do adoecimento ou pelas complicações decorrentes da não adesão às formas de cuidado prescritas pelos profissionais de saúde. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender como pessoas com Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e seus cuidadores e/ou acompanhantes, em situação de interação em grupo, manejaram o processo de Responsabilização. O referencial teórico-metodológico adotado foi a Psicologia Discursiva, uma proposta inglesa para realização de análise do discurso, inspirada pela epistemologia construcionista social. Foram realizadas para este trabalho cinco oficinas em grupos, das quais participaram 25 pessoas (adultos de meia idade e idosos de 30 a 70 anos), de ambos os sexos, com Diabetes mellitus Tipo 2 e seus cuidadores e/ou acompanhantes (familiares, amigos, vizinhos), usuários dos serviços de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família. Os passos da nossa análise foram: a) transcrição das conversas do grupo; b) leitura curiosa, atenta e interrogativa do material coletado; c) identificação de trechos de conversas que estivessem relacionadas ao processo de Responsabilização; d) identificação de trechos que ilustravam diferentes estratégias discursivas relacionadas ao processo de Responsabilização; e e) análise do uso das estratégias discursivas para o manejo da Responsabilização. O foco da análise consistiu em entender a função das estratégias discursivas e os seus efeitos na interação ao longo das conversas dos grupos. Por meio da análise, foram nomeadas duas estratégias discursivas de acordo com sua função na interação: 1) Responsabilizando aos outros: atribuindo responsabilidade a terceiros e 2) Responsabilizando-se . A última estratégia apresentou dois movimentos distintos, por isso foram categorizadas duas sub-estratégias: Responsabilizando-se: o uso de outras formas de cuidado e Responsabilizando-se: o acostumar-se a viver com diabetes . Ao longo da análise, observou-se que as estratégias discursivas permitiram com que os participantes se colocassem discursivamente no contexto interacional de forma a apresentarem-se como pessoas que cuidam da saúde e administrarem possíveis acusações. Além disso, por meio da análise, foi possível compreender a Responsabilização como algo construído discursivamente e diretamente relacionado às demandas situacionais do contexto interativo e às expectativas sócio-culturais e não, como algo que pode ser definido como um constructo psicológico interno, como um processo de tomada de decisões ou atribuição de causalidade. Esse estudo convida, portanto, a uma reflexão crítica sobre as formas de conversar sobre diabetes e seu impacto na vida das pessoas com a doença, seus cuidadores e os profissionais de saúde. / Mestre em Psicologia Aplicada

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-08T11:43:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elizabeth Morena do Nascimento - 2016.pdf: 3132473 bytes, checksum: 7577d99838f33c78608863ccea6f6024 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-08T17:43:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elizabeth Morena do Nascimento - 2016.pdf: 3132473 bytes, checksum: 7577d99838f33c78608863ccea6f6024 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-08T17:43:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Elizabeth Morena do Nascimento - 2016.pdf: 3132473 bytes, checksum: 7577d99838f33c78608863ccea6f6024 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-01 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This dissertation presents the understanding of a phenomenon that connect the man, the history and the language. The theme "The configuration of the imaginary‟s formations in the discursive representation on the ethos indigenous Tapuia". The objective is to examine how to legitimizes the speeches that disseminate the contradictory imaginary formations about Tapuia remnants of Carretão-GO village. As well as it the meanings of the discursive practices of some people of the municipalities of Rubiataba (GO) and Nova America (GO) result in forms of ambiguous representations of the Tapuia image in space-time of these territories. The specific objectives are focused on the positive visibility of the diversity of forms what the Indian people have been presented in Brazilian social spaces. Noting that, for the sake of discourses emerging from an idealistic defense of essentialist image of the natives, the speech acts of some members of civil society have widespread sociocultural imaginary manifesting stereotypes and denial of indigenous identity. Therefore, this study is not restricted only to the theoretical and academic field, although not disregarding the importance of this field, but aims to denounce the monopolization of ethnic racial classifications that are operated in the discursive level, responsible for the spread of polysemies and reductionism the identity self-image of the indigenous community. Although we know that the words are triggered by the strategies of knowledge and power of the people, whose senses reveal their discursive formations and their respective official ideological filiations. In denouncing the discursive productions that disseminate the invisibility of indigenous societies in the surrounding, affirm the need to spread speeches that will result in changes in the civil spheres, especially when the changes comply with the purpose of fighting for readability laws that protect the rights of Brazilian indigenous remnants, such as: the Tapuia group of Goiás. Since the analytical corpus of this thesis concerns the analysis of the discursive settings that some individuals in the municipalities of Rubiataba (GO) and Nova America (GO) do on the image of this population. The research methodology consisted of qualitative-interpretative approach proposed by Bortoni-Ricardo (2008) with the study case method, using the structured interviews, semi-structured and field diary, for analytical seizure of data. To achieve the results, the theoretical foundation is guided in the discourse analysis, the postulates of Bakhtin (2003; 2006), Pêcheux (1995; 1997), Maingueneau (2005; 2008), among other theorists, in a constant dialogue with social science authors. The main results of this study and the meaning of what has been done show that the manifestation of the indigenous discursive ethos Tapuia in the sociocultural imaginary formations of some members of both the goianos municipalities above occurs in dialogical relations, since that the production conditions are presented in the socio-historical-cultural context. Finally, the ambivalent settings that are imagined about the form-subject Tapuia, at certain times represented by a search for ethnic racial authenticity foisted on indigenous communities regulating the image of themselves. That is, with greater emphasis on the return to the devices of knowledge and power of domination. In another moments in the discursive strategies which focus in the valorization of the subject forms of this group at their ways of presenting themselves in the spaces of the aforementioned municipalities of Goiás, in order to see them as protagonists of theirs stories in today's social spaces. / Esta dissertação apresenta a compreensão de um fenômeno que coaduna sujeito, história e linguagem cujo título é “A configuração das formações imaginárias na representação do ethos discursivo indígena Tapuia”. O objetivo é examinar como se legitimam os discursos que difundem as formações imaginárias sobre os remanescentes Tapuia das terras indígenas do Carretão (GO). Isso porque os significados das práticas discursivas de alguns sujeitos dos municípios de Rubiataba (GO) e de Nova América (GO), territórios próximos da comunidade Carretão, incidem em formas de representações ambíguas da imagem dos habitantes dessa comunidade no espaço-tempo desses territórios. Para tanto, os objetivos específicos focalizam a visibilidade positiva da diversidade de forma-sujeito, pela qual os indígenas vêm se apresentando nos espaços sociais brasileiros. Ao notar que, em prol de discursos que emergem de uma defesa idealista da imagem essencialista dos indígenas, os atos de fala de alguns membros da sociedade civil têm difundido imaginários socioculturais que manifestam estereótipos e negação da identidade indígena. Então este estudo não se restringe somente ao campo teórico-acadêmico, apesar de não desconsiderar a importância deste campo, mas visa denunciar as monopolizações das classificações étnico-raciais que são operadas no plano discursivo, responsáveis pela difusão de polissemias e reducionismo da autoimagem identitária da coletividade indígena na atualidade. Embora saibamos que os dizeres são acionados pelas estratégias de saber/poder dos sujeitos cujos sentidos revelam as suas formações discursivas e as suas respectivas filiações ideológicas neocoloniais, ao denunciar as produções discursivas que difundem a invisibilidade dos indígenas nas camadas sociais, acionamos a necessidade de propagação que resulte em mudanças nas esferas civis, sobretudo quando as mudanças cumprem o propósito de lutar pela legibilidade de legislações que defendam os direitos dos remanescentes indígenas brasileiros, tal como: o grupo Tapuia de Goiás. Por conseguinte, o corpus analítico desta dissertação diz respeito à análise das configurações discursivas que alguns sujeitos dos municípios supracitados realizam sobre a imagem dessa população, base de dados primários, em sintonia com os dados colhidos por Almeida (2003), base de dados secundários. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada consistiu na abordagem qualitativo-interpretativista, proposta por Bortoni-Ricardo (2008), com o método estudo de caso, utilizando-se das entrevistas estruturadas, semiestruturadas e diário de campo para a apreensão analítica dos dados. Para atingir os resultados, a fundamentação teórica se pauta nos arcabouços da Análise do Discurso, nos postulados de Bakhtin (2003, 2006), Pêcheux (1995, 1997), Maingueneau (2005, 2008), entre outros teóricos, num constante diálogo com autores das ciências das formações sociais. Os resultados principais deste estudo e os significados do que foi feito mostram que a manifestação do ethos discursivo indígena Tapuia, nas formações imaginárias socioculturais de alguns membros de ambos os municípios goianos supramencionados, se dá nas relações de dialogia, desde que se apresentem as condições de produção discursiva no contexto sócio-histórico-cultural. Por fim, as configurações ambivalentes que recaem sobre a forma-sujeito Tapuia, ora são representadas por uma busca de autenticidade étnico-racial que impingem, nas coletividades indígenas, a regulação da imagem de si, a exemplo das situações vividas pelos povos do Carretão, isto é, com maior ênfase para o regresso aos dispositivos de saber/poder coloniais, ora são representadas por estratégias discursivas que focalizam na valorização da forma-sujeito desse grupo em suas formas de apresentação de si nas instâncias enunciativas dos municípios goianos citados, com vista a vê-los como protagonistas de suas histórias nos espaços sociais atuais.

Cette étude s’interroge sur la construction de la référence dans le genre discursif récit de voyage. Ce genre se signale en effet par une posture énonciative commune : les énonciateurs voyageurs,placés dans un contexte d’asymétrie entre langue et culture, ont à rendre compte derealia (espèces naturelles, artefacts, pratiques sociales) qui ne sont pas systématiquement lexicalisés dans leur langue, ou pour lesquels ils ne possèdent pas de compétence dénominative.Aussi présentent-ils souvent l’opération de référence comme problématique. Pour rendre compte de la manière dont les énonciateurs s’y prennent en contexte pour référer « malgré tout », la thèse analyse les procédures de nomination et de catégorisation des realia exotiques dans un corpus de récits de voyageurs français en Afrique noire durant la période coloniale. Elle met en place une sémantique discursive articulant les trois ordres de la langue, de la textualité et du discours. Le travail bâtit tout d’abord une typologie des formats de nomination exploités dans le corpus, et montre ainsi que les pratiques discursives de nomination sont adossées au système de la langue. Cette première procédure référentielle est complétée par des opérations séquentielles de délimitation des catégories ; on met en lumière les contraintes textuelles qui pèsent sur cette seconde procédure. On analyse ensuite les effets discursifs produits par l’utilisation de ces ressources linguistiques, en les articulant avec la dimension générique, les positionnement sénonciatifs et idéologiques. Les outils d’analyse construits sont enfin appliqués pour caractériser des exploitations discursives particulières dans deux textes contrastés du corpus. / The present study explores how reference is constructed in the discursive genre specifiedas travel narrative. A hallmark of the genre is a common posture towards the production of thetext where enunciator-travellers are placed in an asymmetric context between language and cultureand have to give an account of realia (natural species, artefacts, social practices) which are not systematically lexicalized in their own languages or for which they do not have naming competence. They thus tend to present referencing as problematic. In order to describe how incontext enunciators manage to reference “against all odds”, the present dissertation analysesnaming and categorization procedures of exotic realia in a corpus of travel accounts by Frenchtravellers to Black Africa in the colonial period. A discursive semantics is set up based on thepatterning of the three orders, language, textuality and discourse. The present work first builds upa typology of naming patterns implemented in the corpus and is able to show that discursivepractices concerned with naming rest on the language as a system. This first referencing procedureis followed by sequential operations to delimit categories; textual constraints on this secondprocedure are shown up. There follows the analysis of the discursive effects that result from theuse of such linguistic resources and this is done through articulation with the generic dimensionand the enunciative and ideological stances. Finally the analytic tools that have been devised areapplied to the characterization of specific discursive processes in two contrasting texts from thecorpus.

Deux notions formeront cette étude : les emprunts linguistiques d’abord et la traduction ensuite. Pour les aborder, nous nous intéresserons à des problèmes théoriques liés aux sémantiques lexicale et discursive afin de dégager les cadres théoriques de ces deux sujets en prenant appui sur des exemples authentiques dans les deux langues (français et arabe). On s’interrogera dans un premier temps sur le rôle exact de l’emprunt dans le mécanisme complexe du langage. Nous commencerons à poser les données du problème, tout d’abord, au niveau lexicologique où le contact se fera entre les mots et leurs équivalents morphosyntaxiques dans l’autre langue ; c’est le cas le plus simple à analyser. Ensuite, notre analyse s’élargira au niveau discursif, là, le discours sera affronté dans sa complexité. Contrairement à une idée reçue du structuralisme qui présente la langue comme un organisme statique, il s’agit d’un système changeant qui rétablit sans cesse ses équilibres internes compromis. Notre analyse va être basée sur la théorie praxématique qui voit que la réalité et la langue sont inséparables. L’emprunt est une preuve par son existence et son maintien, qu’une nouvelle réalité existe, utilise un nouvel élément pour la caractériser. A travers les problèmes de l’emprunt linguistique, on trouve donc des problèmes liés à la langue, au lexique et au discours. Puisque l’emprunt est le passage du lexique d’une aire linguistique à l’autre, il soulève également tous les problèmes fondamentaux de la traduction : ici c’est l’analyse discursive qui est directement concernée. Nous nous intéresserons donc à la problématique des contacts des langues, d’une part, au plan de l’unité minimale qu’est le mot, et d’autre part, à celui de son actualisation en discours qui est au coeur de la problématique de la production du sens. / Two notions will train this study: the linguistic loanword at first and the translation then. To approach them, we shall be interested in theoretical problems bound in semantic lexical and discursive to loosen the theoretical frames executives of these two subjects by taking support on authentic examples in both languages (French and Arabic). First of all we will wonder on the exact role of the loanword in the complex mechanism of the language. We shall begin to put the data of the problem, first of all, at the lexicological level where the contact will be made between the words and their morphosyntactic equivalents in the other language; it is the easiest case to analyze. Then, our analysis will widen at the discursive level, there, the speech will be faced in its complexity. Contrary to a generally accepted idea of the structuralism which presents the language as a static body, it is a changeable system which restores ceaselessly its damaged internal balances. Our analysis will be based on the praxématique theory which states that the reality and the language are inseparable. The loanword is a proof by its existence and its preservation that a new reality exists, since it consists in using a new element to characterize this very reality. Through the problems of the linguistic loan, we thus find problems connected to the language, to the lexicon and to the speech. Because the loan is the passage of the lexicon of a linguistic area to the other one, it also raises all the fundamental problems of the translation: here the discursive analysis is directly concerned. We shall thus be interested in the problem of the contacts of the languages, on the one hand, to the plan shot of the minimal unit which is the word, and on the other hand, to that of its updating in speech which is in the heart of the problem of the production of the sense direction.

The application of Adventure Therapy mediums for therapeutic, recreational and team building purposes have become increasingly popular over the past thirty years. These activities take place in a variety of contexts. One such a context that is designed and built with the explicit aim of providing challenging, adventurous activities is the high ropes course. Documented application of Ropes Courses largely consists of group-focussed application and the use of these courses in contexts where the focus is on the individual has been explored to a lesser degree. In this study analysis focuses on the interaction between a therapist and a client during a shared high ropes activity. At the time of the study, participants were also engaged in an individual psychotherapeutic process independent of the study. The study is informed by a Social Constructionist approach and in particular by Discursive Psychology. The work of members of the Discourse and Rhetoric Group at the University of Loughborough ( in particular that of Potter and Edwards) forms an integral part of the epistemology and methodology applied in this study. In this approach there is a strong emphasis on the accomplishment and management of action in interaction. Discourse is conceptualised as a resource that functions to accomplish action and discursive analysis focuses on the manner in which discursive resources are employed to achieve action in interaction. Discursive psychologists view the material context as well as embodiment as important contributors to the construction of action. These aspects are particularly relevant in a Ropes course context where physical activity is prominent. A theory of action in interaction proposed by Charles Goodwin informs the current exploration of the contribution of embodiment and materiality to the organisation of action. / Dissertation (MA (Clinical Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Psychology / unrestricted

The purpose of this thesis is to create a grid to assist in analysing three works of migration literature selected from the anthology, Retrato de una nube: Primera antología del cuento hispano canadiense (Molina Lora & Torres-Recinos, 2008) that would be informative in carrying out their translation with greater depth and scope, including language, discourse and real-life experience. My choice for a model was a recasting of Octavio Paz’s diachronic sequence “translations of translations of translations” (1979, p. 14) into its synchronic equivalent. Translation of the surface text or my interlinguistic (microtextual) translation from Spanish into English is the starting point, and the other two levels then need to be defined in relation to this first one. The next structural level in the sequence is the level that is normally consulted by the translator when the microtext is not sufficient for a satisfactory translation, i.e. the level of the macrotext, where there are networks of elements: plot, characterization, dialogue along with power relations and other characteristics reflected in the dialogue as discovered using critical discourse analysis. These larger discursive structures make up a level, a subtext that “encloses” the previous one. Since the texts chosen are works of migration literature, this subtext deals with migration and with the corresponding characteristics. At this level the translation is that of the migrant from one nationality to another represented with the characters and elements of this migration. Level 3 (the anthropological) is the third translation that encloses the other two, that of the migrant author, who translates him/herself from one nationality to another and who shows diasporic and hybrid characteristics reflected through the (micro)textual and discursive layers. The resulting structure is that of three vertical levels of translations that are synchronic and vertical rather than diachronic and horizontal (as Paz seems to have imagined) that not only describe translations internally but that also translate between themselves externally and in both directions: the linguistic (microtextual) into the discursive, and inversely, and the discursive into the anthropological, and inversely. Résumé : L’objectif de cette thèse consiste en l’élaboration d’une nouvelle grille d’analyse de trois nouvelles de la littérature migrante hispano-canadienne sélectionnées de l’anthologie, Retrato de una nube: Primera antología del cuento hispano canadiense (Molina Lora & Torres-Recinos, 2008) pour entreprendre et justifier leur traduction avec un plus grand degré de profondeur et une portée plus large, à la fois linguistique, discursive et phénoménologique. En vue de développer cette grille, j’ai choisi de revisiter la séquence diachronique d’Octavio Paz, « traductions de traductions de traductions » et de la transposer en son équivalent synchronique. La traduction interlinguistique (microtextuelle) de l'espagnol vers l'anglais constitue le point de départ, les deux autres niveaux devant être définis par rapport à celui-ci. Le niveau structurel qui suit dans la séquence est le niveau normalement consulté par le traducteur ou la traductrice lorsque le microtexte ne suffit pas à la réalisation d’une traduction adéquate, à savoir le niveau du macrotexte, où il existe une série de réseaux de signifiants, que ce soit l'intrigue, la caractérisation des personnages, les dialogues où se révèlent les relations de pouvoir entre ces derniers, et d’autres caractéristiques relatives à la mise en œuvre de ces dialogues, tel qu’on les découvre en appliquant une analyse critique du discours. Ces grandes structures discursives constituent un sous-texte qui « renferme » le précédent. Puisque les textes choisis sont des œuvres de littérature migrante, ce sous-texte traite de la migration et de ses caractéristiques socio-discursives. À ce niveau, la traduction est celle du migrant qui « passe » d'une identité nationale à l'autre, avec tous les personnages et tous les éléments que ce passage suppose. Le troisième niveau, de type anthropologique, est la troisième traduction qui renferme les deux autres, celle de l'auteur-migrant qui traduit en quelque sorte sa nationalité en une autre, et qui présente des caractéristiques hybrides et diasporiques traversant les couches (micro) textuelle et discursive. La structure obtenue est celle de trois niveaux de traduction qui sont synchroniques et verticaux plutôt que diachroniques et horizontaux (comme Paz semble les avoir imaginés), formant ainsi non seulement des traductions internes à chaque niveau, mais qui se traduisent aussi entre eux et dans les deux sens: le linguistique (microtextuel) se traduit dans le discursif, et inversement, et le discursif dans l’anthropologique, et inversement.

Ce mémoire a pour objet d’étude le processus de succession dans les entreprises familiales. Pour la collecte de données, nous avons choisi d’utiliser l’entrevue semi-dirigée. Notre corpus d’analyse consiste en une petite entreprise familiale québécoise oeuvrant dans le secteur des services professionnels, qui vit présentement un transfert de la première à la deuxième génération. Au total, nous avons réalisé des entrevues avec cinq personnes : les deux propriétaires-dirigeants actuels qui sont en voie d’être succédés, leur successeure,ainsi que deux employés ayant vécu de près la succession. Nous nous sommes intéressés plus spécifiquement à la dimension communicationnelle du processus de succession, dont nous avons fait la démonstration à l’aide du modèle discursif de l’organisation de Taylor (1993). Cet exercice nous a permis d’observer deux moments clés du processus, soit l’intégration à plein temps du successeur dans l’entreprise, et le moment où le rôle de leader lui est transféré, rejoignant ainsi les conclusions de Longenecker et Schoen (1978). / The object of this research is the succession process in family businesses. The data have been collected using semi-directed interviews. Our sample consists in a small family business from the professional services sector, located in the province of Quebec, that is actually living a generational transition. In all, we did interviews with five persons: the two actual owner-managers that are about to be succeeded, their successor, and two employees that closely lived the succession. We were interested in the communicational dimension of the succession process, which we made the demonstration using the discursive model of organizations from Taylor (1993). Doing so, we observed two key moments of the process: the full-time integration of the successor in the business, and the moment when the leadership role is being transferred to him, tying up with similar findings from Longenecker and Schoen (1978).

Apprendre une langue étrangère constitue une expérience qui déborde l’orientation cognitive que ladidactique de langues promeut ; laquelle est une perspective qui ne tient pas en compte la dimension du sujetet qui comprend la langue dans une vision utilitariste, en évacuant ainsi sa portée expressive et créatrice.Pourtant, le langage s’institue comme la dimension par laquelle le sujet se constitue en tant que tel, commenous le révèle la théorie psychanalytique. C’est pourquoi, dans les objectifs de cette recherche, nousquestionnons certaines notions fondamentales exprimées par les pratiques discursives du paradigmedidactique actuel. Pour le faire, nous nous appuyons sur la conceptualisation à l’égard du sujet que cettethéorie nous apporte. Cela nous permet de montrer que les investissements subjectifs constituent une questionessentielle lorsque le sujet apprend le Français en tant que langue étrangère, étant donné qu’il y inscrit sesrapports (aux autres, à soi-même, à la langue cible). Cette étude met en oeuvre une démarche rationnellefondée sur un schéma que nous avons dégagé de l’épistémologie bachelardienne, dans un paradigme derecherche qualitative. Nous avons analysé un corpus constitué du discours de vingt élèves en milieuuniversitaire – quatorze entretiens et six journaux d’apprentissage – ainsi que l’observation de trois classes.Pour parvenir à nos buts, nous avons examiné quatre questions : 1) Qu’est-ce qu’apprendre ? 2) Qu’est-cequ’apprendre une langue étrangère ? 3) Comment le sujet est-il envisagé en didactique de langues ?4)Comment le sujet investit-il la langue étrangère ? Celles-ci sont sous-jacentes dans la question centrale decette recherche : en quoi les investissements subjectifs du sujet représentent-ils une question essentielle pourapprendre le Français en tant que langue étrangère ? Aussi, avons-nous obtenu une nouvelle conceptualisationde l’acte d’apprendre une langue étrangère et du sujet qui apprend cette autre langue : le discens linguam.Parallèlement, nous avons proposé et conceptualisé l’instauration d’expériences discursives jouissantes afinde parvenir à l’appropriation de la langue. / Learning a foreign language constitutes an experience which goes beyond the cognitive orientation thatdidactics of languages promotes. This perspective does not take into account the dimension of the subject andit considers the language in a utilitarian vision that puts aside the language expressive and creative impact.Nevertheless language is instituted as that dimension through which subject defines itself as such, as outlinedin the psychoanalytic theory. It is for this reason, in determining the objectives of this research that wequestion some fundamental notions brought out by current discursive practices of didactic paradigms. To dothis, we base our conceptualization as pertains to the subject that this theory presents us. This allows us toshow that while the subject learns French as a foreign language, the subjective investments remains anessential question, given that in it are his relations (with others, with oneself, to the target language). Thisstudy implements a rational approach based on a model extracted from Bachelard’s epistemology, in aqualitative research paradigm that analyzed data obtained from the discourse of twenty university students –fourteen interviews and six learning diaries – as well as observation of three classes. In order to achieve ourgoals, we examined four questions: 1) What is learning? 2) What is foreign language learning? 3) How is seensubject in language didactic? 4) How does the subject invest the foreign language? These questions underliethe central research question: in what way subjective investments are essential in learning French as a foreignlanguage? As a result, we obtained a new conceptualization of the act of learning a foreign language and ofthe subject who learns this other language: the discens linguam. Similarly, we proposed and weconceptualized the establishment of discursive enjoyment experiences which will enable languageappropriation / Aprender una lengua extranjera constituye una experiencia que desborda la orientacióncognitiva que la didáctica de lenguas promueve, la cual es una perspectiva que no tomaen cuenta la dimensión del sujeto y que comprende la lengua según una visiónutilitarista, descartando de esa manera su impacto expresivo y creador. Sin embargo, ellenguaje se instituye como la dimensión por la cual el sujeto se constituye como tal,según lo revela la teoría psicoanalítica. Es por ello que, dentro de los fines de estainvestigación, cuestionamos algunas nociones fundamentales expresadas por lasprácticas discursivas del paradigma didáctico actual. Para esto nos apoyamos en laconceptualización referente al sujeto que esta teoría nos aporta. Esto nos permitemostrar que las implicaciones subjetivas cuando el sujeto aprende Francés como lenguaextranjera, constituyen una cuestión central, dado que él adscribe sus relaciones (con losdemás, consigo mismo, con la lengua meta). Este estudio aplica un procedimientoracional basado en un esquema que obtuvimos de la epistemología de Bachelard, dentrode un paradigma de investigación cualitativa. Analizamos una muestra constituida por eldiscurso de veinte estudiantes universitarios – catorce entrevistas semi-estructuradas yseis diarios de aprendizaje – así como la observación de tres cursos. Para lograr nuestrosobjetivos, examinamos cuatro preguntas: 1) ¿Qué es aprender? 2) ¿Qué es aprender unalengua extranjera? 3) ¿Cómo el sujeto es considerado en la didáctica de lenguas? 4)¿Cómo el sujeto se implica en la lengua extranjera? Éstas se encuentran subyacentes enla interrogante central de esta investigación: ¿De qué manera las implicacionessubjetivas del sujeto representan una cuestión esencial para aprender el Francés comolengua extranjera? Como resultado, obtuvimos una nueva conceptualización del acto deaprender una lengua extranjera así como del sujeto que aprende esta otra lengua: eldiscens linguam. Igualmente, propusimos y conceptualizamos la instauración deexperiencias discursivas de goce a fin de lograr la apropiación de la lengua

O presente estudo procura estabelecer, a partir de uma reavaliação e atualização dos estudos de Jürgen Habermas sobre esfera pública e direito, os fundamentos teóricos e práticos do Direito da Comunicação, uma teoria crítica do direito que restabelece o vínculo interno entre direito e esfera pública política, e com isso fornece um modelo complementar a teoria procedimental de Habermas, fortalecendo as condições para a produção de uma legitimidade democrática do poder em sociedades pluralistas. / The present work aims at establishing, through a reevaluation and actualization of Jürgen Habermas studies on public sphere and law, the theoretical and practical grounds of Communication Law, a critical theory of law that recovers the internal relation between law and the political public sphere, and in doing so, provides a complementary model to Habermas procedural theory, enhancing the conditions for the production of a democratic legitimacy of power in pluralist societies.

Le foncier, entendu comme des relations entre les humains à propos de la terre, est au cœur de la répartition des pouvoirs, particulièrement dans les sociétés à dominantes agraires. Encadrer sa gestion à travers la formulation d'une politique publique signifie altérer les rapports entre l'État et les pouvoirs locaux, et la manière dont l’État entend construire un pouvoir de contrôle sur les hommes et le territoire. À travers l'exemple de l'Ouganda sous le régime du National Resistance Movement (NRM), cette thèse en science politique analyse la manière dont une politique publique foncière se fabrique en interaction avec les structures de pouvoir. Nous touchons ici aux rapports entre polity, politics et policy. Appréhendée comme une activité politique, la fabrication d’une politique publique foncière en contextes africains n’est pas qu’une affaire d’État. Elle est une source de légitimité politique pour les acteurs intégrés au processus. Son instrumentalisation peut profiter à un changement de rapports de force. Ce processus commence à partir de la fabrication des énoncés de problème et aboutit à la négociation d'une solution. Cette recherche inductive se fonde sur des méthodes de recherche qualitative : observations participantes, entretiens semi-structurés, recours à la littérature grise et aux archives. Elle est le fruit d'un travail de terrain de quatre ans en Ouganda. Cette thèse innove d'un point de vue théorique en intégrant l'approche discursive et pragmatique de l'action publique à l'approche structurationniste. Elle lie cette approche à la notion « d'historicité de l’État importé ». Ce cadre théorique permet d'étudier les mouvements d'ordre et de désordre de la société qu'engendre la formulation des énoncés de problème et de solution. Elle fournit aussi un apport empirique détaillé à l'étude de la politique foncière en Ouganda. Cette thèse contribue ainsi à l'étude de la démocratisation en Afrique, de celle du foncier en Afrique, et de celle des politiques publiques en contextes africains. / Land tenure, defined as the set of relations among humans that determine their interaction with land, lies at the heart of power struggles, especially in agrarian societies. Governing land management through public policy means changing power relations between the state and the local institutions that exercise social control. Using Uganda under the regime of the National Resistance Movement (NRM) as its case study, this thesis in political science explores the manner a public policy concerning land is constructed through the interactions among various power structures. We are dealing here with the interactions among polity, politics and policy. Examined as a political activity, the construction of a public policy concerning land in African contexts goes beyond a matter of concern for the state alone. This activity is a source of political legitimacy for those actors participating in the process. Its instrumentalisation can lead to changes in power relations. This process starts with the construction of the problem and ends with the negotiation of a solution. This inductive research is based on qualitative research methods : participant observation, semi-structured interviews, analysis of grey literature and of archives. It is based on four years of field work in Uganda. This thesis innovates theoretically as it integrates the discursive and pragmatic approach of public policy to structuration theory. It ties this approach to the notion of « historicity of the imported state ». This theoretical framework allows us to study the ordering and disordering of society that are triggered by the formulation of problems and solutions. It provides a detailed empirical study of public policy concerning land in Uganda. This thesis contributes, more generally, to the study of democratisation in Africa, land tenure in Africa and public policy in African contexts.