Compelling research in international relations and international political economy on global warming suggests that one part of any meaningful effort to radically reverse current trends of increasing green house gas (GHG) emissions is shared policies among states that generate costs for such emissions in many if not most of the world’s regions. Effectively employing such policies involves gaining much more extensive global commitments and developing much stronger compliance mechanism than those currently found in the Kyoto Protocol. In other words, global warming raises the prospect that we need a global form of political authority that could coordinate the actions of states in order to address this environmental threat. This in turn suggests that any serious effort to mitigate climate change will entail new limits on the sovereignty of states. In this book I focus on the normative question of whether or not we have clear moral reasons to bind ourselves together in such a supranational form of political association. I argue that one can employ familiar liberal arguments for the moral legitimacy of political order at the state level to show that we do have a duty to support such a global political project. Even if one adopts the premises employed by the most influential forms of liberal scepticism to the ideas of global political and distributive justice, such as those advanced by John Rawls and Thomas Nagel, it is clear that the threat of global warming has expanded the scope of justice. We now have a global and demanding duty of justice to create the political conditions that would allow us to collectively address our impact on the Earth’s atmosphere.

Sammanfattning Uppsatsen synliggör processen från misstanke till anmälan och det etiska problemet att anmäla eller inte. Det övergripande syftet i uppsatsen är att synliggöra hur en del verksamma pedagoger hanterar och bör hantera barn som far illa utifrån olika yrkeskategoriers perspektiv. Vi belyser även olika yrkesgrupper som är delaktiga i processen och hur samverkan mellan pedagogisk verksamhet och socialtjänst fungerar utifrån våra informanters svar. Litteratur kring ämnet berör vi utifrån ett brett perspektiv och den påvisar att pedagoger har ett stort ansvar i och med anmälningsplikten, men att ansvaret skall fördelas inom pedagogiska verksamheter. Vårt resultat bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer och enkäter utifrån kategorierna pedagoger, socialsekreterare, rektorer/enhetschefer, kuratorer/psykologer och vuxna som själva farit illa som barn. Vår undersökning påvisar att många barn far illa men att anmälningsbenägenheten har ökat. Trots detta finns det barn som inte blir uppmärksammade idag och pedagoger har ofta svårigheter att anmäla. Det har visat sig, att det för barns bästa, är väldigt viktigt att samverkan mellan pedagogisk verksamhet och socialtjänst fungerar bra vilket även litteratur poängterar. Vi hoppas att uppsatsen skall kunna hjälpa människor som kommer i kontakt med barn som far illa för att dessa barn skall få den hjälp de behöver. / The essay contains the process from suspicion to report and the ethical problem to report or not. The comprehensive purpose of the essay is too show how some working educationalists manage and should manage maltreated children out of different professional categories perspective. We also show different professional categories that are involved in the process and how collaboration between preschool/school and social services work on the basis of our respondent’s answers. We research literature about the subject from a broad perspective which prove that educationalists have a huge responsibility with the duty to report, but that the responsibility should be divided between preschool/school. Our result is based on qualitative interviews and questionnaires on the basis of the categories; educationalists, social workers secretaries, principals, school welfare officers/educational psychologists and adults that have been maltreated as children. Our review shows that many children are being maltreated but that the tendency to report has increased. Despite this there are children today who do not get noticed and educationalists that often have difficulties in reporting. Well-functioning collaboration between preschool/school and social services has proved to be very important in the best interest of children, which also literature has shown. We hope that this essay will help people who meet maltreated children so that these children get the help they need.

Bakgrund: Sedan 1988 har svenska aktiebolag haft en lagstadgad skyldighet att få sina räkenskaper granskade av en kvalificerad revisor, något som snart kommer att förändras. I en pågående utredning presenterades den 3 april 2008 ett förslag om att avskaffa revisionsplikten för 96 procent av de svenska aktiebolagen från och med 1 juli 2010. Bakgrunden till detta är att fördelar för små bolag inte anses uppväga nackdelar av revisionen. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva förändringen hos banker i kreditbedömningsprocessen vid ett avskaffande av revisionsplikten och hur dessa förändringar kommer påverka relationen mellan bank och bolag. Referensram och teori: För att analysera det empiriska materialet har intressentteorin, principal-agent teorin och teorin om asymmetrisk information använts varav samtliga är väletablerade och beprövade teorier. Teorin om tillit är en relativt ny teori som även den har använts i syfte att förklara betydelsen av tillit i näringslivet. I referensramen ges information om revision och dess grundläggande principer samt en beskrivning av banker som kreditgivare och deras kreditgivningsprocess. Metod: För att uppnå syftet har en fallstudie utförts bestående av både en kvalitativ samt en kvantitativ insamlingsmetod. Den kvalitativa delen har bestått av intervjuer med representanter från Danske Bank, Handelsbanken, Nordea, SEB samt Swedbank. Ovanstående respondenter har även svarat på en enkät i syfte att komplettera med kvantitativ mätbar information. Utöver detta har litteraturstudier gjorts för att inhämta sekundär data. Slutsats: Banker kommer att drabbas av ökade kostnader till följd av revisionspliktens avskaffande. Direkta kostnader på grund av ökad risk kommer överföras på de enskilda bolagen i form av ökade krav medan dolda kostnader på grund av längre handläggningstid kommer spridas på samtliga företagskunder. / Background: Since 1988, Swedish private limited corporations have been prescribed by law to have their accounts reviewed by a qualified auditor, something that soon will be changed. In an ongoing government investigation, a proposal presented the 3rd of April 2008 suggested that 96 percent of all private limited corporations should be eased from the auditing duty as of 1st of July 2010. The background to this proposal is that advantages for the small corporations are not considered to compensate the disadvantage with auditing. Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is to describe the change for banks in the credit rating process in the case of an abolition of the auditing duty and how these changes will affect the relation between bank and corporation. Frame of references and theory: To analyse the empirical findings the authors have used the stakeholder theory, the principal-agent theory and information asymmetry theory which all are well established theories. The theory of trust is a relatively new theory that has been used in purpose to explain the importance of trust in the business world. The frame of references provides information about auditing and its basic principles as well as describing banks as creditors and their credit rating process. Method: In order to achieve the purpose, a case study consisted of both a qualitative and a quantitative collection method, have been conducted. The qualitative part consists of interviews with representatives from Danske Bank, Handelsbanken, Nordea, SEB and Swedbank. The representatives above have also answered a questionnaire in purpose to complement the interview with quantitative measurable information. In excess of this, literature studies have been done to gather secondary data. Conclusion: As a consequence of the abolition of the auditing duty, the costs for banks will increase. Direct costs due to a greater risk will be transferred to the particular corporations as greater demands while hidden costs due to longer office turnaround time will be spread out on all corporation customers

This essay aim to clear the regulations that adjusts the use of non-compete clauses in contracts of employement. The historical developement shows tendencies that more employees have contracts that includes non-compete clauses. This developement does not always correspond with what is allowed concerning these clauses. Non-compete clauses is adjusted by the regulations in the collective agreement known as the agreement of 1969. The agreement has also been accepted outside its regular field of application. Apart from the just mentioned agreement, unreasonable conditions of contracts kan be adapted to what is fair accordning to the swedish constitution of agreements. The paragraphs in question is the 36 and the 38 §§, that adjusts when you can shift the conditions. The 38 § is more applyable when it comes to conditions about non-compete clauses. The use of non-compete clauses is also regulated by practice in the court of law, the labour court. Many of the regulations are unspecified in their design. It is possible that these unspecified concepts are essential to maintain the possibility of applying the concepts to a larger amount of cases. The metaphysical concepts of the jurisprudence has been criticized several times during the historical developement, for example by the upholders of the positivistic Uppsala school of philosophy (the Scandinavian legal realism). The facts remains that because of its open device of concepts, the jurisprudence becomes dynamic and useable in a lot more contexts.

La tesi affronta il tema della responsabilità dei membri del consiglio di amministrazione di s.p.a verso la società per gli inadempimenti dei doveri gestori insiti negli atti o nelle omissioni collegiali. L'accertamento dei presupposti della responsabilità degli amministratori deve avvenire su base individuale con conseguente possibilità di imputazione del danno da risarcire ad alcuni consiglieri e non ad altri, che pure abbiano compartecipato al medesimo inadempimento: il singolo amministratore può infatti essere esonerato da responsabilità mediante la prova della personale immunità da colpa (dimostrando di essere stato diligente alla luce della natura del suo incarico e delle sue specifiche competenze) anche a prescindere dalla manifestazione formale del dissenso ex art. 2392 cc., ult. comma. La solidarietà rappresenta la regola di attuazione dell'obbligazione risarcitoria tra gli amministratori ritenuti corresponsabili in relazione al medesimo fatto dannoso. È possibile tuttavia pervenire ad una graduazione della condanna risarcitoria in virtù dell'eventuale connotazione dolosa dell'inadempimento di un singolo consigliere e dell'applicazione del regime risarcitorio differenziato di cui all'art. 1307 c.c.. La società può inoltre rinunziare alla solidarietà anche ex ante con adozione in via statutaria di un regime di responsabilità parziaria per tutti o alcuni degli amministratori, purchè nei soli rapporti tra società e amministratori e nei limiti di cui all'art. 1229 cc. / This thesis provides an analysis of the pertinent aspects of the liability of corporate directors for breach of their fiduciary duties in case of collegial functioning of an Italian s.p.a.'s board of directors. The liability of the directors must be determined on an individual basis and whether they are exculpated from liability for a breach of their duties can vary for each director based on his specialized skills and on the role he plays in the board (independent director, president, member of a committee), regardless of the entering of the dissent from the board's action into the corporate records. The liability is joint and several where two or more directors jointly participate in the same breach of a fiduciary duty with a right of contribution inter se. The corporation ( S.P.A. ) may waive to the protection secured by the joint and several liability rule either (i) by opting for a proportional liability regime with respect to the directors' liability vis-a-vis the corporation and except for the cases of directors' fraud or gross negligence or (ii) by entering into partial settlements with one director (or more directors) for the portion of the damage attributable to his (or their) personal fault.

Most theories that attempt to describe the relationship between corporate sustainability strategies and a company’s triple bottom line also make the assumption that there is insufficient evidence to produce generalizable conclusions. This study contributes to the overall body of knowledge, as there is a lack of significant generalizable knowledge on corporate sustainability strategies and a company’s triple bottom line. To provide a methodologically more rigorous review, we performed a meta-analysis on 18 scholarly articles from top-tier academic journals containing 64 experimental treatments that measured an observed (not self-reported) behavioural outcome, which yielded a sample size of 23,871 observations. Most studies combined multiple treatments, which preclude definitive conclusions on the most effective treatments. The findings suggest that there is a positive medium to strong relationship between sustainability-oriented strategies, for both reactive and proactive behaviours (Dyllick et al., 1997; Gminder et al., 2002), and a company’s “triple bottom line.” Furthermore, regardless of the firm type (e.g., multinational corporation or local establishment, emerging economy firm or developed nation business), proactive sustainability-oriented strategies tend to have a higher payoff than firms that adopt reactive sustainability-oriented strategies. This meta-analysis establishes a greater degree of certainty with respect to corporate sustainability strategies and a firm’s triple bottom line relationship than currently assumed by many business scholars. To conclude, the sustainability concept has significantly expanded the scope of measuring organizational performance according to economic, social, and environmental components (Robins, 2006), which are collectively described as the “triple bottom line.” Organizations have determined that specific products and processes can have serious environmental and social implications beyond providing typical economic benefits (Sarkis, 2001). Based on the results of this study, companies should develop more diversified sustainability strategies that will help them to identify and capture value (McMullen, 2001). The results demonstrate that sustainability can provide companies with a strategic advantage, which is vital for the organization’s long-term viability and success (Orlitzky et al., 2003). This study also examines the balance between reasonable return on investment and long-term organizational viability, which greatly impacts organizational decision-makers that contend with numerous stakeholder issues, pressure from environmental agencies, and increased social consciousness that affects workers, consumers, and communities. It supports the conclusion that being proactive in responding to these conflicting pressures and barriers helps organizations to achieve higher levels of performance.

<p>Bakgrund: Sedan 1988 har svenska aktiebolag haft en lagstadgad skyldighet att få sina räkenskaper granskade av en kvalificerad revisor, något som snart kommer att förändras. I en pågående utredning presenterades den 3 april 2008 ett förslag om att avskaffa revisionsplikten för 96 procent av de svenska aktiebolagen från och med 1 juli 2010. Bakgrunden till detta är att fördelar för små bolag inte anses uppväga nackdelar av revisionen.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva förändringen hos banker i kreditbedömningsprocessen vid ett avskaffande av revisionsplikten och hur dessa förändringar kommer påverka relationen mellan bank och bolag.</p><p>Referensram och teori: För att analysera det empiriska materialet har intressentteorin, principal-agent teorin och teorin om asymmetrisk information använts varav samtliga är väletablerade och beprövade teorier. Teorin om tillit är en relativt ny teori som även den</p><p>har använts i syfte att förklara betydelsen av tillit i näringslivet. I referensramen ges information om revision och dess grundläggande principer samt en beskrivning av banker som kreditgivare och deras kreditgivningsprocess.</p><p>Metod: För att uppnå syftet har en fallstudie utförts bestående av både en kvalitativ samt en kvantitativ insamlingsmetod. Den kvalitativa delen har bestått av intervjuer med representanter</p><p>från Danske Bank, Handelsbanken, Nordea, SEB samt Swedbank. Ovanstående respondenter har även svarat på en enkät i syfte att komplettera med kvantitativ mätbar information. Utöver detta har litteraturstudier gjorts för att inhämta sekundär data.</p><p>Slutsats: Banker kommer att drabbas av ökade kostnader till följd av revisionspliktens avskaffande. Direkta kostnader på grund av ökad risk kommer överföras på de enskilda bolagen i form av ökade krav medan dolda kostnader på grund av längre handläggningstid kommer spridas på samtliga företagskunder.</p> / <p>Background: Since 1988, Swedish private limited corporations have been prescribed by law to have their accounts reviewed by a qualified auditor, something that soon will be changed. In an ongoing government investigation, a proposal presented the 3rd of April</p><p>2008 suggested that 96 percent of all private limited corporations should be eased from the auditing duty as of 1st of July 2010. The background to this proposal is that advantages for the small corporations are not considered to compensate the disadvantage with auditing.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is to describe the change for banks in the credit rating process in the case of an abolition of the auditing duty and how these changes will affect the relation between bank and corporation.</p><p>Frame of references and theory: To analyse the empirical findings the authors have used the stakeholder theory, the principal-agent theory and information asymmetry theory which all are well established theories. The theory of trust is a relatively new theory that has</p><p>been used in purpose to explain the importance of trust in the business world. The frame of references provides information about auditing and its basic principles as well as describing banks as creditors and their credit rating process.</p><p>Method: In order to achieve the purpose, a case study consisted of both a qualitative and a quantitative collection method, have been conducted. The qualitative part consists of interviews with representatives from Danske Bank, Handelsbanken, Nordea, SEB and Swedbank. The representatives above have also answered a questionnaire in purpose to complement the interview with quantitative measurable information. In excess of this, literature</p><p>studies have been done to gather secondary data.</p><p>Conclusion: As a consequence of the abolition of the auditing duty, the costs for banks will increase. Direct costs due to a greater risk will be transferred to the particular corporations as greater demands while hidden costs due to longer office turnaround time will be</p><p>spread out on all corporation customers</p>

Drahtlose Sensornetze können Zustände physikalischer Größen messen und an eine Basisstation (Datensenke) melden. Durch die geographische Verteilung der Sensorknoten und die Bedingungen bei der Mehrwegeausbreitung kann die Situation auftreten, dass nicht alle Sensorknoten direkten Kontakt zur Basisstation aufbauen können. Sie müssen andere Sensorknoten als Vermittlungsstation in Anspruch nehmen, um die Nachrichten an die Basisstation zu befördern. Um den Energieverbrauch zu verringern, werden Nachrichten zum einen ereignisbasiert generiert und zum anderen zeitbasiert vermittelt. Dabei beschreibt der Arbeitszyklus den Anteil der Vermittlungsaktivität am Gesamtzyklus. Derzeit verfügbare Methoden berücksichtigen allerdings nicht die Verknüpfung zwischen dem von der Anwendung generierten Verkehr und der Vermittlungshäufigkeit. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Verfahren vorgeschlagen, mit dem der Arbeitszyklus zur Laufzeit automatisch eingestellt werden kann. Dafür wird in der Vermittlungsstation die Verkehrscharakteristik gemessen und für die Einstellung des Arbeitszyklus benutzt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit der Anpassung des Arbeitszyklus wird mit Simulationen untersucht. Sie zeigen, wie sich der Ansatz bei verschiedener Parametrierung in statischen und dynamischen Szenarien verhält. Um dem späteren Anwender der Anpassung eine Abschätzung des Verhaltens zu ermöglichen, werden zusätzlich analytische Modelle für die Analyse des statischen und dynamischen Verhaltens entwickelt. Ferner wird gezeigt, dass der entwickelte Ansatz für etablierte Standardtechniken (z. B. IEEE 802.15.4) eingesetzt werden kann. / Wireless Sensor Networks support flexible measuring of physical values. Due to the geographical distribution and multipath scattering the base station in such a network might not be reached by all sensors. Hence, other sensor nodes have to work as relay stations. At the same time, each sensor node is forced to consume as low energy as possible. In order to save energy the messages are generated event based in each sensor node and forwarded with a time triggered approach. Thereby, the duty cycle describes the portion of the relay activities in relation to the overall cycle. Currently available approaches do not properly adapt these two paradigms, event and time triggered, to each other. In this work a method to adapt the duty cycle according to the traffic is proposed. Therefore, the traffic is monitored and evaluated for traffic adaptation. Furthermore, the performance of the duty cycle adaptation is assessed using simulations. They show the behavior of the adaptation algorithm in static and dynamic scenarios with different parametrizations. The supplemental analytical models enable to easily estimate the behavior of the adaptation, in static as well as in dynamic scenarios. Also, it is shown how the duty cycle adaptation can be deployed for standard technologies like IEEE 802.15.4.

凶宅係我國房屋交易市場中之重要交易訊息，由於我國風俗民情之關係，凶宅之出賣人有時會隱瞞房屋為凶宅之情事，使得不願買受凶宅之買受人買到凶宅，出賣人和買受人之爭端即因此而產生，這些關於凶宅交易的爭端都有個前提問題就是-何謂凶宅？因此本文首先整理法院實務對凶宅之定義、內政部與法院實務對於出賣人就凶宅之說明義務範圍之認定及出賣人違反說明義務之法律效果。 再者，凶宅交易之法律問題除了違反說明義務之法律效果外，尚涉及物之瑕疵擔保責任及意思表示錯誤之問題，是本文以買賣瑕疵擔保與意思表示錯誤等規定為中心，整理法院實務與學說之見解，探討買受人於買到凶宅時是否可主張物之瑕疵擔保責任及意思表示錯誤。 / Hounted houses have always been considered important transactional information by housing trading market in Taiwan. Because of custom and tradition, a seller often conceals haunted houses from a buyer, and the buyer who does not want to buy a haunted house will buy that. Then, the dispute between the seller and the buyer will happen. Therefore, the article collects and analyzes the meaning of haunted houses defined by courts, which kinds of hounted houses sellers should tell buyers defined by courts and the Ministry of the Interior, and the legal effects of violating the duty to disclose. Moreover, the legal issues of the trades of hounted houses are warranty for defective goods and mistake of expression of intent besides the legal effects of violating the duty to disclose. Based on Civil Code, court decisions of District Court and High Court and scholars' opinions, the article discusses whether the buyer who bought a haunted house may revoke the expression or not and whether the seller may be responsible for a warranty when there is a defect in the thing he sold or not.

I samband med fastighetsaffärer har ansvaret mellan parterna delats upp så att köparen ansvarar för faktiska fel medan säljaren svarar för andra typer av fel. Köparen har dessutom en långtgående undersökningsplikt för fel som denne inte har möjlighet att senare påkalla mot säljaren. Säljaren har å sin sida en upplysningsplikt som dock inte är generell utan omfattar endast vissa fall. I samband med domen i NJA 2007 s 86 kom frågan om felets väsentliga betydelse för köparen och själva köpet som sådant upp. Tyvärr gjorde HD ingen utförligare utredning av vad som skulle bedömas eller omfattas av begreppet. Till följd av att rättpraxis saknar en utförlig förklaring kring vad som ska omfattas av begreppet väsentlig betydelse trots att det vid flera tillfällen använts i både rättspraxis och doktrinen har detta utgjort grunden för den här uppsatsen. Uppsatsen är framförallt baserad på uppgifter från aktuella rättsfall och doktrin för att genomföra en utredning kring begreppet, dess omfång och kriterier för att begreppet ska kunna vara tillämpligt. Efter den genomförda utredningen står det klart att det finns vissa kriterier som omfattas i bedömningen om felet är av väsentlig betydelse för köparen. Inget av kriterierna som kommit fram kan på egen hand användas för att bedöma begreppet utan dem är beroende av varandra. Dessa kriterier är inte absoluta utan varierar beroende av köparens och fastighetens unika karaktärer. Några av kriterierna är av mer objektiv karaktär och kan bedömas utifrån fastigheten medan andra kriterier är ytterst beroende av den specifika köparen och dennes krav gällande standarden på fastigheten och blir därav av en mer subjektiv karaktär / In connection with a property transaction there are some responsibilities that have been split up between the parties. The buyer of the property has a responsibility to investigate the property before to find out factual errors in the property. On the other side the seller has a kind of responsibility to inform the buyer and the seller is also responsible for other kinds of errors in the property. The buyer of the property do by law not have the right to refer a factual error against the seller that the buyer is supposed to find during the examination of the property at hand. Due to the ruling by the Swedish supreme court in the case NJA 2007 s 86 have the question about an errors essential reason for the transaction and the specific buyer occurred. The Swedish Supreme Court does not investigate further into this why this is the subject of this thesis. The investigation in this thesis have been done by looking into case law from the Swedish courts since there is not much information about the subject to find in the Swedish legislation. The investigations finds out that there are some criteria that need to be evaluated in connection to if a factual error is of essential reason for the buyer and the transaction. There are some criteria that are of a more objective level close to the actual property. On the other side there are also some criteria that are of a more subject material and closely linked to the actual buyer of the property. According to the investigation it is not possible to give an exact ruling about the subject due to the fact that every property and potential buyer is unique.