No description available.

This thesis aims to analyse six different churches around Gotland and to answer whether they were built by private farms or by the collective effort from near-situated farms. By exploringthis, further conclusions can be made regarding the placement of the churches and the involvement of larger farms. The source material consists of churches from six Gotlandic parishes and farms from every chosen parish and other building of interest, like the medieval defence towers.The thesis timeframe is primarily from the early 12th century to the middle of the 14th. But later periods are also the focus since the placement of churches and farms are all based on maps depicting the parishes during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.Since this is a spatial analysis much of the methods are based on the usage of GIS (Geographich information system), but a big focus is also on analysing the churches themselves and things as inscriptions. As this subject has been discussed by many researchers, the theory is very much based on earlier studies made by people like Anders Andrén, Tryggve Siltberg and Sven-Olof Lindquist.The churches in Bunge, Sundre and Stenkyrka was determined to be private built by possible larger farms and had many similarities with other areas in Scandinavia. Anga, Stånga and Eskelhem was more likely to be a collaborative effort made by all of the parish’sfarms. / Syftet är att analysera sex medeltida kyrkor runt Gotland och svara på frågan om de var privat eller kollektivt byggda av socknens gårdar. Genom att utforska frågan om byggansvariga kan vidare slutsatser dras över deras placering i landskapet samt storgårdars involvering i kyrkobygget Källmaterialet utgörs av sex gotländska kyrkor samt gårdar och andra byggnader av intresse som de medeltida kastalerna. Uppsatsens tidsperiod utgörs främst av perioden från tidigt 1100-tal och fram till mitten av 1300-talet. Men senare perioder har delvis också ett fokus då kyrkorna och gårdarnas placeringar grundar sig i kartor som föreställer socknarna under sent 1700- och tidigt 1800-tal. Då det här mycket är en rumslig analys grundar sig många av metoderna på användandet av GIS (Geografiskt informationssystem). Men ett stort fokus ligger även på att analysera själva kyrkorna och tillhörande delar som väginskrifter. Då det här är ämne som diskuterats av många forskare grundar sig teorin mycket på tidigare forskning gjord av forskare som Anders Andrén, Tryggve Siltberg och Sven-Olof Lindquist. Kyrkorna I Bunge, Sundre och Stenkyrka bedömdes vara privatbyggda, möjligen av storgårda och de delade flera likheter med kyrkobygge i andra områden av Skandinavien. Anga, Stånga och Eskelhem ansågs istället vara kollektivt byggda av samtliga gårdar i socknarna.

I denna studie studeras tre tidigmedeltida gravlagda individer från S:t Hans kyrka i Visby. Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa tidigmedeltida hälsa i Visby samt studera begravningspraktiker. För att uppnå detta har en osteologisk analys utförts på skeletten med syfte att undersöka individernas ålder, kön och kroppslängd samt identifiera eventuella patologier och skelettala förändringar. Resultaten sätts sedan i kontext till de övriga individerna från S:t Hans för att ge ett helhetsperspektiv. Utöver detta studeras den rumsliga spridningen av gravarna i ArcGIS för att undersöka ifall några mönster uppstår bland de gravlagda som kan avslöja hur de valt att gravlägga dem döda. Teorin är att använda den sociala indelningen på en medeltida kyrkogård för att försöka förstå de resultat vi ser gällande hälsa och begravningspraktiker. Resultatet visar att den vanligaste sjukdomsgruppen bland de gravlagda var degenerativa förändringar. Det var även vanligt med infektioner, näringsbristsjukdomar och karies. Gällande den rumsliga analysen kunde inga tydliga mönster urskiljas. / In this study, three early medieval buried individuals from St. Hans church in Visby are studied. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight early medieval health in Visby as well as study burial practices. To achieve this, an osteological analysis has been performed on the skeletons with the purpose to examine the individuals age, sex and body length as well as identify eventual pathologies and skeletal changes. The results are then put in to context to the other individuals from St. Hans to give an overall perspective. Aside from this the spatial distribution of the graves are studied in ArcGIS to examine if any patterns emerge among the buried that can reveal how they chose to bury their dead. The theory is to use the social division at a medieval graveyard to try and understand the results we see regarding health and burial practices. The result show that the most common disease group among the buried were degenerative changes. It was also common with infections, metabolic diseases and caries. In regards to the spatial analysis, no clear patterns could be discerned.

No description available.

La tesi indaga la produzione e la messa in opera delle tessere musive e dei sectilia parietali in paste vitree in epoca tardoantica e altomedievale, studiando in particolare il caso di Milano. Nella prima parte viene esaminato il processo di produzione del vetro musivo, poco noto nella documentazione edita, ma estremamente fecondo per la ricostruzione degli scambi commerciali e culturali del periodo esaminato. Con vari strumenti (etnoarcheologia, ricettari, analisi archeometriche, resti archeologici, fonti economiche, stime quantitative, documentazione di restauro) vengono rintracciati gli indicatori di riconoscibilità di un atelier che produce piastre musive colorate e a foglia d’oro, i marker di cronologia, provenienza e tecnologia ottenibili dalle analisi chimiche sul vetro musivo e l’esito materiale dei gesti eseguiti da chi mette in opera rintracciabili sui frammenti. Nella seconda parte sono affrontate le problematiche specifiche del caso milanese. In particolare viene riconsiderata l’ipotesi dell’esistenza di una bottega milanese per la realizzazione e la posa di tessellata vitrea. A fronte di una bibliografia contraddittoria sulla datazione e il contesto culturale in seno a cui sarebbero nate queste competenze, vengono valutati i resti archeologici di decorazioni musive parietali (lacerti e tessere sciolte) e vengono caratterizzati con analisi archeometriche. Viene così determinata la diffusione dell’arte, contestualizzato quanto ancora conservato e stabilito quali apporti commerciali e culturali ha comportato la realizzazione dei mosaici milanesi. I resti archeologici, le fonti letterarie, le attestazioni iconografiche, le analisi archeometriche, pur nella loro difficile lettura, permettono di riconoscere tre momenti di diffusione dell’arte musiva: l’età tardo-imperiale, l’età gota e i secoli finali dell’altomedioevo. Per ogni periodo vengono analizzati tre casi significativi: la basilica di San Lorenzo (fine IV-inizi V sec.), il battistero di San Giovanni alle Fonti (fine V-VI sec.) e la basilica di Sant’Ambrogio (V-VI e X sec.). La ricerca contribuisce a diverse problematiche aperte: la tecnologia del vetro, gli elementi di continuità e innovazione rispetto alle tecniche romane, la decorazione parietale dei monumenti milanesi, le scelte dei committenti che hanno finanziato gli edifici, l’investimento necessario, le relazioni intraprese per realizzare le opere. / The thesis studies the production and layout of wall mosaic tesserae and of glass paste sectilia in late antique and early medieval times, focusing in particular on the case of Milan. The first part examines the productive process of glass mosaics to reconstruct the commercial and cultural exchanges of the studied period. Different tools (ethnoarchaeology, technical recipes, archaeometric analyses, archaeological remains, economic sources, quantitative estimates, restoration reports) are used to track the indicators of a workshop producing coloured and gold-leaf mosaic plates, to identify the markers of mosaic glass history and technology from chemical analysis, and to detect the material results on the remains of the actions performed by the craftsmen. The second part investigates the specific issues of the case of Milan. In particular, it reconsiders the hypothesis of the existence of a Milanese workshop that manufactures and lays out glass tesserae, approached so far in a contradictory literature in term of chronology and cultural framework. The archaeological remains, literary sources, iconographic testimonies, and archaeometric analyses, despite their difficult interpretation, allow identifying three stages of diffusion of mosaic art in Milan: the late Imperial age, the age of the Goths, and the final centuries of the Early Middle Ages. Three significant cases are analyzed for each of these periods: the Basilica of San Lorenzo (late 4th-early 5th c.), the baptistery of San Giovanni alle Fonti (end 5th-6th c.) and the Basilica of Sant’Ambrogio (5th-6th and 10th c.). This research contributes to the state of several open questions: the technology of glass, the preserved or innovative features with respect to Roman techniques, the mural decoration of Milanese buildings, the choices of the customers who have financed the buildings, the investment required, the social and commercial relations established in order to carry out the works.

How much was a medieval monastery reminiscent of a modern prison? Or insane asylum? And if it was in the least - what can such a metaphor tell us about power relations structuring the life of medieval monks? The purpose of this compilation thesis (sammanläggningsavhandling) is to render explicit and analyze relations of power and modes of control comprising the social tissue of early medieval Benedictine monasteries. By bringing up the examples of tenth- and eleventh-century monasteries of St Gall, Fulda, and Bury St Edmunds, this thesis seeks to understand what power was in medieval monasteries, how and between whom it was exercised, what and how it affected in terms of collective and individual identity. The thesis consists of three introductory chapters, four previously published empirical articles, and a concluding remarks section. Article 1 investigates the problem of surveillance and patterns of social control dispersed in the monastery of St Gall. Article 2 studies the early and high medieval institutional expectations and means of enforcement of the monk’s role. Article 3 scrutinizes an example of a persecution process and a set of defense measures in the hands of the St Gall community warding off an unwanted visitor. Article 4 examines a number of internal monastic conflicts from several monasteries and strategies, both political and cognitive, guiding them. In investigating these problems, the thesis proceeds in a manner of deliberate anachronism. It asks questions about how human subjectivity was manufactured in early medieval St Gall, what were a medieval monastery’s ‘conditions of possibility’ to operate as a social regime, or oral and literary means of conflict management etc. The crucial modern social theories on which the thesis hinges are: Erving Goffman’s notion of ‘total institution’, and Michel Foucault’s analysis of power, as well as Pierre Bourdieu’s logic of action.

La tesi è rivolta allo studio comparativo delle tecniche costruttive datate tra tardo antico e romanico (fine IV-XII secolo), con particolare attinenza agli edifici di culto milanesi. L'obiettivo principale è stato quello di delineare le linee evolutive delle tecniche costruttive e identificare la presenza di caratteri tecnici particolari che avessero valore di indicatore cronotipologico. Il quadro complesso e articolato degli studi pregressi sulle più note basiliche medievali milanesi ha reso necessaria l'indagine, per la presenza di ipotesi interpretative contraddittorie e la frequente carenza di indagini aggiornate sotto il profilo metodologico. Per questa ragione, la prima parte del lavoro è stata rivolta alla definizione della storia degli studi editi riguardanti temi di carattere archeologico e architettonico, che hanno costituito la base di riferimento per l'individuazione delle campionature murarie da analizzare. Nell'ambito di questa stessa sezione si è resa poi indispensabile la stesura di una parte destinata alla trattazione del metodo utilizzato che, per quanto riguarda l'analisi del materiale da costruzione in laterizio, ha previsto l'applicazione, in via sperimentale su un raggio di indagine così esteso, del metodo mensiocronologico al materiale di recupero. La seconda parte della tesi ha riguardato l'analisi dei principali contesti architettonici esaminati (S. Giovanni alle Fonti, S. Tecla, S. Simpliciano, S. Nazaro Maggiore, S. Ambrogio, S. Eustorgio), affrontata con schede apposite destinate all'inquadramento dei dati storico-archeologici pregressi, delle campionature murarie esaminate, in pietra e laterizio, e dei risultati delle analisi metriche. Ogni fase costruttiva individuata è stata poi approfondita in sezioni specifiche nelle quali sono confluiti i risultati raggiunti. La terza ed ultima parte del lavoro, è stata infine rivolta alla trattazione delle cronotipologie dei tipi costruttivi elaborate (in opus latericium, opus latericium spicatum e opera di spolia), a quella dei principali indicatori cronotipologici individuati e alle loro modalità di trasformazione nel tempo. Il lavoro di ricerca ha aperto molteplici prospettive di approfondimento, relative ai singoli monumenti trattati ma anche a problematiche di più ampio respiro nel settore dell'edilizia medievale, che sono state trattate nel capitolo conclusivo. / The thesis is dedicated to the comparative study of construction techniques dating from late antiquity and Romanesque (end of 4th-12th century), with particular attention to the religious buildings in Milan. The main objective was to represent the evolutionary lines of the construction techniques and to identify the presence of technical characteristics that have a specific age-typology meaning. The contradictory interpretative hypotheses and the lack of up-to date - in terms of methodology - investigations within the complex and extensive literature on the most known medieval basilicas in Milan has inspired this investigation. For this reason, the first part of the work treats the definition of the history of the published studies on the archaeological and architectural subjects, which have represented the reference for the identification of the masonry samples to be analyzed. As part of this section it was necessary the drafting of a description of the method used. With regard to the analysis of structural clay material, such process provided for the application - on an experimental basis on a so extensive investigation - of the metric-age analysis method to the recovered material. The second part of the thesis concerned the analysis of the main architectural complexes examined (S. Giovanni alle Fonti, S. Tecla, S. Simpliciano, S. Nazario Maggiore, St. Ambrose, St. Eustorgio), performed through dedicated files for the classification of former historic-archaeological data, of the masonry and the stone and brick samples tested, and of the results of the metric analysis. Each identified construction phase was then further investigated in specific sections where the results are gathered. The third and final part of the work concerns the discussion of the developed age-typologies of the construction materials (opus latericium, opus spicatum latericium and works in spolia), the main age-typology indicators identified and the different ways they changed over time. The research has opened up many scenarios for further studies, in relation to the individual monuments treated but also to broader issues in the sector of the Middle Ages building activity, as discussed in the final section.

À la croisée de l’histoire sociale, culturelle et des techniques, ma thèse porte sur la fonction de l’écuyer tranchant, un office majeur de l’hôtel royal à qui incombait la tâche délicate de découper et servir les mets à la table du seigneur. Exercé au départ par les grands du royaume, l’office se professionnalise à la fin du Moyen Âge et au début de la Renaissance, comme l’atteste la multiplication des traités de découpe en Espagne et en Italie durant cette période. Le présent travail permet de mesurer, d'une part, les interférences textuelles entre les traités de découpe ibériques et italiens et de s'interroger, d'autre part, sur la correspondance entre les normes et la pratique. A la fin de comprendre la place occupée par l'écuyer tranchant au sein de l'hötel royal, et le rôle qu'il a pu jouer dans l'entourage du roi, un travail prosopographique a été mené durant les règnes des rois aragonais Ferdinand Ier et Alphonse le Magnanime / My thesis is at the crossroads of social, cultural and technical history. It deals with the duties of the Carver who was entrusted with a major assignment at the Royal Court: he was given the delicate task of carving the food and serving up the dishes for his Lord. This office, first performed by the royal officers, became a profession at the end of the middle ages and at the beginning of the renaissance period, as may be attested by the multiplication of treaties on carving in Spain and Italy issued at that time. The antiquity of the "arte Cisaria" (1423) led me to wonder about its influence on the Catalan and Italian treaties on carving which were the established later on. I also wondered afterwards to what extent these treaties complied with the established norms. Finally, in order to understand the place occupied by the Carver within the Royal Court, I focused my prosopographic research on the reigns of the Aragonese kings Ferdinand I, and his son Alphonse V

The present work was written following a master thesis on the settlement and the shape of the early mediaeval agglomeration of Žatec in the 9th century. Subject of this dissertation is the processing of pottery from settlement features and from the 10th -century fortification. This enabled to study the development of the fortification system and changes of the settlement structure within individual settlement components. On the basis of excavations a relative chronology of the pottery and in accordance with the dendrochronological data a hypothesis on absolute dating has been presented. In view of this new chronology a new quantitative and qualitative analysis of information on the early mediaeval strongholds and hill-top settlements of the 9th and 10th century in the central and lower Ohře Region and in the Ore Mountain foothills was undertaken. A processing of the research on Drahúš stronghold has contributed substantially to this new perspective. The 1960s opinion on the affiliation of early mediaeval strongholds on the territory in question to the tribal territory of the Lučans, which should have been opposed to the Central Bohemian Přemyslid patrimony, based on the gathered information and its analysis could have been rejected. It was possible to comprise the evaluation of the excavation at...

262 EARLY MEDIEVAL CULTURAL CONTACTS BETWEEN BAVARIA AND BOHEMIA The Ph.D. thesis focusing on the topic of Czech-Bavarian cultural contacts in the Early Middle Ages was assigned in 2010 to develop the author's MA thesis, which was conceived as a probe into sources and a program study699 as well in order to form the first comprehensive monograph of this date of these professionally and regionally fragmented issues. In those times, the assignment of the thesis assumed "to decide whether there is an objective historical significance of this concept, or whether (and how) the meaning of this term has shifted in time, and how should this legacy be treated in the prepared thesis." Furthermore, five material-oriented topics were defined in order to test the overall theoretical concept on parts of otherwise too broadly conceived sources: (i) a study focusing on interpretative possibilities of langsaxes in the context of Early Medieval row- grave cemeteries; (ii) an attempt to narrow the regionalization of the s-shaped temple rings occurrence in connection with the settlement context; (iii) revision of archaeological evidence from the Cheb (Eger) castle; (iv) a chapter focusing on the issue of Early Medieval elites in north-eastern Bavaria; and finally (v) a discussions on the current concepts of toponomastic...