A depressão periparto (PPD) é subtipo altamente prevalente e subdiagnosticado do transtorno depressivo maior (MDD), e causa um importante sofrimento para a mulher, sua família e seu filho. Uma interação complexa entre hormônios, neurotransmissores e fatores genéticos e ambientais pode estar envolvida na etiologia da PPD. Contudo, estudos de neuroimagem na PPD ainda são escassos, particularmente os que identificam alterações neuroquímicas. Sabe-se que a região do córtex pré frontal dorsolateral (dlPFC) está relacionada à funções executivas no circuito pré frontal, e juntamente com o giro do cíngulo anterior (ACG) faz parte das vias neuronais envolvidas no processamento emocional, desde a geração, regulação e reavaliação do estado afetivo. Existem evidências de que ambas as áreas estejam disfuncionais na MDD. A avaliação neuroquímica obtida pela espectroscopia de próton por ressonância magnética (MRS) permite inferir o metabolismo, a neurotransmissão e a viabilidade do tecido neuronal de interesse destas áreas fronto-límbicas. Objetivo: comparar puérperas com depressão periparto (grupo PPD) com puérperas saudáveis (grupo HP) quanto à avaliação neuroquímica no dlPFC esquerdo e no ACG bilateral. Métodos: 36 puérperas do grupo PPD e 25 puérperas do grupo HP foram submetidas à duas entrevistas psiquiátricas estruturadas e à aplicação de questionários e escalas psicométricas, sendo a segunda avaliação realizada seccionalmente à MRS. A MRS foi adquirida pro MRI com campo de 3 Tesla, estando o volume de interesse (VOI) posicionado no dlPFC esquerdo e no ACG bilateral e processada pelo software LCModel. Os resultados neuroquímicos expressos em valores absolutos e normalizados pela creatina (razão metabólito/creatina) foram analisados por ANCOVA, incluindo a idade, o tempo de puerpério e o tipo de contraceptivo, enquanto covariáveis. Resultados: No dlPFC, o grupo PPD apresentou menores valores de Glu/Cr (-0,17; p=0,05), Glx (-0,95 mM; p=0,04), Glx/Cr (-0,22; p=0,03), NAA (-0,60 mM; p<0,01), e NAA/Cr (-0,13; p=0,02) em relação ao grupo HP. No ACG, o uso de hormônios contraceptivos somente com progestágenos resultou em um aumento dos valores de Glu (2,18 mM; p=0,03), Glx (1,84 mM; p=0,03), e redução de Cho/Cr (-0,08; p=0,03) quando comparados ao grupo que não utilizou somente progestágenos, independentemente dos grupos HP e PPD. Conclusão: Os níveis reduzidos de Glu e NAA no grupo PPD estão relacionados, respectivamente, à disfunção metabólica glutamatérgica e neuroglial no dlPFC, o que pode explicar sintomas cognitivos também relacionados à PPD, tal como já verificado no MDD. O uso de hormônios contraceptivos com progestágenos isoladamente interferiu com a neuroquímica do ACG, mas não se relacionou com a PPD. Embora o aumento do glutamato possa sugerir uma hiperfuncionalidade do ACG, e a redução da Cho/Cr representar diminuição de \"turnover\" da membrana lipídica ou da transdução sináptica, seu significado clínico e fisiopatológico ainda é incerto. Estes resultados contribuem com a compreensão dos substratos neuroquímicos de PPD / Peripartum depression (PPD) is a highly prevalent subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD) related to a significant loss for mother, family and baby. An Interaction between hormones, genetic, and environmental factors must be involved in its etiology. However, neuroimaging studies on PPD are still rare, particularly those that identify neurochemical changes. However, neuroimaging studies in PPD are still rare, particularly those that identify neurochemical changes. It is known that the region of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is related to executive functions in the prefrontal circuit, and together with the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) is part of the neural pathways involved in emotional processing, including the generation, regulation, and reappraisal of affective state. And, there is evidence that both areas are dysfunctional in MDD. The neurochemical evaluation obtained by spectroscopy of proton magnetic resonance (MRS) allows to infer metabolism, neurotransmission and the viability of the neuronal tissue of interest these frontal-limbic areas. Objective: Compare postpartum women with peripartum depression (PPD group) with healthy postpartum women (HP group) regarding the neurochemical evaluation in the left dlPFC and bilateral ACG. Methods: 36 postpartum women of PPD group and 25 postpartum women of the HP group were subjected to two structured psychiatric interviews and questionnaires and psychometric scales, with the second evaluation performed sectionally at MRS. The MRS was obtained by 3-T MRI system with the volume of interest (VOI) positioned on the left dlPFC and bilateral ACG and processed by LC Model software. The neurochemical results expressed in absolute values and normalized by creatine (reason metabolite/creatine) were analyzed using ANCOVA, including age, postpartum time, the type of contraceptive as covariates. Results: In the dlPFC, PPD group presented significantly lower values of Glu/Cr (-0.17; p=0.05), Glx (-0.95mM; p=0.04), Glx/Cr (-0.22; p=0.03), NAA (-0.60mM; p<0.01), and NAA/Cr (-0.13; p=0.02) than HP. In ACG, progestogens isolated contraceptive hormones use resulted in significantly increased Glu (2.18mM; p=0.03), Glx (1.84mM; p=0.03), and reduced Cho/Cr (-0.08; p=0.03), compared to women without use them, regardless of diagnostic groups. Conclusions: The reduced levels of Glu and NAA in the PPD group are related respectively to the glutamatergic and neuroglial metabolic dysfunction in the dlPFC, which may explain cognitive symptoms also related to PPD as already verified in MDD. Progestogens isolated contraceptive hormones use interfered with neurochemistry of ACG, but not associated with PPD. Although the increase of glutamate may suggest an overactive ACG, and lower Cho/Cr represent decrease of the lipid membrane turnover or synaptic transduction its clinical and pathophysiological significance remains uncertain. These results contribute to the understanding of the neurochemical substrates of PPD

No description available.

No description available.

Le traitement visuel répété d’un visage inconnu entraîne une suppression de l’activité neuronale dans les régions préférentielles aux visages du cortex occipito-temporal. Cette «suppression neuronale» (SN) est un mécanisme primitif hautement impliqué dans l’apprentissage de visages, pouvant être détecté par une réduction de l’amplitude de la composante N170, un potentiel relié à l’événement (PRE), au-dessus du cortex occipito-temporal. Le cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral (CPDL) influence le traitement et l’encodage visuel, mais sa contribution à la SN de la N170 demeure inconnue. Nous avons utilisé la stimulation électrique transcrânienne à courant direct (SETCD) pour moduler l’excitabilité corticale du CPDL de 14 adultes sains lors de l’apprentissage de visages inconnus. Trois conditions de stimulation étaient utilisées: inhibition à droite, excitation à droite et placebo. Pendant l’apprentissage, l’EEG était enregistré afin d’évaluer la SN de la P100, la N170 et la P300. Trois jours suivant l’apprentissage, une tâche de reconnaissance était administrée où les performances en pourcentage de bonnes réponses et temps de réaction (TR) étaient enregistrées. Les résultats indiquent que la condition d’excitation à droite a facilité la SN de la N170 et a augmentée l’amplitude de la P300, entraînant une reconnaissance des visages plus rapide à long-terme. À l’inverse, la condition d’inhibition à droite a causé une augmentation de l’amplitude de la N170 et des TR plus lents, sans affecter la P300. Ces résultats sont les premiers à démontrer que la modulation d’excitabilité du CPDL puisse influencer l’encodage visuel de visages inconnus, soulignant l’importance du CPDL dans les mécanismes d’apprentissage de base. / Repeated visual processing of an unfamiliar face suppresses neural activity in face-specific areas of the occipito-temporal cortex. This "repetition suppression" (RS) is a primitive mechanism involved in learning of unfamiliar faces, which can be detected through amplitude reduction of the N170 event-related potential (ERP). The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) exerts top-down influence on early visual processing. However, its contribution to N170 RS and learning of unfamiliar faces remains unclear. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) transiently increases or decreases cortical excitability, as a function of polarity. We hypothesized that DLPFC excitability modulation by tDCS would cause polarity-dependent modulations of N170 RS during encoding of unfamiliar faces. tDCS-induced N170 RS enhancement would improve long-term recognition reaction time (RT) and/or accuracy rates, whereas N170 RS impairment would compromise recognition ability. Participants underwent three tDCS conditions in random order at ~72 hour intervals: right anodal/left cathodal, right cathodal/left anodal and sham. Immediately following tDCS conditions, an EEG was recorded during encoding of unfamiliar faces for assessment of P100 and N170 visual ERPs. P300 was analyzed to detect prefrontal function modulation. Recognition tasks were administered ~72 hours following encoding. Results indicate the right anodal/left cathodal condition facilitated N170 RS and induced larger P300 amplitudes, leading to faster recognition RT. Conversely, the right cathodal/left anodal condition caused increases in N170 amplitudes and RT, but did not affect P300. These data are the first to demonstrate that DLPFC excitability modulation can influence early visual encoding of unfamiliar faces, highlighting the importance of DLPFC in basic learning mechanisms.

No description available.

A depressão periparto (PPD) é subtipo altamente prevalente e subdiagnosticado do transtorno depressivo maior (MDD), e causa um importante sofrimento para a mulher, sua família e seu filho. Uma interação complexa entre hormônios, neurotransmissores e fatores genéticos e ambientais pode estar envolvida na etiologia da PPD. Contudo, estudos de neuroimagem na PPD ainda são escassos, particularmente os que identificam alterações neuroquímicas. Sabe-se que a região do córtex pré frontal dorsolateral (dlPFC) está relacionada à funções executivas no circuito pré frontal, e juntamente com o giro do cíngulo anterior (ACG) faz parte das vias neuronais envolvidas no processamento emocional, desde a geração, regulação e reavaliação do estado afetivo. Existem evidências de que ambas as áreas estejam disfuncionais na MDD. A avaliação neuroquímica obtida pela espectroscopia de próton por ressonância magnética (MRS) permite inferir o metabolismo, a neurotransmissão e a viabilidade do tecido neuronal de interesse destas áreas fronto-límbicas. Objetivo: comparar puérperas com depressão periparto (grupo PPD) com puérperas saudáveis (grupo HP) quanto à avaliação neuroquímica no dlPFC esquerdo e no ACG bilateral. Métodos: 36 puérperas do grupo PPD e 25 puérperas do grupo HP foram submetidas à duas entrevistas psiquiátricas estruturadas e à aplicação de questionários e escalas psicométricas, sendo a segunda avaliação realizada seccionalmente à MRS. A MRS foi adquirida pro MRI com campo de 3 Tesla, estando o volume de interesse (VOI) posicionado no dlPFC esquerdo e no ACG bilateral e processada pelo software LCModel. Os resultados neuroquímicos expressos em valores absolutos e normalizados pela creatina (razão metabólito/creatina) foram analisados por ANCOVA, incluindo a idade, o tempo de puerpério e o tipo de contraceptivo, enquanto covariáveis. Resultados: No dlPFC, o grupo PPD apresentou menores valores de Glu/Cr (-0,17; p=0,05), Glx (-0,95 mM; p=0,04), Glx/Cr (-0,22; p=0,03), NAA (-0,60 mM; p<0,01), e NAA/Cr (-0,13; p=0,02) em relação ao grupo HP. No ACG, o uso de hormônios contraceptivos somente com progestágenos resultou em um aumento dos valores de Glu (2,18 mM; p=0,03), Glx (1,84 mM; p=0,03), e redução de Cho/Cr (-0,08; p=0,03) quando comparados ao grupo que não utilizou somente progestágenos, independentemente dos grupos HP e PPD. Conclusão: Os níveis reduzidos de Glu e NAA no grupo PPD estão relacionados, respectivamente, à disfunção metabólica glutamatérgica e neuroglial no dlPFC, o que pode explicar sintomas cognitivos também relacionados à PPD, tal como já verificado no MDD. O uso de hormônios contraceptivos com progestágenos isoladamente interferiu com a neuroquímica do ACG, mas não se relacionou com a PPD. Embora o aumento do glutamato possa sugerir uma hiperfuncionalidade do ACG, e a redução da Cho/Cr representar diminuição de \"turnover\" da membrana lipídica ou da transdução sináptica, seu significado clínico e fisiopatológico ainda é incerto. Estes resultados contribuem com a compreensão dos substratos neuroquímicos de PPD / Peripartum depression (PPD) is a highly prevalent subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD) related to a significant loss for mother, family and baby. An Interaction between hormones, genetic, and environmental factors must be involved in its etiology. However, neuroimaging studies on PPD are still rare, particularly those that identify neurochemical changes. However, neuroimaging studies in PPD are still rare, particularly those that identify neurochemical changes. It is known that the region of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is related to executive functions in the prefrontal circuit, and together with the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) is part of the neural pathways involved in emotional processing, including the generation, regulation, and reappraisal of affective state. And, there is evidence that both areas are dysfunctional in MDD. The neurochemical evaluation obtained by spectroscopy of proton magnetic resonance (MRS) allows to infer metabolism, neurotransmission and the viability of the neuronal tissue of interest these frontal-limbic areas. Objective: Compare postpartum women with peripartum depression (PPD group) with healthy postpartum women (HP group) regarding the neurochemical evaluation in the left dlPFC and bilateral ACG. Methods: 36 postpartum women of PPD group and 25 postpartum women of the HP group were subjected to two structured psychiatric interviews and questionnaires and psychometric scales, with the second evaluation performed sectionally at MRS. The MRS was obtained by 3-T MRI system with the volume of interest (VOI) positioned on the left dlPFC and bilateral ACG and processed by LC Model software. The neurochemical results expressed in absolute values and normalized by creatine (reason metabolite/creatine) were analyzed using ANCOVA, including age, postpartum time, the type of contraceptive as covariates. Results: In the dlPFC, PPD group presented significantly lower values of Glu/Cr (-0.17; p=0.05), Glx (-0.95mM; p=0.04), Glx/Cr (-0.22; p=0.03), NAA (-0.60mM; p<0.01), and NAA/Cr (-0.13; p=0.02) than HP. In ACG, progestogens isolated contraceptive hormones use resulted in significantly increased Glu (2.18mM; p=0.03), Glx (1.84mM; p=0.03), and reduced Cho/Cr (-0.08; p=0.03), compared to women without use them, regardless of diagnostic groups. Conclusions: The reduced levels of Glu and NAA in the PPD group are related respectively to the glutamatergic and neuroglial metabolic dysfunction in the dlPFC, which may explain cognitive symptoms also related to PPD as already verified in MDD. Progestogens isolated contraceptive hormones use interfered with neurochemistry of ACG, but not associated with PPD. Although the increase of glutamate may suggest an overactive ACG, and lower Cho/Cr represent decrease of the lipid membrane turnover or synaptic transduction its clinical and pathophysiological significance remains uncertain. These results contribute to the understanding of the neurochemical substrates of PPD

La recherche des dernières décennies nous a offert une compréhension détaillée des processus par lesquels les aires visuelles du cerveau reconstituent les signaux physiques de l’environnement pour en générer des représentations. Cependant, la proposition selon laquelle la perception serait également le produit d’inférences et attentes, qui nous permettraient d’interpréter plus exactement les informations entrantes à l’aide d’expériences passées, est récurrente dans l’histoire des neurosciences cognitives. Le predictive coding (PC), qui est actuellement un modèle influent de la perception, propose qu’un des rôles principaux du cerveau est de prédire les informations entrantes. L’apprentissage visuel serait ainsi orienté en fonction d’informations n’ayant pas été correctement prédites ou d’erreurs de prédiction. Le PC est associé depuis quelques années par le phénomène de suppression neuronale (SN), où la réduction graduelle de l’activité cérébrale associée au traitement répété d’un stimulus, représenterait la réduction des erreurs de prédiction. Cette thèse propose premièrement que bien que la SN puisse être le reflet d’un processus assimilable au PC, celle-ci ne le représente possiblement qu’en partie. Une mesure additionnelle reflétant la correction ou l’ajustement des prédictions déclenché par l’erreur de prédiction serait alors nécessaire. Dans un premier temps, une revue critique des principaux courants de la recherche sur l’apprentissage est présentée sous la forme d’un chapitre de livre du domaine plus large du développement des capacités d’apprentissage. Celle-ci permet de préciser les aspects fondamentaux de l’habituation, la SN et la capacité à associer des éléments en mémoire, ainsi que l’importance de caractériser ces phénomènes aussi pleinement que possible par l’utilisation de nouvelles mesures, ce qui motive les études expérimentales présentées subséquemment. Par la suite, une première étude visant à identifier une mesure complémentaire à celle de la SN reflétant un processus d’ajustement de prédictions est présentée. Cette mesure, nommée entropie multi-échelles (EME), offre une estimation de la quantité d’information d’un signal électroencéphalographique (EEG) et de la capacité de traitement des réseaux neuronaux sous-jacents. La première hypothèse de cette étude était donc que la SN serait accompagnée d’une augmentation de l’EME au-dessus de la région occipito-temporale lors d’un apprentissage de visages. Puisque les phénomènes reflétés par la SN et l’EME s’appuieraient sur la contribution de régions distantes dont le cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral, la deuxième hypothèse était que ces mesures seraient altérées par une modulation exogène de l’activité de cette région préfrontale par stimulation électrique transcrânienne à courant direct (SETCD). Les résultats ont montré que le signal EEG présentait à la fois une SN et une augmentation de l’EME avec l’apprentissage. De plus, la modulation préfrontale par SETCD a entraîné des variations de l’EME de la région occipito-temporale, sans toutefois avoir un impact sur la mesure de SN. La première étude suggère ainsi que la SN et l’EME reflètent des mécanismes cérébraux impliqués dans l’apprentissage visuel et compatibles au modèle de PC. Dans la deuxième étude, l’hypothèse d’une association entre les mesures de SN et d’EME a été reprise, cette fois dans le contexte d’un apprentissage visuel relationnel, étant donné le potentiel que représente les connaissances d’associations passées entre items pour la génération de prédictions. Dans ce contexte, des effets de SN et d’augmentation d’EME ont été obtenus à nouveau et étaient associées à la réussite de l’encodage d’associations de visages-paysages. Un deuxième aspect de cette étude visait à investiguer la présence d’effets semblables chez de jeunes enfants sains, étant donné plusieurs études suggérant que le PC et la mémoire relationnelle soient fonctionnels dans la première année de vie. Cependant, étant donné l’absence d’effets dans ce groupe, les résultats de la deuxième étude suggèrent que la présence du PC tôt dans le développement s’appuie possiblement sur d’autres ressources que la mémoire relationnelle. Les études de cette thèse sont une première démonstration du potentiel que représentent les mesures de SN et d’EME dans la compréhension des mécanismes qui sous-tendent la perception et l’apprentissage visuel. / Research over the last decades has offered detailed knowledge of the processes by which visual areas use physical signals from the environment to represent it accurately. However, the proposition that perception also relies on inferences and predictions based on past experience to allow more efficiency in the interpretation of incoming signals has been recurrent throughout the history of cognitive neuroscience. In recent years, the predictive coding (PC) model, which proposes that the brain acts as a predictor of incoming information, has been influential in this field. Learning is therefore driven by prediction error and encoding is essentially restricted to unpredicted inputs, thus allowing adjustments to predictions. PC has been associated with repetition suppression (RS), whereby the gradual reduction in brain responses associated with the repeated processing of a stimulus is thought to represent prediction error reduction. This thesis proposes that although RS may be attributable to a PC process, it may not represent it fully. To do so would necessitate the use of an additional measure reflecting prediction adjustments carried out as a consequence of prediction error. A critical review of the principal currents in the cerebral mechanisms underlying learning is presented first. This review underlines the fundamental aspects of habituation, RS and the ability to associate elements to one another in memory and the importance of characterizing these phenomena fully using new measures of learning, which motivates the experimental studies presented next. Then, a study aimed at identifying a measure complementary to RS and reflecting a prediction adjustment process is presented. This measure, named multiscale entropy (MSE), offers an estimation of the information content of an electroencephalogram (EEG), and of the underlying neural networks. The first study’s main hypothesis was that RS would be accompanied with an increase in MSE over occipito-temporal areas during learning of faces. As the processes reflected by these measures would rely on distal contributions including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the second hypothesis was that exogenous modulation of this region using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) would alter RS and MSE effects found over occipito-temporal cortex. As predicted by hypotheses, EEG signal showed both RS and MSE increase from the first presentation of a face to the second over occipito-temporal sites. Additionally, prefrontal tDCS modulated brain signal complexity over right occipito-temporal cortex during learning, but did not influence RS over the same region. The first study therefore suggests that RS and MSE reflect mechanisms involved in learning of visual stimuli that appear compatible with the PC account of perception and learning. In the second study the hypothesis of an association between RS and MSE increase was investigated again, this time in the context of a visual relational memory task, given the high potential past associations of items represent for prediction generation. In this context, RS and MSE increase effects were replicated in study trials leading to correct associations of face-landscape pairings. The second study also investigated the presence of similar effects in a sample of young healthy children, given that recent studies have found evidence of both PC mechanisms and relational memory ability emerging in the first year of life. However, given the lack of effects in this sample of participants, we suggest that while PC mechanisms may emerge early, relational memory may contribute later in the course of development. Together, the studies presented in this thesis represent the first demonstration of the potential the combined use of measures of RS and signal complexity represent in further understanding the cerebral underpinnings of visual perception and learning.

No description available.

No description available.