Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreia Fogaca Rodrigues Maricato.pdf: 989468 bytes, checksum: de41ec975ceb7c2a7b00c23a6a3f073d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-24 / The doctoral thesis we present the Examining Board of the Graduate Program in Tax Law aims at the analysis of the impacts of computerization in the instrumental duty tax, recording tax credit, decadence and prescription and tax proof. Our goal is to study the main impacts caused by the insertion of new technologies that are being required compulsorily by the taxpayer for fulfillment of tax obligations to the Treasury. We aim to demonstrate that all this power implemented through the SPED violates the principle of tax law and that these changes in order to comply with the duty will entail impacts instrumental in setting up the tax legal fact, in terms of decay and prescription tax and means test. Therefore, we adopted the philosophical constructivism, logic semantic, also called analytic hermeneutic that has its own method, it is logical semantic because it studies the object from the language perspective. The language in this case constitutes the reality and without language the object is unknown. Therefore, our study is guided in the changes brought about in the line of duty instrumental with technological advancement, and the computer has influenced the establishment of the tax legal fact, building new legal reality. We analyzed the impacts brought by technological advances in performance of instrumental duty. As any scientific work, the premises will be listed in the first chapter, so that there is full understanding of the language they want to build / Pós-Graduação em Direito Tributário tem por objeto a análise dos impactos da informatização fiscal no dever instrumental, na constituição do crédito tributário, na decadência e prescrição e na prova tributária. Nosso objetivo é estudar os principais impactos causados pela inserção de novas tecnologias que vêm sendo exigidas do contribuinte de forma compulsória para cumprimento dos deveres instrumentais tributários à Fazenda Pública, denominada informatização fiscal. Demonstraremos que todo esse avanço tecnológico implementado através do SPED viola o princípio da legalidade tributária e que essas alterações na forma de cumprimento do dever instrumental acarretarão impactos na constituição do fato jurídico tributário, nos prazos de decadência e prescrição e nos meios de prova tributária. Para isto, procuramos, adotamos a corrente filosófica do constructivismo, lógico-semântico, também chamado de analítico-hermenêutico, que tem um método próprio; é lógico-semântico porque parte da linguagem, estuda o objeto a partir da linguagem, que aqui constitui a realidade e sem a qual não conhecemos o objeto. Portanto, nosso estudo se pauta nas mudanças trazidas no cumprimento do dever instrumental com o avanço tecnológico, e como a informática tem influenciado na constituição do fato jurídico tributário, construindo novas realidades jurídicas. Como todo trabalho científico, as premissas serão listadas logo no primeiro capítulo, para que haja completa compreensão da linguagem que se quer construir

The research hereto intends to analyse consistency of the legal order or the duty of legislative consistency (Folgerichtigkeit), as a part of the understanding the Law as a system, in order to (I) understand, define and demonstrate the fundamentals of the the duty of legislative consistency and (II) to demonstrate the implementation of the duty legislative consistency in tax law, applying its control mechanisms. To achieve the goal to delimit and demonstrate the fundamentals of the constitutional duty of legislative consistency, are facing three major issues: 1) is the definition of legislative consistency, analyzing its development, its dimensions of effectiveness, its contrast with similar institutes, proving to be a complex legislative consistency standard can be employed to guide the legislator in the preparation of standards in attention to relations of new standards with the pre-defined already by him (legislative consistency postulate) , to achieve the ideal of distributive justice by requirement continues to pursue the egalitarian distribution of privileges and the tax burden (legislative-consistency principle), as limited to the power to legislate by imposing the elaboration of consistent laws and free of unjustified discrimination (legislative consistency-rule) and also as a criterion for evaluation of normative content material compatibility (legislative consistency-criterion). Its Foundation is given by deriving from the rule of law and legislation and equality. Through it we need the Legislature to autovinculação so that the more intensely it has set an Institute, the higher your burden of justification for deviating from the duty of legislative consistency. Secondly the duty of legislative consistency is applied to the tax law, through the control of equality and a systematic approach. As for example apply these controls for the non-cumulative PIS and COFINS inserted specifically in relation to two issues: (1) the imposition of restriction on crediting, realizing the legislative inconsistency in that the purpose of the standard and how it has been implemented are not consistent and (2) the discrímen criteria for imposition of cumulative or non-cumulative regime the given contributor. Also in this case there is legislative inconsistency.

Este trabalho teve como finalidade analisar a operabilidade da boa-fé objetiva no Direito Tributário, área na qual o instituto desempenha importantes funções como princípio e postulado. A primeira parte do estudo se propôs a trazer a noção geral da boa-fé objetiva no âmbito do Direito Tributário. Iniciou-se o trabalho com a apresentação histórica da boa-fé, seguindo-se a apresentação do seu núcleo semântico conforme a aplicação jurisprudencial da norma, enfatizando-se por fim sua relação com a Ética. Então, em um segundo momento, foram entabulados critérios objetivos de distinção entre a boa-fé em sua forma objetiva e a subjetiva. Seguiu-se a apresentação da consagração da norma no Direito Tributário, o que ocorreu na forma de princípio. E, finalmente, prestou-se o trabalho à distinção entre os princípios da boa-fé objetiva e da proteção da confiança. Então, delineado o contorno do instituto em exame, a segunda parte do estudo se dedicou a analisar especificamente a sua normatividade, isso é, a sua aplicabilidade como norma jurídica. O tema foi introduzido estabelecendo-se a premissa referente ao que se entende como norma jurídica e suas espécies, quais sejam: as regras, os princípios e os postulados. A seguir, foram abordadas as funções da boa-fé objetiva como princípio no Direito Tributário (limitadora do exercício de direitos subjetivos e posições jurídicas, criadora de deveres jurídicos e interpretativa) bem como foi realizada análise sobre a razão de se entender o instituto como princípio. E, arrematando o estudo, passou-se ao desenvolvimento da tese de que a boa-fé objetiva possui, além das funções tradicionais compreendidas como funções principiológicas, funções tipicamente pertinentes aos postulados normativos aplicativos: função de padronização e a função de exceção. / This paper has the purpose of examining the operativity of objective good faith in Tax Law, in which the institute plays a relevant role as a principle and as a postulate. The first part of the study introduces da notion of objective good faith considering Tax Law as its field of application. Initially, are present the historic aspects, followed by the meaning of its semantic core according to the jurisprudential use of the norm, also covering its relation with Ethics. In a second moment, the work points out the differences and similarities of subjective and objective good faith. Next, are highlighted the evidences of consecration of the norm in the Tax Law, what happened as its performance as a general principle. Finally, the study distinguishes the principle of objective good faith and the principle of trust. Then, traced the contour of the institute under examination, the second part of the study is focus on the analysis of its normativity, or, in other words, how it can and should be applied as a juridic norm. In order so, it is fix an important premise about the adopted conception of the juridical norm species, which are: the rules, the principles and the postulates. Therefore, the role of good faith as a principle is approached (as limit in the exercise of the subjective rights and juridic positions, origin of juridic duties and interpretative), just as is analyzed the reason of the comprehension of the institute as a principle. Then, to finalize the study, is develop the thesis that the objective good faith also has, besides the traditional role as a principle, other papers in the juridic universe, papers that are coherent to the role that applicative postulates have: padronization function and exception function.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer un réseau IPv6 constitué de capteurs sans fils autonomes grâce à la récupération d’énergie, fonctionnant à faible rapport cyclique. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans un projet industriel, GreenNet, lancé par STMicroelectronics afin de se positionner sur le marché de l’Internet des Objets. La nouvelle plate-forme utilisée dans ce projet se différencie de ses concurrents par sa petite taille, ce qui implique une faible capacité de batterie. Une cellule photovoltaı̈que permet en revanche de recharger la batterie, y compris dans des conditions de luminosité faible. Pour atteindre l’autonomie, nous avons besoin que les nœuds dorment pour de très longues périodes. Par conséquent, les solutions existantes, bien que peu consommantes, ne sont pas complètement adaptées à nos besoins spécifiques.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d’analyser les difficultés possiblement rencontrées pendant le développement d’une plate-forme à récupération d’énergie et de bas rapport cyclique. La contribution la plus importante de ce travail est de mettre en œuvre et d’évaluer le rendement de nos solutions sur des plates-formes matérielles dans des conditions très proches de la vie réelle.Une première étape du travail réalisée est la conception et l’implémentation de la norme IEEE 802.15.4 utilisant les balises pour maintenir la synchronisation. Nous choisissons le mode synchronisé car il permet aux nœuds d’atteindre des rapports cycliques aussi bas que 0,01%. La seconde étape est d’apporter le multi saut : nous proposons une optimisation du protocole de routage, ainsi qu’un contrôle d’accès par multiplexagetemporel pour les routeurs et les dispositifs afin d’éliminer les interférences.Nous allons même plus loin dans l’optimisation du temps où les nœuds sont allumés: nous proposons d’éteindre les coordinateurs avant la fin de leur période d’activité définie par le standard, lorsqu’il n’y a pas de communications. Les nœuds qui ne nécessitent pas d’envoyer des données peuvent sauter des balises et se réveiller seulement lorsqu’il est nécessaire de synchroniser les horloges, ou d’envoyer des données. Dans le même temps, nous résolvons le problème de multicast pour les nœuds qui dorment durant de longues périodes, en convertissant ces paquets en paquets unicast. Nous améliorons également le rapport cyclique de routeurs qui n’ont pas de nœuds associés en les forçant envoyer la balise moins souvent, tant qu’ils n’ont pas des nœuds associés.Pour améliorer la performance du réseau, nous proposons aussi une solution rétro compatible qui utilise plusieurs canaux. Un tel système est utile quand un lien entre deux nœuds subit de très mauvaise performance sur un certain canal fréquentiel, mais obtient de meilleurs résultats sur une fréquence différente.Toutes les solutions présentées ci-dessus, et discutées dans la dissertation ont été mises en œuvre et testées sur la plate-forme GreenNet. Nous avons également réalisé des mesures sur des nœuds pour vérifier leurs efficacité. / The goal of the thesis is to enable IPv6 harvested and autonomous wireless sensor networks with very low duty-cycle. It is part of an industrial project, GreenNet, hosted by STMicroelectronics with the goal of being a pioneer in the Internet of Things. The new platform differentiates from its existing competitors by a small size, which implies small battery capacity. However, a photovoltaic cell is capable of recharging the battery even under low light conditions. On top of this, we aim at nodes that sleep for very long periods. Hence, the existing solutions were not completely suited for ourneeds.The thesis proposes to analyze the possible challenges that one can meet while developing a harvested low-duty cycle platform. The most important contribution of this work is that we implement and evaluate the performance of our solutions on real hardware platforms in conditions very close to real-life.In this dissertation, we first of all develop and implement a basic solution based on the IEEE 802.15.4 beacon-enabled standard. We choose the synchronized mode because it allows nodes to reach duty-cycles as low as 0.01%. A more difficult step was to bring multi-hop: we design new a routing scheme inside our network, and a time based access for routers and devices to eliminate interferences as much as possible. The routing scheme is meant to be simple and efficient.We go even further to optimize the total time the nodes are on: we proposed to shut down coordinators before their standardized end of slot when there is no communication. Devices that do not need to send data can skip beacons and only need to wake up to synchronize their clock or to send data. In the same time we solve the problem of multicast for long sleeping nodes by converting these packets into unicast traffic. We also improved the duty-cycle of routers that do no have associated devices by forcing them to beacon slower, as long as they do not have any associated devices.To improve the network performance we also propose a backward compatible multichannel solution. Such a scheme is useful when a link between two nodes achieve very bad performance on a certain channel but better results on a different frequency.All the solutions presented above and discussed in the dissertation were implemented and tested on the GreenNet platform. We also realized measurements of the nodes efficiency while in harvested conditions and showed that it is possible to handle harvested routers, when there is enough available light.

Pour la bioéthique, le consentement éclairé est un processus dialogique qui, au travers d’un échange d’informations, garantit le respect du droit du patient à l’autodétermination. Or, il est souvent confondu avec le formulaire de consentement éclairé, document signé par le patient ou son responsable légal, à la demande du médecin ou de l’établissement hospitalier, reconnaissant que toutes les informations sur le traitement et ses risques lui ont été fournies. Cette thèse se propose de vérifier dans quelle mesure, pour ce qui est des soins médicaux, l’usage du « formulaire de consentement éclairé » sans ce processus communicatif dialogique dit de « consentement éclairé » suffit, en soi, à déclarer irrecevables les actions en responsabilité civile pour non respect ou manquement au respect du devoir d’expliquer les risques inhérents aux procédures diagnostiques et thérapeutiques. Notre méthode d’investigation s’appuie sur une révision bibliographique et une recherche documentaire des arrêts contenant l’expression « consentement éclairé » (ou un de ses équivalents). Elle examine 60 arrêts de cours de justice d’états brésiliens pour déterminer le profil des actions et vérifier leur résultat. Le test exact de Fisher a également été utilisé pour déterminer l’association entre les variables « utilisation ou non du formulaire » et « recevabilité ou non des demandes ». Il en ressort que, bien qu’aucune norme brésilienne ne réglemente les formes d’expression du consentement éclairé, un fondement juridique a surgi de l’association systématique de l’intitulé de l’Art. 5 de la Constitution fédérale, du Code civil, en particulier de ses Arts.11 à 21 qui protègent les droits de la personnalité, de l’Art. 6-III du code de la consommation, qui dispose des devoirs d’information et de transparence, et du code de déontologie médicale qui exige l’éclaircissement et le consentement préalables du patient ou de son responsable légal (Art. 22) et interdit toute limitation du droit du patient à disposer de lui-même et de son bien-être (Arts. 24 et 31). Les devoirs d’information des médecins intègrent donc le processus de consentement éclairé, dont la violation peut entraîner la responsabilité civile de ce professionnel, à condition qu’existent les présomptions de dommage au patient, de culpabilité du médecin et de rapport causal entre cette culpabilité et le dommage découlant de la violation du devoir d’information sans que rien ne justifie le manquement au devoir du docteur. / O consentimento informado é entendido, pela Bioética, como um processo dialógico que, por meio da troca de informações, garante o respeito à autodeterminação do paciente, sendo, porém, freqüentemente confundido com o Termo de Consentimento Informado, documento assinado pelo paciente ou seus familiares, a pedido do médico ou da instituição hospitalar, dando ciência de ter recebido informação pertinente ao tratamento e aos seus riscos. Esta tese tem como objetivo verificar em que medida o uso do “termo de consentimento informado”, na assistência médica, de forma desacompanhada do processo comunicativo dialógico chamado “consentimento informado” é de per si suficiente para afastar a procedência de demandas judiciais de responsabilidade civil por ausência ou deficiência do dever de informar riscos inerentes aos procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Utilizou-se como método de pesquisa a revisão bibliográfica e a pesquisa documental em acórdãos que contém a expressão “consentimento informado”(ou equivalentes). A análise foi realizada sobre uma base de 60 acórdãos de Tribunais de Justiça estaduais para verificar o perfil e resultado das demandas. Também aplicou-se o Teste Exato de Fisher, para medir a associação entre variáveis “uso ou não do termo de consentimento” e “procedência ou improcedência das demandas”. Verificou-se que, embora não haja norma nacional que o regulamente as formas de expressão do consentimento informado, há fundamentação jurídica, decorrente da coligação sistemática entre o Art. 5º, caput, da Constituição Federal; o Código Civil, especialmente nos direitos de personalidade, entre os Arts.11 a 21 do Código Civil, que resguardam os Direitos de Personalidade; o Art. 6, III do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, relativo aos deveres de informação e transparência; e o Código de Ética Médica, que exige o esclarecimento e o consentimento prévios do paciente ou de seu responsável legal (Art. 22) e veda qualquer limitação ao exercício do direito do paciente de decidir livremente sobre sua pessoa ou seu bem-estar (Arts. 24 e 31). Os deveres informativos dos médicos integram o processo de consentimento informado e sua violação pode ter como conseqüência a responsabilidade civil do profissional, desde que verificados os pressupostos do dano ao paciente, da culpa do médico e do nexo causal entre a culpa e o dano decorrente da violação de dever informativo e não haja excludente ao dever. / According to Bioethics, informed consent is a dialogic process that, by means of information sharing, accords respect to patients’ self-determination. However, this is often confused with the Informed Consent Form, which is a document signed by patients and family members at the doctor’s or hospital administrator’s request, confirming that they have received information about the treatment and its risks. This thesis is aimed at checking to what extent the use of the “informed consent form” in medical assistance, unaccompanied by the dialogic communicative process called “informed consent”, is per se sufficient to prevent civil liability claims for absence of or deficiency in the duty to inform people about the risks inherent in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The adopted research method was bibliographical review and documental investigation into appellate decisions containing the expression “informed consent” (or equivalents). The analysis was conducted based on 60 appellate decisions reached by state Appellate Courts in order to examine the profile and result of claims Fisher's Exact Test was also administered to measure the association between the variables “use or non-use of the “consent form” and the “validity or invalidity of claims”. It was found that, although there are no national rules governing the forms of expression about informed consent, there are legal foundations arising from the systematic link among the head provision of Art. 5 of the Federal Constitution; the Civil Code, especially in reference to personality rights, Articles 11-21 of the Civil Code, which protect the Personality Rights; Art. 6, III of the Consumer Protection Code concerning information and transparence duties; and the Code of Medical Ethics, which requires the clarification and prior consent of the patient or his/her legal guardian (Art. 22) and forbids any limitation to the patient’s right to freely decide on his/her person or well-being (Articles 24 and 31). Doctors’ informative duties are an integral part of the informed consent process and violation thereof might result in the professional’s civil liability if harm to the patient, the doctor’s fault, and the causal relation between the fault and the harm resulting from violation of the informative duty are confirmed and if no duty exclusion mechanism exists.

Abstract Although researchers have studied the effects of platooning, most of the work done so far has focused on fuel consumption. There are a few studies that have targeted the impact of platooning on the highway operations and safety. This thesis focuses on the impact of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) platooning on highway characteristics. Specifically, this study aims at evaluating the effects of platooning of HDVs on capacity, safety, and CO2 emissions. This study is based on a hypothetical model that was created using the VISSIM software. VISSIM is a powerful simulation software designed to mimic the field traffic flow conditions. For model validity, the model outputs were compared with recommended values from guidelines such as the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) (Transportation Research Board, 2016). VISSIM was used to obtain the simulation results regarding capacity. However, in addition to VISSIM, two other software packages were used to obtain outputs that cannot be assessed in VISSIM. MOVES and SSAM are two simulation software packages that were used for emission and safety metrics, respectively. Both software packages depended on input from VISSIM for analysis. It was found that with the presence of HDVs in the model, the capacity, the emission of CO2, and the safety of the roadway would improve positively. A capacity of 4200 PCE/h/ln could be achieved when there are enough HDVs in platoons. Furthermore, more than 3% of the traffic flow emission of CO2 reduction is possible when 100% of the HDVs used in the model are in platoons. In addition to that, a reduction of more than 75% of the total number of conflicts might be obtained. Furthermore, with the analysis of the full factorial method and the Design of Experiment (DOE) conducted by using Excel and Minitab respectively, it was possible to investigate the impact of the platoons’ factors on the highway parameters. Most of these factors affect the parameters significantly. However, the change in the desired speed was found to insignificantly affect the highway parameters, due to the high penetration rate. Keywords: VISSIM, MOVES, SSAM, COM-interface, HDVs, Platooning, Number of Conflicts

Le monde industriel, et en particulier l’industrie automobile, cherche à représenter au mieux le réel pour concevoir des outils et produits les plus adaptés aux enjeux et marchés actuels. Dans cette optique, le groupe Volvo a développé de puissants outils pour la simulation de la dynamique des véhicules industriels. Ces outils permettent notamment l’optimisation de composants véhicules ou de stratégies de contrôle. De nombreuses activités de recherche portent sur des technologies innovantes permettant de réduire la consommation des véhicules industriels et d’accroitre la sécurité de leurs usages dans différents environnements. En particulier, le développement des systèmes d’aide à la conduite automobile ITS et ADAS. Afin de pouvoir développer ces systèmes, un environnement de simulation permettant de prendre en compte les différents facteurs pouvant influencer la conduite d’un véhicule doit être mis en place. L’étude se concentre sur la simulation de l’environnement du véhicule et des interactions entre le véhicule et son environnement direct, i.e. le véhicule qui le précède. Les interactions entre le véhicule étudié et le véhicule qui le précède sont modélisées à l’aide de modèles mathématiques, nommés lois de poursuites. De nombreux modèles existent dans la littérature mais peu concernent le comportement des véhicules industriels. Une étude détaillée de ces modèles et des méthodes de calage est réalisée. L’environnement du véhicule peut être représenté par deux catégories de paramètres : statiques (intersections, nombre de voies…) et dynamiques (état du réseau). A partir d’une base de données de trajets usuels, ces paramètres sont calculés, puis utilisés pour générer de manière automatisée des scénarios de simulation réalistes. / The industrial world, and in particular the automotive industry, is seeking to best represent the real world in order to design tools and products that are best adapted to current challenges and markets, by reducing development times and prototyping costs. With this in mind, the Volvo Group has developed powerful tools to simulate the dynamics of industrial vehicles. These tools allow the optimization of vehicle components or control strategies. Many research activities focus on innovative technologies to reduce the consumption of industrial vehicles and increase the safety of their use in different environments. Particularly, the development of ITS and ADAS is booming. In order to be able to develop these systems, a simulation environment must be set up to take into account the various factors that can influence the driving of a vehicle. The work focuses on simulating the vehicle environment and the interactions between the vehicle and its direct environment, i.e. the vehicle in front of it. The interactions between the vehicle under study and the vehicle in front of it are modelled using mathematical models, called car-following models. Many models exist in the literature, but few of them deals specifically with heavy duty vehicles. A specific focus on these models and their calibration is realized. The vehicle environment can be represented by two categories of parameters: static (intersections, number of lanes) and dynamic parameters (state of the network). From a database of usuals roads, these parameters are computed, then, they are used to automatically generate realist traffic simulation scenarios.

當代基督教的人權觀 人權是當代人類地球村最為關切的議題之一，由於有關人權概念及其真義的徹底探討，早晚必會處理到人生與人類終極意義與價值等問題，因此引發宗教神學的討論，必然勢所難免。本論文試圖從基督教的面向來探究人權的立論基礎、人權的體系內容，及其對當前人權爭議的因應。 在人權的立論基礎部分，本論文認為，由於人類所致力規畫、促進及保護的人權，難免因參與者自身的侷限與偏見，而蒙受損害，甚至會使人權運動被認為只不過是權力鬥爭或意識形態戰爭的方便口號，各是其是。因此，將人權分析侷限在單純的社會內在的非超越性考量，似乎有所不足，進而指出「超越性」基礎的必要性。而當代基督教人權觀的立論基礎則以聖經神學、人類的上帝形象、自然法及整全的人類觀為論述重點。 在人權的體系與內容特色方面，則指出：人權內涵的歷史，反應了發展的認知，並顯示某種價值在不同的時代特別需要鼓勵和保護。而人權的完整，可視為如同福音之不可分割体。若有衝突時，優先原則必須用來恢復那些被忽視或壓制的人權上，並強調「窮人、被宰制者、邊際團體」等弱勢族群的人權優先於「富人、有權勢者」的人權。此外，也指明一切人權均連帶著特殊義務，權利與義務不可分割，權利未縱容特權之發生，義務亦不允許無知的要求。因此，個人與群體之間、個別群體與全人類之間、這代與來代之間、全人類與大自然之間，均有其相互的權利義務關連。 而在因應當代人權爭議方面，則嘗試發展出一套介於西方與非西方之間的「人類觀」來解決其衝突。基督教的「人類觀」認為人既是自由的超越歷史與文化的抽象物（abstract），但也是生存於其歷史及文化環境之中（cultural），因此，從「抽象─普世」與「歷史─文化」這兩者兼具的角度來定義人及人權，可以為「人權普遍性原則與文化相對主義」之間的衝突找到交會共通的出路；再者，基督教的「人類觀」同時認為，人既有善性仁慈（benevolent），也有墮落罪惡（sinful），由人所建構的國家政府在行使公權力時同樣具有這種雙面性，據此，一方面冀望以道德法律作為國際規範，而另一方面則認知權力和自保才是國家行為最根本的決定因素，從而為「普遍性人權與國家的主權」之間的爭議，尋覓一條中庸的出路。 當代基督教的人權觀 目 錄 第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………1 第一節 研究動機及目的………………………………………………………1 第二節 概念界定與說明………………………………………………………3 第三節 研究途徑與研究架構…………………………………………………5 第四節 相關文獻評析…………………………………………………………7 第二章 基督教人權觀的立論基礎………………………………………11 第一節 人權的「超越性」基礎……………………………………………11 一、「超越性」之基礎的必要性…………………………………………11 二、質疑論者的觀點………………………………………………………15 三、對質疑論者的答辯……………………………………………………19 第二節 人權之聖經立論依據………………………………………………23 一、 聖經與人權……………………………………………………………23 二、 聖經可靠性之探討……………………………………………………33 三、 上帝形象作為人權之基礎……………………………………………40 第三節 自然法作為人權立論依據…………………………………………45 一、 自然法與上帝的形象…………………………………………………45 二、 肯定自然法作為人權根基……………………………………………48 三、 自然法作為人權基礎的斟酌…………………………………………52 第三章 基督教人權觀的體系……………………………………………58 第一節 完整不可分割之人權觀…………………………………………58 一、 三階段之人權觀………………………………………………………58 二、 人權如福音之不可分割………………………………………………65 第二節 人權與其優先順序………………………………………………74 一、 基督教人權觀之優先順序……………………………………………74 二、 人權優先順序之辨與調和……………………………………………81 第三節 權利與其相對之義務……………………………………………86 一、 個人與群體之權利義務的辨明………………………………………86 二、 來代的權利與這代的義務……………………………………………91 三、 自然的權利與人類的義務……………………………………………98 第四章 當代人權爭議與基督教人權觀…………………………………109 第一節 人權普遍性原則與文化相對主義…………………………………110 一、 爭議雙方的論點………………………………………………………110 二、 基督教的觀點…………………………………………………………114 第二節 普遍性人權與國家的主權…………………………………………121 一、 爭議的緣起與論點……………………………………………………121 二、 基督教的觀點…………………………………………………………124 第五章 結論…………………………………………………………………136 第一節 人權的立論基礎……………………………………………………136 第二節 人權的體系與內容…………………………………………………140 第三節 「解決當代人權爭議」芻議………………………………………143 第四節 綜合結語與省思……………………………………………………146 【參考書目】………………………………………………………………151

<p>Sammanfattning Uppsatsen synliggör processen från misstanke till anmälan och det etiska problemet att anmäla eller inte. Det övergripande syftet i uppsatsen är att synliggöra hur en del verksamma pedagoger hanterar och bör hantera barn som far illa utifrån olika yrkeskategoriers perspektiv. Vi belyser även olika yrkesgrupper som är delaktiga i processen och hur samverkan mellan pedagogisk verksamhet och socialtjänst fungerar utifrån våra informanters svar. Litteratur kring ämnet berör vi utifrån ett brett perspektiv och den påvisar att pedagoger har ett stort ansvar i och med anmälningsplikten, men att ansvaret skall fördelas inom pedagogiska verksamheter. </p><p>Vårt resultat bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer och enkäter utifrån kategorierna pedagoger, socialsekreterare, rektorer/enhetschefer, kuratorer/psykologer och vuxna som själva farit illa som barn.</p><p>Vår undersökning påvisar att många barn far illa men att anmälningsbenägenheten har ökat. Trots detta finns det barn som inte blir uppmärksammade idag och pedagoger har ofta svårigheter att anmäla. Det har visat sig, att det för barns bästa, är väldigt viktigt att samverkan mellan pedagogisk verksamhet och socialtjänst fungerar bra vilket även litteratur poängterar. Vi hoppas att uppsatsen skall kunna hjälpa människor som kommer i kontakt med barn som far illa för att dessa barn skall få den hjälp de behöver. </p> / <p>The essay contains the process from suspicion to report and the ethical problem to report or not. The comprehensive purpose of the essay is too show how some working educationalists manage and should manage maltreated children out of different professional categories perspective. We also show different professional categories that are involved in the process and how collaboration between preschool/school and social services work on the basis of our respondent’s answers. We research literature about the subject from a broad perspective which prove that educationalists have a huge responsibility with the duty to report, but that the responsibility should be divided between preschool/school. </p><p>Our result is based on qualitative interviews and questionnaires on the basis of the categories; educationalists, social workers secretaries, principals, school welfare officers/educational psychologists and adults that have been maltreated as children. </p><p>Our review shows that many children are being maltreated but that the tendency to report has increased. Despite this there are children today who do not get noticed and educationalists that often have difficulties in reporting. Well-functioning collaboration between preschool/school and social services has proved to be very important in the best interest of children, which also literature has shown. We hope that this essay will help people who meet maltreated children so that these children get the help they need.</p>

<p> </p><p>This essay aim to clear the regulations that adjusts the use of non-compete clauses in contracts of employement. The historical developement shows tendencies that more employees have contracts that includes non-compete clauses. This developement does not always correspond with what is allowed concerning these clauses. Non-compete clauses is adjusted by the regulations in the collective agreement known as the agreement of 1969. The agreement has also been accepted outside its regular field of application. Apart from the just mentioned agreement, unreasonable conditions of contracts kan be adapted to what is fair accordning to the swedish constitution of agreements. The paragraphs in question is the 36 and the 38 §§, that adjusts when you can shift the conditions. The 38 § is more applyable when it comes to conditions about non-compete clauses. The use of non-compete clauses is also regulated by practice in the court of law, the labour court. Many of the regulations are unspecified in their design. It is possible that these unspecified concepts are essential to maintain the possibility of applying the concepts to a larger amount of cases. The metaphysical concepts of the jurisprudence has been criticized several times during the historical developement, for example by the upholders of the positivistic Uppsala school of philosophy (the Scandinavian legal realism). The facts remains that because of its open device of concepts, the jurisprudence becomes dynamic and useable in a lot more contexts.</p><p> </p>