Background: The main focus of the dissertation is the use of nanofibrous biodegradable materials for the healing support of intestinal anastomoses in colorectal surgery. The altered healing process of intestinal anastomosis leads to several types of local complications. Anastomotic leakage is one of the most feared ones. Severe anastomotic leakage causes peritonitis, sepsis and is a life-threatening condition. Reoperation is necessary in many cases, bringing the need for intensive care, and hospital stays prolongation. Extensive peritoneal adhesions are another source of postoperative complications. These adhesions are a frequent cause of bowel obstruction and abdominal discomfort and are the most common reason for readmission after colorectal procedures. Nanofibrous biodegradable materials showed positive effects on the healing process in various locations. We aimed to develop and perfect a biodegradable patch for both prevention of anastomotic leakage and the formation of extensive peritoneal adhesions. Methods: We conducted 3 subsequential experiments on porcine models. In Experiment A, we managed to develop polycaprolactone and polylactic acid- polycaprolactone copolymer nanofibrous patches and applied them on anastomoses on the small porcine intestine. The animals were observed for 3 weeks....

Influencers has developed to be our times opinion leaders and social media has become an arena for political information and discussion. In the most recent years they’ve also become an important part of our current political parties' marketing strategies. This has opened up both great opportunities as well as challenges. Within political advertising, there’s unlike commercial advertising, no regulations regarding transparency, which means that influencers have no obligations to label their collaborations with political parties. The distinction has faded between when information is reliable facts or when it’s partial,  biased and based and someone's personal opinion. This has resulted in weakened preconditions for the public to assess and acknowledge reliable sources. The need has increased regarding media competence among citizens in terms of being able to critically review, evaluate and question all the information we encounter. Influencers that spread hidden political advertising is a relatively new phenomenon and has been described as a way for parties to buy political opinions for money, as influencers can be considered to use their trust capital to influence its audience. The experiment in this study is based on theories of credibility and critical thinking, and aims to investigate how young adults perceive political messages in collaborations with influencers depending on the degree of transparency in the media content. The same base  material will be shown in three different experimental groups, but the degree of transparency will vary. In the first experimental group it will not appear at all that it is a collaboration, in the second group it will be only say it is a collaboration and in the third group it will be clearly stated that it is a paid collaboration between a political party and an influencer and that the collaboration is a part of the political parties PR-campaign for the upcoming election. The essay's questions are: To what extent is it possible to discern a connection between the degree of transparency and the credibility of the collaboration? To what extent is it possible to discern a connection between the degree of transparency and the audience's critical thinking? And lastly to what extent does political leaning have an impact on the results of the study? The results of the study shows that an increased transparency on political social media content also increases media users' critical approach. The result of the study could not determine whether or not there is a strong correlation between transparency and the credibility of the content. The study did show strong correlations between political leaning and the answers of the respondents. / Sociala medier har blivit en arena för politisk information och influencers har fått en betydande roll som vår tids nya opinionsledare. På senare år har influencers blivit en del av de politiska partiernas marknadsföringsstrategier, vilket medfört såväl möjligheter som utmaningar. När det kommer till just politisk reklam finns det till skillnad från kommersiell reklam inga krav på transparens, vilket innebär att influencers inte behöver reklammärka samarbeten med politiska partier. Gränsen mellan fakta och åsikt, samt vad som är partisk information eller objektiv fakta är därmed inte lika självklar. Detta har resulterat i att allmänhetens möjligheter till att bedöma mediainnehållets tillförlitlighet har försämrats och förutsättningarna för pålitlig information minskat. Det har uppkommit nya behov av mediekompetens hos medborgare vad gäller att kunna kritiskt granska, värdera och ifrågasätta all den information de möts av. Att influencers sprider dold politisk reklam är ett relativt nytt fenomen och har beskrivits som ett sätt för partier att köpa politiska åsikter för pengar, då influencers kan nyttja sitt förtroendekapital för att påverka sin publik.  Experimentet i studien bygger på teorier om trovärdighet och kritiskt tänkande, och ämnar att undersöka om en ökad transparens i politiska samarbeten har en effekt på unga vuxna. Experiments material består av ett youtubeklipp där en influencer intervjuar två politiker. Ett och samma grundmaterial visas i tre olika experimentgrupper men där graden av transparens gällande samarbets innebörd varierar. I den första experimentgruppen inkluderas ingen vidare information i transparensmeddelandet. I den andra gruppen kommer transparensmeddeladet informera om att videon är ett samarbete mellan influencern och de medverkande parti-representanterna. I den tredje gruppen kommer det tydligt framgå att det är ett betalt samarbete mellan ett politiskt parti och en influencer samt att politikernas medverkan är en del i deras PR-kampanjer inför valet. Uppsatsens frågeställningar lyder: I vilken utsträckning går det att urskilja ett samband mellan grad av transparens och publikens kritiska tänkande? , I vilken utsträckning går det att urskilja ett samband mellan grad av transparens och samarbetets trovärdighet? samt i vilken utsträckning har politisk lutning en påverkan på resultatet?  Resultatet i studien visar att en ökad transparens vid politiska samarbeten underlättar för publiken att ställa sig kritisk till medieinnehållet de möter. När transparensen ökar uppvisade respondenterna en högre grad av kritiskt tänkande. Det gick dock inte att statistiskt fastställa transparensens effekt på materialets trovärdighet. Däremot gick det att urskilja ett tydligt samband mellan politisk lutning och studiens resultat.

Demokrati som politiskt system är aldrig stabilare än det stöd det har hos befolkningen.Samtidigt visar studier att Sverige upplever en anmärkningsvärd minskning i stödet för demokrati bland de yngre medborgarna. Mot bakgrund av detta utforskas i denna studie vilken betydelse den demokratimodell som ett politiskt beslut fattas enligt har för ungas stöd gentemotden politiska beslutsprocessen. Därigenom dras slutsatser om möjliga alternativ för att reformera den representativa modellen genom att antingen förstärka eller försvaga demokratin.Detta undersöks genom ett surveyexperiment (N=134) med respondenter i åldern 18-29 år.Respondenterna fick svara på en enkät om deras attityd gentemot en politisk beslutsprocess där politikerna hade fattat beslutet antingen utifrån resultatet av en nationell folkomröstning,digitala deliberativa möten eller en expertgruppsutrednings slutsatser. En blygsam effekt av demokratimodell på stöd för beslutsprocessen uppmättes, men där expertdemokrati uppvisade en signifikant starkare effekt på stödet för beslutsmetoden jämfört med direkt demokrati. / Democracy as a political system is never more stable than the support it enjoys among the mass public. At the same time, studies show that Sweden currently experiences a remarkable decrease in democratic support among its´ younger citizens. This study examines if the model of democracy that a political decision is made according to, affect young people’s support for the political decision-making process and thus explores possible avenues for reforming the representative model by either strengthening or weakening democracy. This is investigated through a survey experiment (N = 134) among respondents aged 18 to 29 years old. The respondents were asked to answer a survey about their attitudestowards a political decision, where the politicians had grounded their decision in either the result of a national referendum, digital deliberative meetings, or the conclusion by a group of experts. Modest effects of democracy models on support for the decision-making process were found. However, expert democracy had a significantly stronger effect on support for the decision method compared to direct democracy.

"The best way to manage a crisis is to prevent one" (Coombs, 2019, p.19). A statement that in its simplicity is extremely powerful. However, today's digitalized society has contributed to the rapid dissemination of information and scrutiny of content that has complicated the management of crises. Because of the cancel culture that exists today on social media, it is therefore particularly important for actors with large followings to have the right conditions for managing crises. The actors who have the greatest impact on the public through social media, and who are therefore portrayed as almost omnipotent in terms of trust, are influencers (Hudders, 2020). This has put them in a very risky position in terms of being subject to crises. Despite this, there are currently no crisis strategies adapted for influencers, but the research that exists is based on an organizational perspective. From this, an interest was born to investigate whether the organization-centered crisis communication strategies are applicable to influencers, or whether there is a need to design a new model adapted for them. The aim of the study is therefore to examine the effect on trust depending on whether the sender of a crisis message is an organization or an influencer. The study is guided by the following question: - What, if any, effect does a crisis message have on recipients' trust linked to the concept's dimensions a) benevolence, b) integrity, c) competence/ability, d) reliability and e) openness/transparency, depending on whether the sender is an organization or an influencer? Based on PR research on organization-centered crisis communication theories, relationship building between influencers and their followers, and organizations and their stakeholders, and finally research on trust, an experiment has been conducted to answer the study's purpose and questions. The experiment consists of two experimental groups that took part in two equivalent crises followed by identical crisis messages. The sender of these crisis messages, and in other words the experiment's stimuli, consists of a fictitious influencer and a fictitious organization. This is in order to measure the recipients' perceived trust in the different groups after they have received the crisis message. The result of the study showed that the actor behind a crisis message has no effect on the recipients' perceived trust based on the five trust dimensions measured by the study. The conclusion of the study thus states that within the framework of trust influence, there is no indication that there is a need to develop crisis management strategies adapted for influencers. Instead, they seem to be able to use the strategies and theories that are basically developed for organizational crisis management. / ”Det bästa sättet att hantera en kris, är att förebygga den” (Coombs, 2019, s.19, översatt till svenska). Ett yttrande som i sin enkelhet är oerhört slagkraftigt. Men dagens digitaliserade samhälle har bidragit till snabb informationsspridning och granskning av innehåll som har försvårat hanteringen av kriser. Med anledning av den cancel kultur som finns idag på sociala medier blir det därför extra viktigt att som aktör med stor följarskara ha rätt förutsättningar för att hantera kriser. De aktörer som innehar störst påverkan på allmänheten genom sociala medier, och som därav nästintill framställs som allsmäktiga i fråga om förtroendeinnehav, är influencers (Hudders, 2020). Det här är något som försatt dem i en mycket riskutsatt position vad gäller att bli föremål för kriser. Trots det finns det idag inga krisstrategier anpassade för influencers, utan den forskning som finns utgår från ett organisatoriskt perspektiv. Ur detta föddes ett intresse att undersöka huruvida de organisationscentrerade kriskommunikationsstrategierna är applicerbara på influencers, eller om det finns ett behov av att utforma en ny modell anpassad för dem. Studiens syfte är därför att undersöka effekten på förtroende beroende på om avsändaren av ett krismeddelande är en organisation eller en influencer. Studien leds av följande frågeställning: - Vilken, om någon, effekt har ett krismeddelande på mottagarnas förtroende kopplat till begreppets dimensioner a) välvilja, b) integritet, c) kompetens/förmåga, d) pålitlighet och e) öppenhet/transparens, beroende på om avsändaren är en organisation eller en influencer?  Med avstamp i PR-forskningen gällande organisationscentrerade kriskommunikationsteorier, relationsskapande mellan influencers och dess följare, samt organisationer och dess intressenter, och slutligen forskning inom förtroende, så har ett experiment utförts för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställning. Experimentet består av två experimentgrupper som tagit del av två likvärdiga kriser som följs av identiska krismeddelanden. Avsändaren av dessa krismeddelanden, och med andra ord experimentets stimuli, utgörs av en fiktiv influencer och en fiktiv organisation. Detta för att kunna mäta mottagarnas upplevda förtroende i de olika grupperna efter att de tagit del av krismeddelandet. Resultatet av studien visade att aktören bakom ett krismeddelande inte har någon effekt på mottagarnas upplevda förtroende baserat på de fem förtroendedimensioner som studien mäter. Studiens slutsats konstaterar därmed att det inom ramen för förtroendepåverkan inte tyder på att det finns ett behov av att utveckla krishanteringsstrategier anpassade för influencers. Istället verkar de kunna använda sig av de strategier och teorier som i grunden är utvecklade för organisatorisk krishantering.

While traumatic aortic injury (TAI) and rupture (TAR) continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in motor vehicle accidents, its underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. Different mechanisms such as increase in intraluminal pressure, relative movement of aorta with respect to mediastinal structures, direct impact to bony structures have been proposed as contributing factors to TAI/TAR. At the tissue level, TAI is assumed to be the result of a complex state of supra-physiological, high rate, and multi-axial loading. A major step to gain insight into the mechanisms of TAI is a characterization of the aortic tissue mechanical and failure properties under loading conditions that resemble traumatic events. While the mechanical behavior of arteries in physiological conditions have been investigated by many researchers, this dissertation was motivated by the scarcity of reported data on supra-physiological and high rate loading conditions of aorta. Material properties of the porcine aortic tissue were characterized and a Fung-type constitutive model was developed based on ex-vivo inflation-extension of aortic segments with intraluminal pressures covering a range from physiological to supra-physiological (70 kPa). The convexity of the material constitutive model was preserved to ensure numerical stability. The increase in ë_è from physiological pressure (13 kPa) to 70 kPa was 13% at the outer wall and 22% at the inner wall while in this pressure range, the longitudinal stretch ratio ë_z increased 20%. A significant nonlinearity in the material behavior was observed as in the same pressure range, the circumferential and longitudinal Cauchy stresses at the inner wall were increased 16 and 18 times respectively. The effect of strain-rate on the mechanical behavior and failure properties of the tissue was characterized using uniaxial extension experiments in circumferential and longitudinal directions at nominal strain rates of 0.3, 3, 30 and 400 s-1. Two distinct states of failure initiation (FI) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were identified at both directions. Explicit direct relationships were derived between FI and UTS stresses and strain rate. On the other hand, FI and UTS strains were rate independent and therefore strain was proposed as the main mechanism of failure. On average, engineering strain at FI was 0.85±0.03 for circumferential direction and 0.58±0.02 for longitudinal direction. The engineering strain at UTS was not different between the two directions and reached 0.89±0.03 on average. Tissue pre-failure linear moduli showed an average of 60% increase over the range of strain rates. Using the developed material model, mechanical stability of aorta was studied by varying the loading parameters for two boundary conditions, namely pinned-pinned boundary condition (PPBC) and clamped-clamped boundary condition (CCBC). The critical pressure for CCBC was three times higher than PPBC. It was shown that the relatively free segment of aorta at the isthmus region may become unstable before reaching the peak intraluminal pressures that occur during a trauma. The mechanical instability mechanism was proposed as a contributing factor to TAI, where elevations in tissue stresses and strains due to buckling may increase the risk of injury. / Mechanical Engineering

Die Hütte ist ein modernes Symbol für den Traum von einem ›alternativen‹ Leben. Sie verspricht denjenigen Vereinfachung und Entschleunigung, die die Freiheit besitzen, sich zu beschränken. Deshalb geben fiktionale Hütten Auskunft darüber, was eine Gesellschaft an sich selbst letztlich überflüssig findet. Darüber hinaus etabliert sich die Hütte im Rahmen der industriellen Revolution als Labor für Beziehungsweisen zwischen Menschen, aber auch zwischen Menschen und Nicht-Menschen. Ausgehend von den Paradigmen der Hütten-Imagination seit dem 19. Jahrhundert untersucht dieser Artikel drei Romane, die die Hütte nutzen, um experimentelle Kontaktszenen zu erkunden. Indem sie generische Konventionen an entscheidenden Stellen verschieben, können sie den zugleich kulturkritischen und sentimentalen Hüttentraum stören und in Frage stellen. Marlen Haushofers Die Wand, Laura Beattys Pollard und Céline Minards Le grand jeu produzieren vielmehr ein Wissen, dass seine epistemischen Bedingungen als epistemologische und kulturelle Inszenierung mitdenkt. / The cabin is a modern symbol for the dream of an ›alternative‹ life. It offers simplification and deceleration to those who are free to limit themselves. Fictional cabins therefore speak of the things a society deems actually superfluous. Moreover, during the industrial revolution cabins became a laboratory for ways of relating to humans and non-humans alike. Beginning with the paradigms of the history of cabin-imaginaries, this article reads three novels which use cabins to conduct experimental contact scenes. By displacing crucial generic conventions, the novels disrupt and challenge the equally sentimental cultural criticism of more typical cabin-dreams. Thus, Marlen Haushofer’s Die Wand, Laura Beatty’s Pollard und Céline Minard’s Le grand jeu produce knowledge that reflects its own conditions as the effect of an epistemological and cultural mise-en-scène.

Challenges addressed in global politics, such as climate change, maritime piracy and fighting highly contagious diseases, concern global public goods. The related policy decisions are primarily made by teams. In contrast, economic models of global public goods typically assume a single rational decision maker. We use a laboratory experiment to compare team decisions to the decisions of individuals in a finitely repeated public goods game with and without a costly punishment option. Teams of three participants coordinate on decisions either by majority or unanimity rule. We find that, in the absence of a punishment option, teams deciding by the unanimity rule contribute slightly more than individuals. With the punishment option, unanimity teams choose significantly lower levels of punishment and exhibit anti-social punishment less frequently than individuals. A possible explanation is the elimination of extreme preferences for punishment through the coordination process in teams.

Syftet med studien är att lyfta variationen i sätt fenomenet kemi, uppfattas och erfars av barn i förskolan vid olika undervisningstillfällen samt hur dessa uppfattningar kan bidra till hur kemi som lärandeobjekt kan utvecklas. Studien som genomförts tar inspiration i från fenomenografin samt variationsteorin där bland annat begreppen lärandeobjekt och urskiljning valdes ut för att skapa en djupare förståelse för barns beskrivningar. Den metod som valdes till studien var en semistrukturerad intervju och i studien deltog sammanlagt fem barn i blandade åldrar som fick delta i experimentet under introduktionstillfällen och uppföljningstillfälle. Under experimentets gång fanns vi studenter med och aktivt ställde frågor för att uppnå resultat på våra frågeställningar. Studiens resultat visar att de yngre barnen använder analogier för att beskriva experimentet medan de äldre barnen i större utsträckning använder direkta beskrivningar. Vidare visar studiens resultat att inga större förändringar har skett i barnens beskrivningar mellan introduktionstillfällena och uppföljningstillfället, dock kunde vi, studenter, se att barnen uppmärksammade begrepp som vi, studenter, lyfte under introduktionstillfällena som de sedan i sin tur själva lyfte under uppföljningstillfället. Slutligen kan vi, studenter, inte dra en generell slutsats om barns beskrivningar om kemiska reaktioner på grund av litet urval, dock kan studien visa mönster att de äldre barnen som medverkade i studien i större utsträckning använde sig av direkta beskrivningar medan de yngre barnen mestadels använde sig av analogier. Dock visade studiens resultat att både de yngre och äldre barnen urskilde egenskaper i experimentet kopplat till tidigare erfarenheter. / The purpose of the study is to highlight the variation in ways the phenomenon of chemistry is perceived and experienced by children in preschool at different teaching times and how these perceptions can contribute to how chemistry as a learning object can be developed. The study that has been carried out takes inspiration from phenomenography and variation theory where the concepts of learning objects and discernment were chosen to create a deeper understanding of children's descriptions. The method chosen for the study was a semi-structured interview and a total of five children of mixed ages participated in the study, in both introduction session and follow-up session. During the experiment, we, students, were involved and actively asked questions to achieve results on our questions. The result of the study shows that the younger children use analogies to describe the experiment, while the older children to a greater extent use direct descriptions. Furthermore, the result of the study shows that no major changes has taken place in the children's descriptions between the introduction sessions and the follow-up session, however, we, students, observed that the children paid attention to concepts that we, students, raised during the introduction sessions, which they used themselves during the follow-up session. At last, we, students, cannot draw a general conclusion about children's descriptions of chemical reactions due to a small selection, however, the study can show patterns that the older children who participated in the study to a greater extent used direct descriptions while the younger children mostly used analogies. However, the results of the study showed that both the younger and older children distinguished characteristics in the experiment linked to previous experiences.

Experimentieren in der vorliegenden Arbeit bedeutet, Experimente auf der Basis von computerbasierten Modellen durchzuführen, wobei diese Modelle Struktur, Verhalten und Umgebung eines Systems abstrahiert beschreiben. Aus verschiedenen Gründen untersucht man stellvertretend für das System ein Modell dieses Systems. Systematisches Experimentieren bei Variation der Modelleingabeparameterbelegung führt in der Regel zu sehr vielen, potentiell lang andauernden Experimenten, die geplant, dokumentiert, automatisiert ausgeführt, überwacht und ausgewertet werden müssen. Häufig besteht dabei das Problem, dass dem Experimentator (der üblicherweise kein Informatiker ist) adäquate Ausdrucksmittel fehlen, um seine Experimentier-Prozesse formal zu beschreiben, so dass sie von einem Computersystem automatisiert ausgeführt werden können. Dabei müssen Verständlichkeit, Nachnutzbarkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit gewahrt werden. Der neue Ansatz besteht darin, generelle Experimentier-Workflow-Konzepte als Spezialisierung von Scientific-Workflows zu identifizieren und diese als eine metamodellbasierte Domain-Specific-Language (DSL) zu formalisieren, die hier als Experimentation-Language (ExpL) bezeichnet wird. ExpL beinhaltet allgemeine Workflow-Konzepte und erlaubt das Modellieren von Experimentier-Workflows auf einer frameworkunabhängigen, konzeptuellen Ebene. Dadurch werden die Nachnutzbarkeit und das Publizieren von Experimentier-Workflows nicht mehr durch die Gebundenheit an ein spezielles Framework behindert. ExpL wird immer in einer konkreten Experimentierdomäne benutzt, die spezifische Anforderungen an Konfigurations- und Auswertemethoden aufweist. Um mit dieser Domänenspezifik umzugehen, wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, diese beiden Aspekte separat in zwei weiteren, abhängigen Domain-Specific-Languages (DSLs) zu behandeln: für Konfiguration und Auswertung. / Experimentation in my work means performing experiments based on computer-based models, which describe system structure and behaviour abstractly. Instead of the system itself models of the system will be explored due to several reasons. Systematic experimentation using model input parameter variation assignments leads to lots of possibly long-running experiments that must be planned, documented, automated executed, monitored and evaluated. The problem is, that experimenters (who are usually not computer scientists) miss the proper means of expressions (e. g., to express variations of parameter assignments) to describe experimentation processes formally in a way, that allows their automatic execution by a computer system while preserving reproducibility, re-usability and comprehension. My approach is to identify general experimentation workflow concepts as a specialization of a scientific workflow and formalize them as a meta-model-based domain-specific language (DSL) that I call experimentation language (ExpL). experimentation language (ExpL) includes general workflow concepts like control flow and the composition of activities, and some new declarative language elements. It allows modeling of experimentation workflows on a framework-independent, conceptional level. Hence, re-using and sharing the experimentation workflow with other scientists is not limited to a particular framework anymore. ExpL is always being used in a specific experimentation domain that has certain specifics in configuration and evaluation methods. Addressing this, I propose to separate the concerns and use two other, dependent domain-specific languages (DSLs) additionally for configuration and evaluation.

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