I detta examensarbete studeras kommande energikrav för byggnader i Sverige och i synnerhet kraven på specifik energianvändning. Detta mot bakgrund av EU-kommissionens och EU-parlamentets direktiv, EPBD2, om nära nollenergibyggnader 2020. Därefter bearbetas ett förslag på en ny ytterväggskonstruktion som med lägre U-värde än den befintliga ytterväggen ska sänka Fiskarhedenvillans olika hustypers specifika energianvändning. Syftet med sänkningen är att möjliggöra för Fiskarhedenvillan att uppfylla de kommande energikraven. Det är många parametrar som måste uppfyllas och det nya ytterväggsförslaget analyseras förutom ur energisynpunkt även med hänsyn till statik, fukt och kostnad. Beräkningar för statik och specifik energianvändning har gjorts för ett referenshus. Resultatet av att byta ut den befintliga ytterväggskonstruktionen mot det framarbetade förslaget med ca 33 % lägre U-värde gav endast en sänkning med ca 6 % av den specifika energianvändningen. För att sänka referenshusets specifika energianvändning ytterligare bör även resterande delar av klimatskalet förbättras samt ett annat uppvärmningssätt väljas. Avslutningsvis diskuteras resultatet och vi lämnar rekommendationer för fortsatta studier. / This thesis studies future energy requirements for buildings in Sweden and in particular the requirements for specific energy use. This is in light of the European Commission and European Parliament Directive, EPBD2, on nearly-zero energy buildings 2020. A proposal for a new exterior wall construction in Fiskarhedenvillan houses with lower U-value than the existing exterior wall is analyzed. The purpose of the new wall is to reduce the specific energy use to enable Fiskarhedenvillan to meet the future energy requirements. There are many parameters that must be considered. The proposed new exterior wall construction is analyzed not only from the energy point of view but also with regard to statics, moisture and cost. Calculations for the statics and the specific energy use have been made for a reference building. The changed design of the exterior wall resulted in a reduction of the U-value with 33 % but only 6 % of the specific energy use. A further reduction of the specific energy use for the reference house requires improved design of the remaining building envelope and a new heating method. Furthermore the results are discussed and recommendations for further studies are given,

Residential energy visualization has increased in popularity during the past years, due to both legislation and an increased focus on the environmental impact of buildings. Meanwhile, the European energy efficiency directive has raised a debate on legislation on individual metering and charging (IMC), in which many negative voices among property owners and developers are being raised. The controversies bring interesting aspects to the analysis of energy visualization and its prerequisite IMC. This thesis will analyze the possibilities and barriers to implement residential energy visualization in new buildings in Stockholm, and the focus will be on local developers' perspective. The purpose of the thesis is to establish Stockholm developers' willingness to pay (WTP) for an IMC and energy visualization solution. The thesis defines perceived utility as the driving force for WTP, and accordingly the developer WTP is analyzed by evaluation of the developers' perceived utility of different technical aspects of an energy visualization solution. The solution has been modularized into three modules; IMC of hot water, IMC of heating and residential visualization. The hypothesis is that utility of the solution modules is perceived differently depending on developer ownership and developer business model; if the developer builds for property management or to sell. The empirical data has been collected through twelve in-depth interviews with developers in Stockholm. The developers were of different size, ownership and with different business models. When looking at the developers from an overall perspective, the analysis shows that there is some willingness to pay for IMC of hot water but none for IMC of heating. It can also be seen that residential visualization is something that the developers have some interest in although the overall WTP is considered low. Although environmental and fairness aspects are often mentioned by the developers in the context of IMC and energy visualization, operational and financial utility seem to be more influential in driving willingness to pay and as these utilities are not perceived, the overall WTP is low or non-existent for IMC and energy visualization. The hypothesis that developers would perceive utility differently depending on ownership or business model, if they build for property management of for sales, could not be proven. There are possibly tendencies for such differences but in this study such patterns were not clear enough to state the hypothesis as true. Additional to the WTP and developer groups, insights and takeaways are presented. The insights and takeaways are based on opportunities and risks that developers perceive with IMC and visualization, as well as requirements they have on the systems.

Urbanization modifies the thermal characteristics of the land and makes way for a succession of transformations in the urban environmental system. This phenomenon, known as Urban Heat Island (UHI), is characterized by elevated temperatures in urban areas that negatively impact on the quality of life and environment in urban areas including, increased emissions of Green House Gases (GHGs) and rising energy consumption. These impacts add to global climate change and thus, mitigating UHI is essential to mitigating global climate change. One GHG, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), accounts for about half of the Earth’s anthropogenic GHG emissions. Terrestrial ecosystems can act as Carbon sinks (C sinks), i.e. natural vegetation reservoirs that absorb more C than they release. Thus, C sinks play an essential and critical function in lowering CO2. Furthermore, providing appropriate C sinks at both the building and urban scales can decrease UHI and contribute to reduction in energy consumption. This study used Landsat 8 imagery of the site, Al Bayt Stadium in Qatar, to investigate the effects of surface UHI by computing the Land Surface Temperature (LST) difference of the site---pre- and post-construction, as well as examine the correlation between natural vegetation abundance and temperature in ten locations within the site’s vicinity. Results show that minimum, maximum and mean LST of the case study area (2014 vs. 2020) decreased 2.80 oC, 5.5 oC and 2.3 oC, respectively, as well as a decreasing trend in the LST as a function of increasing C Sinks. These results demonstrate the importance of introducing C sinks to lower LST and mitigate UHI. Mitigating UHI also has a direct effect on Energy Consumption Balance (ECB). This equilibrium is achieved not only through the introduction of C sinks, but balancing C sinks with high albedo materials and natural ventilation.  Thus, this study also investigated the site’s various design aspects (e.g. cooling technology, structure and surface albedo materials, landscaping) and found that Al Bayt Stadium’s design successfully incorporates strategies to reduce energy consumption at both the urban (macro) and building (micro) scales.

Energibehov och energibesparing är något som är en viktig fråga får många hushåll just nu.Med skenande elpriser är det många som vill, och behöver, reducera sin förbrukning. En godidé för att minska energibehoven i gamla hus är att tilläggsisolera. Genom att tilläggsisoleragår det att minska energibehovet och även de uppvärmningskostnader som uppkommer.Detta arbete går ut på att studera ett småhus, byggt på 1970-talet, där den nuvarandeenergiförbrukningen jämförs med den förbrukning som blir efter att vinden hartilläggsisolerats. Efter att den nya förbrukningen har tagits fram görs även en beräkning på hurmycket solceller gynnar energiförbrukningen.Det genomförs en litteraturstudie för att få övergripande fakta om energianvändning, solcelleroch tilläggsisolering. Insamling av fakta och relevanta värden för det studerade huset erhållsgenom ett möte med de boende. Beräkningarna behandlar bland annat transmissionsförlustergenom bjälklag, energiförbrukning och producerad solel, och utförs med hjälp av två olikametoder.Huset som studeras är placerat i Degerfors, och har en boarea på 102,5 m2. Det värde somanvänds för energiförbrukningen är ett medelvärde som har räknats fram från åren 2021 och2022. Det beräknade värdet ligger på cirka 11 786 kWh per år.Resultatet av beräkningarna visar att energiförbrukningen minskar mellan 13 och 14 procentmed endast tilläggsisolering, och mellan 52 och 69 procent med tilläggsisolering och solceller.Slutsatsen är att det absolut är en god idé att tilläggsisolera om de boende vill sänkaenergiförbrukningen. Solceller gynnar energiförbrukningen, men det är endast påsommarhalvåret som de visar en tydlig skillnad. / Energy demand and energy saving is something that is an important question for manyhouseholds right now. With growing electricity prices, many people want, and need, to reducetheir consumption. A good idea to reduce energy needs in old houses is to add additionalinsulation. By additional insulation, it is possible to reduce the energy demand and also theheating costs that arise.This work consists of studying a villa, built in the 1970s, where the current energyconsumption is compared with the consumption that will be after the attic has beenadditionally insulated. After the new consumption has been estimated, a calculation is alsomade of how much solar cells benefit the energy consumption.The method used is first a literature study to obtain overall facts about energy use, solar cellsand additional insulation. Collection of facts and relevant values for the studied house isobtained through a meeting with the residents. The calculations deal with, among other things,transmission losses through joists, energy consumption and produced solar electricity, and arecarried out using two different methods.The house under study is located in Degerfors, and has a living area of 102.5 m2. The valueused for energy consumption is an average value that has been calculated from the years 2021and 2022. The calculated value is approximately 11,786 kWh per year.The results of the calculations show that energy consumption is reduced between 13 and 14percent with only additional insulation, and between 52 and 69 percent with additionalinsulation and solar cells.In conclusion, it is absolutely a good idea to additionally insulate if the residents want toreduce energy consumption. Solar cells benefit energy consumption, but it is only in thesummer half that they show a clear difference.

The impact on the built environment due to the forecasted climate change was presented by the authorities more than one decade ago, but the actions from the building industry to adapt buildings for a changed climate are still lacking. The purpose of this study is to identify a suitable cooling technique for a modern residential building in a future warmer climate in order to maintain thermal comfort but also energy efficiency. This thesis analyses and presents passive techniques and the behavior of active cooling with a slab cooling system under a future climate scenario so as to accomplish a sustainable system which will be functionable and viable in the future. To verify the different solutions the building performance simulation software IDA ICE has been used and a case study building with a simulated location in the city of Stockholm has been investigated. Results show promising outcomes as thermal comfort is achieved and energy efficiency is maintained depending on diversely selected energy sources. / Påverkan på den byggda miljön från klimatförändringar har upplysts av myndigheter under minst de senaste tio åren, men agerande från byggbranschen för att klimatanpassa är fortfarande låg. Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera en lämplig kylteknik för ett bostadshus i ett framtida varmare klimat för att bibehålla termisk komfort och samtidigt energieffektivitet. Denna examensrapport analyserar och presenterar prestanda hos dels olika passiva system, dels ett kombinerat värme- och kylsystem i bjälklag i ett framtida klimatscenario för att uppnå ett hållbart system som kommer att vara funktionellt och livskraftigt i framtiden. För att verifiera de olika kyllösningarna har simuleringsprogrammet för byggnadsprestanda IDA ICE använts och en fallstudiebyggnad med en simulerad placering i Stockholm har undersökts. Resultaten visar lovande resultat eftersom termisk komfort uppnås och energiprestanda kan bibehållas beroende på valda energikällor.

More than half a century ago, R. B. Fuller wrote: “All of humanity now has the option to ‘make it’ successfully and sustainably, by virtue of our having minds, discovering principles and being able to employ these principles to do more with less” (Fuller 2019, p. 7).

The aim of this thesis is to assess potential environmental impacts of electronic media distribution and consumption—from a life cycle perspective—as compared to those of print media. The thesis consists of a cover essay and two papers appended at the end of the thesis. The cover essay summarizes the papers and puts them in context. The main objectives of the thesis are twofold: to assess potential environmental impacts of production and consumption of tablet editions of magazines from a life cycle perspective (Paper I), and to compare potential environmental impacts of a magazine’s print edition with that of its tablet edition (Paper II). The thesis examines the following specific research questions: (1) What are the main environmental impacts of print and tablet editions? (2) Which activities are giving rise to the main environmental impacts of the print and tablet editions? (3) What are the key factors influencing these impacts? (4) What are major data gaps and uncertainties? Based on the present assessment, it is clear that for the print magazine, pulp and paper production is the principal cause of most of the potential environmental impacts. For this reason, the use of recycled paper, rather than virgin fiber, in newsprint production may considerably offset environmental impacts. For the tablet edition, the content production dominates the potential environmental impacts when readers are few. This appears to be the case in an emerging state of the magazine, but with distribution of more media products to smaller groups of people, this may persist for “mature” products as well. As the number of tablet readers grows, more of the environmental impact of the is due to manufacturing of the device and electronic distribution. However, content production may still be a major factor, depending on the specific environmental impacts studied. / <p>QC 20130306</p>

The aim of this project was to develop a holistic approach to building-performance assessment without limiting it to energy use (usually expressed in kWh/m2/year), but rather include more parameters that represent the following aspects: Economic, environmental, and quality of service provided to the occupant/client. If it can be shown that buildings can be operated not only in an energy-efficient way, but also in a way that takes into consideration the needs of the occupants, a case could be built that a higher quality of indoor environment does not necessarily mean a higher economic impact. It is also important to show that having access to high-quality building-performance data leads to high-quality analysis and visualisation, and consequently to a chance to detect faults and improve building operation. To answer these questions, a large office building in Stockholm, Sweden was used as a case study. The building was equipped with energy meters and 1,700 sensor points, uniformly distributed over the occupied areas, that measured room temperature, duct temperature, occupancy presence/absence and supply airflow, in addition to other states. The data was processed using RStudio, and various types of visualisation plots were used, including carpet plots, masked scatter plots, bar plots, line graphs, and boxplots. The data pointed to some interesting results. First, just knowing the energy use is not sufficient for understanding the quality of the service provided to the occupants. Second, performing a thorough analysis of room unit data can detect faults. Third, using carpet plots for energy-data visualisation is effective for energy-use pattern recognition. Finally, visualising the building performance parameters in a parallel coordinate plot is a more informative representation of integrated building performance compared to the energy performance certificates typically used today. / <p>QC 20160916</p>

Mjölner 5 är en nybyggd hyresrättsfastighet belägen i centrala Växjö. Fastigheten har projekterats för att uppnå kraven för både Miljöbyggnad silver, gröna lån och det utökade investeringsbidraget för hyresrätter och bostäder för studerande. Energikonsultbolaget Aktea AB har under de senaste månaderna genomfört, och fortsätter att genomföra, en energiuppföljning av fastigheten. Det man hittills har kunnat konstatera är att fastigheten riskerar att inte uppnå alla sina uppsatta mål. Denna fallstudie syftar till att undersöka hur stor skillnaden är mellan den projekterade och uppmätta energianvändningen och att identifiera var den största skillnaden ligger i förbrukningen. Samt att utifrån dessa energifaktorer genomföra en analys av ekonomiska konsekvenser som kan uppstå om fastigheten inte når upp till målsättningen. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av energiberäkningar, ekonomiska beräkningar, sammanställningar och analyser. Resultatet visar att skillnaden mellan projekterad och den hittills uppmätta förbrukningen var 22 kWh(m2*år) och att den stora skillnaden låg i värme och fastighetsel. Detta är preliminära siffror som kan komma att ändras under den fortsatta uppföljningen av fastigheten. Utredningen av investeringsstödet visade att ifall fastigheten skulle klara av målet med 56 % av BBR:s krav för det utökade investeringsbidraget, så skulle den vara berättigad till ett stöd på 34 870 325 kronor. Om detta mål inte uppfylls landar i stället bidraget på 19 925 900 kronor. Beräkningen av effekten av det gröna lånet landade på en minskning i räntekostnader på 34 286 kronor om året. Beräkningen av marknadsvärdet kunde genomföras efter att driftnettot korrigerats mot projekterade siffror och visade att om de projekterade siffrorna blir uppfyllda kommer marknadsvärdet att stiga med 3,1 miljoner kronor. / Mjölner 5 is a newly built rental property in central Växjö. The property is projected to reach the demands for the certification Miljöbyggnad silver, green loans and the extended investment grant intended for rental properties and student housing. The energy consulting firm Aktea AB has under the last few months conducted, and will continue to conduct, an energy follow-up of the property. What has been concluded so far, is that the property is at risk to not achieve the planed goals. This case study aims to investigate the difference between the projected energy use and the actual energy use and find in which area this difference is found, and from this make an analyse of the economic consequences this might bring. The study was conducted by energy calculations, economical calculations, compilations, and analyses. The result shows that the differences between the projected and the actual energy use to this day was 22 kWh(m2*år) and that the biggest difference was in heating and property electricity. This is preliminary numbers that can change during the continuing follow-up of the property. The investigation of the extended investment grant showed that if the property would manage the energy goal of 56 % of BBR: s demands, it would be entitled to a grant of 34 870 325 kronor. If the energy goal is not achieved the grant would instead be 19 925 900 kronor. The calculation of the green loan showed that if the property would get the green loan opportunity the yearly costs would be 34 286 kronor lower. The property value calculation showed that, after the adjustment of the driftnet to the projected numbers, the value would theoretical be 3,1 million kronor more.

The 2008 Climate Change Act set legally-binding carbon reduction targets. Demand side management (DSM) includes energy use reduction and peak shaving and offers significant potential to reduce the amount of carbon used by the electricity grid. The demand side management (DSM) schemes that have tried to meet this challenge have been dominated by engineering-based approaches and so favour tools like automation (which aims to make shifting invisible) and pricing (which requires customer response) to shift demand. These approaches tend to focus on the tools for change and take little account of people and energy-use practices. This thesis argues that these approaches are limited and therefore unlikely to produce the level of response that will be needed in future. The thesis therefore investigates the potential for time-shifting domestic energy demand but takes a different angle by trying to understand how people use energy in their daily lives, whether this use can be shifted and some of the implications of shifting it. The centrepiece of the work is an empirical study of eleven households energy-use practices. The interdisciplinary methodology involved in-house observations, interviews, photographs, metered energy data and disruptive interventions. The data was collected in two phases. Initially, a twenty-four hour observation was carried out in each household to find out how energy was implicated in everyday practices. Next, a series of three challenges were carried out, aimed at assessing the implications of disrupting practices by time-shifting food preparation, laundry and work/ leisure. A practice theory approach is used to shift the focus of attention from appliances, tools for change, behaviour or even people, to practices. The central finding of this work is that practices were flexible. This finding is nuanced, in the light of the empirical research, by an extended discussion on the nature of practices; in particular, the relationship between practices and agency and the temporal-spatial locatedness of practices. The findings demonstrate that, in this study at least, expanding the range of demand response options was possible. The research suggests numerous possibilities for extending the potential of practices to shift in time and space, shift the energy used in practices or substitute practices for other non-energy-using practices, though there are no simple technological or behavioural fixes . More profoundly, however, the thesis concludes that infrastructures of provision , such as the electricity grid and the companies that run it, underpin and facilitate energy-use practices irrespective of the time of day and year. In this context technology-led demand response schemes may ultimately contribute to the problem they purport to solve. A more fundamental interrogation of demand and the infrastructures that serve it is therefore necessary and is almost entirely absent from the demand response debate.