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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Caracterizacao espectroscopica e dinamica temporal dos processos de transferencia de energia entre os ions Tm sup(3+) - Ho sup(3+) e Yb sup(3+) - Tm sup(3+) em cristais de LiYF sub(4) e LiLuF sub(4)

TARELHO, LUIZ V.G. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07543.pdf: 4162108 bytes, checksum: fea345edb32c7ebb6b06110c513a47b1 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:95/03214-1
62

Electronic properties of organic-inorganic halide perovskites and their interfaces

Zu, Fengshuo 21 August 2019 (has links)
Über die besonders hohe Effizienz von Halid-Perowskit (HaP)-basierten optoelektronischen Bauteilen wurde bereits in der Literatur berichtet. Um die Entwicklung dieser Bauteile voranzutreiben, ist ein umfassendes und verlässliches Verständnis derer elektronischen Struktur, sowie der Energielevelanordnung (ELA) an HaP Grenzflächen von größter Bedeutung. Demzufolge beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der Untersuchung i) der Bandstruktur von Perowskit-Einkristallen, um ein solides Fundament für die Darlegung der elektronischen Eigenschaften von polykristallinen Dünnschichten zu erarbeiten, und mit ii) den Einflüssen von Oberflächenzuständen auf die elektronische Struktur der Oberfläche, sowie deren Rolle bei der Kontrolle von ELA an HaP Grenzflächen. Die Charakterisierung erfolgt überwiegend mithilfe von Photoelektronenspektroskopie (PES) und ergänzenden Messmethoden wie Beugung niederenergetischer Elektronen an Oberflächen, UV-VIS-Spektroskopie, Rasterkraftmikroskopie und Kelvin-Sonde. Erstens weist die Banddispersion von zwei prototypischen Perowskit-Einkristallen eine starke Dispersion des jeweiligen oberen Valenzbandes (VB) auf, dessen globales Maximum in beiden Fällen am R-Punkt in der Brillouin-Zone liegt. Dabei wird eine effektive Lochmasse von 0.25 m0 für CH3NH3PbBr3, bzw. von ~0.50 m0 für CH3NH3PbI3 bestimmt. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen werden die elektronischen Spektren von polykristallinen Dünnschichten konstruiert und es wird dadurch aufgezeigt, dass eine Bestimmung der Valenzbandkantenposition ausgehend von einer logarithmischen Intensitätsskala aufgrund von geringer Zustandsdichte am VB Maximum vorzuziehen ist. Zweitens stellt sich bei der Untersuchung der elektronischen Struktur von frisch präparierten Perowskit-Oberflächen heraus, dass die n-Typ Eigenschaft eine Folge der Bandverbiegung ist, welche durch donatorartige Oberflächenzustände hervorgerufen wird. Des Weiteren weisen die PES-Messungen an Perowskiten mit unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzungen aufgrund von Oberflächenphotospannung eine Anregungslichtintensitätsabhängigkeit der Energieniveaus von bis zu 0.7 eV auf. Darüber hinaus wird die Kontrolle von ELA durch gezielte Variation der Oberflächenzustandsdichte gezeigt, wodurch sich unterschiedliche ELA-Lagen (mit Abweichungen von über 0.5 eV) an den Grenzflächen mit organischen Akzeptormolekülen erklären lassen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse verhelfen dazu, die starke Abweichung der in der Literatur berichteten Energieniveaus zu erklären und somit ein verfeinertes Verständnis des Funktionsprinzips von perowskit-basierten Bauteilen zu erlangen. / Optoelectronic devices based on halide perovskites (HaPs) and possessing remarkably high performance have been reported. To push the development of such devices even further, a comprehensive and reliable understanding of their electronic structure, including the energy level alignment (ELA) at HaPs interfaces, is essential but presently not available. In an attempt to get a deep insight into the electronic properties of HaPs and the related interfaces, the work presented in this thesis investigates i) the fundamental band structure of perovskite single crystals, in order to establish solid foundations for a better understanding the electronic properties of polycrystalline thin films and ii) the effects of surface states on the surface electronic structure and their role in controlling the ELA at HaPs interfaces. The characterization is mostly performed using photoelectron spectroscopy, together with complementary techniques including low-energy electron diffraction, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe measurements. Firstly, the band structure of two prototypical perovskite single crystals is unraveled, featuring widely dispersing top valence bands (VB) with the global valence band maximum at R point of the Brillouin zone. The hole effective masses there are determined to be ~0.25 m0 for CH3NH3PbBr3 and ~0.50 m0 for CH3NH3PbI3. Based on these results, the energy distribution curves of polycrystalline thin films are constructed, revealing the fact that using a logarithmic intensity scale to determine the VB onset is preferable due to the low density of states at the VB maximum. Secondly, investigations on the surface electronic structure of pristine perovskite surfaces conclude that the n-type behavior is a result of surface band bending due to the presence of donor-type surface states. Furthermore, due to surface photovoltage effect, photoemission measurements on different perovskite compositions exhibit excitation-intensity dependent energy levels with a shift of up to 0.7 eV. Eventually, control over the ELA by manipulating the density of surface states is demonstrated, from which very different ELA situations (variation over 0.5 eV) at interfaces with organic electron acceptor molecules are rationalized. Our findings further help to explain the rather dissimilar reported energy levels at perovskite surfaces and interfaces, refining our understanding of the operational principles in perovskite related devices.
63

Advanced Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications

Mavros, Nicholas C. 12 June 2018 (has links)
No description available.
64

Μελέτη διεπιφανειών οργανικών ημιαγωγών με ανόργανα υποστρώματα με εφαρμογή σε οργανικά ηλεκτρονικά

Τσικριτζής, Δημήτρης 13 January 2015 (has links)
Το ερευνητικό ενδιαφέρον για τους οργανικούς ημιαγωγούς είναι συνεχώς αυξανόμενο τα τελευταία χρόνια, καθώς η αγορά των οργανικών ηλεκτρονικών είναι από τις πιο αναπτυσσόμενες. Για την καλή απόδοση των διατάξεων αυτών σημαντικός είναι ο ρόλος των διεπιφανειών. Οι οικογένειες των n-type οργανικών ημιαγωγών naphthalene bisimides και perylene bisimides έχουν δείξει καλές αποδόσεις σε οργανικά τρανζίστορ. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκαν οι διεπιφάνειες νέων οργανικών ημιαγωγών από τις παραπάνω οι οικογένειες οργανικών πάνω σε ανόργανα υποστρώματα με φασματοσκοπίες φωτοηλεκτρονίων. Μελετήθηκε ο σχηματισμός λεπτών υμενίων, πάχους έως τα 10 nm, τριών naphthalene οργανικών ημιαγωγών με διαφορετικό ενεργειακό χάσμα πάνω στον χρυσό και ενός perylene πάνω σε χρυσό και SiO2. Σκοπός ήταν να προσδιοριστεί η επίδραση των διαφορετικών υποκαταστατών του κεντρικού πυρήνα των naphthalene bisimides, στα ενεργειακά χαρακτηριστικά του ημιαγωγού και τα φράγματα έγχυσης των φορέων στην διεπιφάνεια με τον χρυσό. Ο τρόπος ανάπτυξης των όλων των οργανικών ημιαγωγών προσδιορίστηκε ως πολλαπλά στρώματα. Σε μια περίπτωση εντοπίστηκε ότι αλλάζει από οριζόντιο σε κάθετο ο προσανατολισμός των μορίων. Προσδιορίστηκαν όλα τα μεγέθη που χαρακτηρίσουν ενεργειακά την διεπιφάνεια. Συγκεκριμένα, σε όλες τις διεπιφάνειες εμφανίζεται ένα διεπιφανειακό δίπολο λόγω της αναδιάταξης του ηλεκτρονιακού νέφους της επιφάνειας του χρυσού από τα μόρια του οργανικού. Επίσης, οι τιμές των φραγμάτων έγχυσης των ηλεκτρονίων που υπολογίστηκαν είναι αρκετά μικρές που δείχνουν το n-type χαρακτήρα των οργανικών. Οι τιμές του δυναμικού ιονισμού που υπολογίστηκαν ήταν όλες μεγαλύτερες του 5, που είναι προϋπόθεση για τα τρανζίστορ να είναι σταθερά στον αέρα, ενώ σε μια περίπτωση η τιμή ήταν αρκετά μικρή, που δείχνει ότι ο συγκεκριμένος οργανικός ημιαγωγός μπορεί να έχει ambipolar χαρακτηριστικά. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι ο χρυσός μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί αποτελεσματικά ως ηλεκτρόδιο σε τρανζίστορ με n-type οργανικούς ημιαγωγούς. Τέλος, από τα αποτελέσματα τονίστηκε ότι με την υποκατάσταση χημικών ομάδων στον κεντρικό πυρήνα του naphthalene, μια εύκολη διαδικασία, είναι δυνατόν να οδηγηθεί ενεργειακά η διεπιφάνεια προς την επιθυμητή κατεύθυνση. / In the recent years the interest on organic semiconductors is increased as the market of organic electronics is one of most promising. The interfaces between the organic semiconductors with metals or other materials are crucial for the performance of the devices. The study of interfaces by surface sensitive techniques could give useful information for the physics of metal-organic contacts and therefore it is possible the tuning and the improvement of the device performance. The n-type organic semiconductors derivatives of naphthalene bisimides and perylene bisimides, have shown good performance in OFETs. In this work, the interfaces of new synthesized naphthalene bisimides and perylene bisimides molecules with inorganic substrates have been studied by photoelectron spectroscopies. Thin films up to 10 nm thickness of three naphthalene organic semiconductors of different energy gap on Au substrates have been studied. The aim was to investigate the effect of the different substituents of the naphthalene core on the energy characteristics of the organic semiconductors and on the charge injection barriers at the interface. Moreover, the interface of one perylene n-type semiconductor deposited on Au and SiO2 was studied in order to examine the influence of the substrate on the growth mode and the electronic properties. The growth mode of all the organic semiconductors was characterized as simultaneous multilayers. In one case, the orientation of the organic molecules was changed from horizontal to vertical to the surface. In all the interfaces an interface dipole is formed during the early stage of deposition which is attributed to the reorganization of the electron cloud of the Au surface by the organic molecules when they are deposited on Au. The hole and electron injection barriers were also determined. The electron injection barriers were found to be small which indicates the n-type character of these organic molecules. In addition, the results displayed that the Au can be used efficiently as electrode in devices with these organic semiconductors. The ionization potentials of the organic semiconductors were measured and found to be above 5 eV for all and therefore, they are suitable for air-stable transistors. In the case of one organic semiconductor the ionization potential was measured close to the value of five. Thus, this organic semiconductor is suitable for ambipolar transistors. The valance band characteristics near the HOMO, as detected by the UPS spectra, showed that they are affected by the different substituents on the side groups of the imide. These results have shown that changing the substituents of the organic core, which is an easy process; it is possible to tune the energy levels and the electronic characteristics of the interface.
65

Oral contraceptive phases and performance : Strength, anaerobic capacity, and lactate responce

Rönneblad, Isa, Ohrås, Elsa January 2023 (has links)
Background: Oral contraceptives are common among female athletes. Still, its effects on athletic performance are poorly investigated. Research in the area has increased in recent years. However, the study qualities and designs are often insufficient and with small sample sizes. Women are currently underrepresented in sport research, and to recruit more women in future studies and to facilitate female athletes’ choices about contraceptives, the impact of oral contraceptives on performance must be better understood. Aim: The aim was to investigate whether monophasic, combined oral contraceptive phases affected maximal muscle strength, anaerobic performance and the corresponding blood lactate response, or perceived mental and physical energy level among young women. Method: The study used a cross-over design where six participants were tested on two occasions. The participants were healthy women between 18 and 29 years old who had beenusing monophasic combined oral contraceptives for at least three months prior to the study. No criteria for training level was set. The Isometric mid-thigh pull (N) was used as an indicator ofmaximal muscle strength; and the Wingate anaerobic test (W) measured anaerobic performance and power with corresponding blood lactate levels (mmol/L) measured at 0, 3 and 5 minutes after termination of the test. The participants rated their current physical and mental energy level on both test occasions using a visual analog scale (0-10). Statistical analyses were madeusing Wilcoxon signed-ranked test. Results: Nine participants were recruited, of which six performed tests on both occasions. The participants had a mean (SD) age of 22.3 (1.8) years, a BMI of 23.3 (2.6) and all reached WHO’sphysical activity recommendations. No statistically significant differences in muscle strengthor anaerobic performance were found regarding peak force (p=0.60), peak power (p=0.35) oraverage power (p=0.60) between oral contraceptive phases. Neither were there any differencesin the blood lactate response to the Wingate test directly after (p=0.92), 3 minutes after (p=0.17) or 5 minutes after (p=0.60) the test. No differences in perceived mental energy level (p=0.35)or perceived physical energy level (p=0.17) between oral contraceptive phases were evident. Conclusion: Oral contraceptive phases did not affect maximal muscle strength, anaerobicperformance, blood lactate response or perceived mental or physical energy levels. Accordingly, there is no need to adapt training to oral contraceptive phases and women can berecruited in future research without consideration of oral contraceptive phases.
66

Dynamique et ergodicité des chaînes de spins quantiques critiques de Fredkin et Ising–Kawasaki

Longpré, Gabriel 12 1900 (has links)
Ce mémoire est composé de deux articles portant respectivement sur les chaînes de spin–1/2 critiques quantiques d’Ising–Kawasaki et de Fredkin. La première chaîne provient d’une chaîne d’Ising classique couplée à un bain thermique par une dynamique de Kawasaki. La deuxième chaîne est une généralisation de la chaîne fortement intriquée de Motzkin. Les deux chaînes sont étudiées avec des conditions frontière périodiques. L’objectif principal est de caractériser la dynamique de ces deux chaînes. D’abord, les exposants critiques dynamiques obtenus suggèrent que, à basse énergie, les deux systèmes comportent de multiples dynamiques. Dans les secteurs à un et deux magnons, nous obtenons un exposant z = 2 pour les deux chaînes. Pour la chaîne d’Ising–Kawasaki, à fort couplage, l’exposant dynamique global est plutôt z = 3. Pour la chaîne de Fredkin, l’exposant dépend de la parité de la longueur de la chaîne. Nous obtenons z = 3.23 ± 0.20 dans le cas pair et z = 2.71 ± 0.09 dans le cas impair. Ensuite, les symétries des systèmes permettent d’obtenir les états propres comme solutions d’ondes de spin dans les secteurs à un et deux magnons. Ces solutions sont présentées pour les deux chaînes et nous étudions leurs continuums de dispersion. Cependant, l’étude de la statistique des niveaux d’énergie indique que de telles solutions ne peuvent être obtenues dans les secteurs de polarisation plus basse. En effet, la distribution des espacements des niveaux d’énergie normalisés dans les secteurs faiblement polarisés correspond à une distribution de Wigner. Selon la conjecture de Berry-Tabor, cela indique que les deux systèmes ne sont pas intégrables. Finalement, pour la chaîne de Fredkin, nous étudions la dispersion des états faiblement excités. Cette dispersion est anomale puisqu’elle dépend de la longueur de la chaîne. En combinant le facteur d’échelle de l’amplitude des branches avec l’exposant dynamique à impulsion fixée, on trouve un exposant dynamique critique z = 2.8. / This thesis is composed of two scientific articles studying respectively the critial quantum spin-1/2 chains of Ising–Kawasaki and Fredkin. The first chain comes from a classical Ising chain coupled to a thermal bath via the Kawasaki dynamic. The second chain is a generalization of the strongly entangled Motzkin chain. The two chains are studied with periodic boundary conditions. The main objective is to characterize the dynamics of these two chains. First, the dynamical critical exponents obtained suggest that, at low energy, the two systems host multiple dynamics. In the one and two magnon sectors, we get an exponent z = 2 for the two chains. For the Ising–Kawasaki chain, at strong coupling, the global dynamical exponent is rather z = 3. For the Fredkin chain, the exponent depends on the parity of the length of the chain. We get z = 3.23 ± 0.20 in the even case and z = 2.71 ± 0.09 in the odd case. Afterwards, the symmetries of the systems make it possible to obtain the eigenstates as spin wave solutions in the one- and two- magnon sectors. These solutions are presented for the two chains and their dispersion continua is studied. However, the study of the statistics of energy levels indicates that such solutions cannot be obtained in lower polarization sectors. Indeed, the distribution of the spacings of the normalized energy levels in the weakly polarized sectors corresponds to a Wigner distribution. According to the Berry-Tabor conjecture, this indicates that the two systems are not integrable. Finally, for the Fredkin chain, we study the dispersion of weakly excited states. This dispersion is anomalous since it depends on the length of the chain. By combining the branch amplitude scaling with the fixed momentum dynamic exponent, we find a dynamical critical exponent z = 2.8.
67

Electronic Structure of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Molecular Semiconductors

Ma, Jie 01 December 2022 (has links)
Zweidimensionale (2D) Übergangsmetalldichalcogenide (TMDCs) gehören zu den attraktivsten neuen Materialien für optoelektronische Bauelemente der nächsten Generation. Um die überlegene Funktionalität der mit TMDCs verbundenen Bauelemente zu realisieren, ist ein umfassendes Verständnis ihrer elektronischen Struktur, einschließlich, aber nicht beschränkt auf die Auswirkungen von Defekten auf die elektronischen Eigenschaften und die Ausrichtung der Energieniveaus (ELA) an den TMDCs-Grenzflächen, unerlässlich, aber derzeit nicht ausreichend. Um einen tieferen Einblick in die elektronischen Eigenschaften von TMDCs und den damit verbundenen Grenzflächen in Kombination mit molekularen Halbleitern (MSCs) zu erhalten, untersuchen wir i) die fundamentale Bandstruktur von Monolagen (ML) TMDCs und die durch Schwefelfehlstellen (SVs) induzierte Renormierung der Bandstruktur, um eine solide Grundlage für ein besseres Verständnis der elektronischen Eigenschaften von polykristallinen dünnen Filmen zu schaffen, und ii) die optoelektronischen Eigenschaften ausgewählter MSC/ML-TMDCs-Grenzflächen. Darüber hinaus wird iii) der Einfluss des Substrats auf die elektronischen Eigenschaften einer MSC/ML-TMDC-Grenzfläche untersucht, um das Bauelementedesign zu steuern. Die Charakterisierung erfolgt hauptsächlich durch winkelaufgelöste Photoelektronenspektroskopie (ARPES), ergänzt durch Photolumineszenz (PL), Raman-Spektroskopie, UV-Vis-Absorption, Rastertransmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) und Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM). Unsere Ergebnisse tragen zu einem besseren Verständnis der Auswirkungen von Defekten auf ML-TMDC und verwandte Grenzflächen mit MSCs bei, wobei auch die Auswirkungen der Substrate berücksichtigt werden, und sollten dazu beitragen, unser Verständnis des elektronischen Verhaltens in TMDC-verwandten Geräten zu verbessern. / Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are amongst the most attractive emerging materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices. To realize the superior functionality of the TMDCs related devices, a comprehensive understanding of their electronic structure, including but not limited to the impact of defects on the electronic properties and energy level alignment (ELA) at TMDCs interfaces, is essential but presently not sufficient. In an attempt to get a deep insight into the electronic properties of TMDCs and the related interfaces combined with molecular semiconductors (MSCs), we investigate i) the fundamental band structure of monolayer (ML) TMDCs and band structure renormalization induced by sulfur vacancies (SVs), in order to provide a solid foundation for a better understanding the electronic properties of polycrystalline thin films and ii) the optoelectronic properties of selected MSC/ML-TMDC interface. In addition, iii) the impact of the substrate on the electronic properties of the MSC/ML-TMDC interface is investigated for guiding device design. The characterization is mainly performed by using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), with complementary techniques including photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopies, UV-vis absorption, scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. Our findings contribute to achieving a better understanding of the impact of defects on ML-TMDC and related interfaces with MSCs considering the substrates’ effect and should help refine our understanding of the electronic behavior in TMDC-related devices.

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