• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 41
  • 9
  • 4
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 61
  • 61
  • 31
  • 17
  • 8
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 6
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Paracoccidioidomicose: estudo experimental em Calomys callosus

Berbert, Alceu Luiz Camargo Villela 15 January 2010 (has links)
Paracoccidioidomycosis is one of the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America, including Brazil. It is caused by chronic infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a thermally dimorphic fungus. Calomys callosus, Rengger 1830 (Rodentia, Cricetidae), is a wild rodent found in Central Brazil and has been shown to be susceptible to experimental infection with P. brasiliensis. The objective of this work was to study the clinicopathological aspects of this experimental infection in Calomys. callosus infected with 0.6 x 105 yeast isolated from P. brasiliensis (strain Pb18) and to compare it with two others susceptible animals: A / Sn and B10.A mice. For this, five animals from each group were sacrificed at 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days post inoculation (d.p.i.). Samples of the lung, liver and spleen were processed for mycological examination to determine the number of counts of colony forming units (CFU) as well as for histopathological examination using hematoxilyn and eosin (H&E), reticulin Gomori, trichromic (Masson), and Grocott´s stains. Blood samples from each mice were collected from orbital venous plexus and used to detect IgG and IgM specific anti-P. brasiliensis by ELISA. To determine of survival post-infection, others eight animals from each group was used. The mortality rate was higher in C. callosus than A / Sn and B10.A mice, being all deaths occurring up to 118 d.p.i. IgM levels tended to rise in all groups, but in B10.A mice and Calomys callosus groups, the level of IgG was significantly elevated during the all experimental period. Granulomatous lesions were observed in the roots of all animal groups and all granulomas were composed by Langhans giant cells, epithelioid cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and necrosis. In C. callosus, the development of granulomas in lung was observed with 15 d.p.i. and exhibited extensive necrosis, especially at the end of the experiment. The presence of granulomas in liver was detected with seven d.p.i. in all animals, but the extensive necrosis was observed especially in samples of Calomys callosus. Similar pattern was also observed in spleen samples. In addition, in Calomys callosus the granulomatous lesions were more extensive in lung and spleen than in liver. The assessment of differential deposition of collagen showed that in Calomys callosus and B10.A the lesions were predominantly composed by collagen type III, although in B10.A animals a predominance of collagen type I was observed without, however, exceed the levels observed for collagen type III at the end of the experiment. On the other hand, the levels of collagen were lower in A / Sn mice than Calomys callosus and B10.A. and, apparently, it was not identified in the lung. On the other hand, in this group was observed a tendency to increase the deposition of collagen type I in the liver at the end of experiment. Callomys callosus showed a higher number of CFU in the three organs studied, especially in the lungs. The proportion of viable fungi in liver, lung and spleen was always higher in Calomys callosus than A / Sn and B10.A and tend to increase in liver and lung during the infection progression with the presence of budding fungi. Conclusions: Ours results indicate that the experimental infection by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb18) was more aggressive and widespread in Calomys callosus than A/Sn and B10, especially in the lung. So, Calomys callosus can be considered as an alternative animal model in studies of paracoccidioidomycosis infection. / Paracoccidioides brasiliensis é um fungo termodimórfico causador da paracoccidioidomicose, a mais prevalente micose profunda e sistêmica da América Latina, ocorrendo principalmente no Brasil. Calomys callosus, Rengger 1830 (Rodentia, Cricetidae), é um roedor selvagem encontrado no Brasil Central, que tem se mostrado susceptível a infecção experimental pelo P. brasiliensis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar aspecctos clínico-patológicos desta infecção em C. callosus inoculados com 0,6 x 105 leveduras de P. brasiliensis, cepa Pb18, comparando-o aos camundongos A/Sn e B10.A. Cinco animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados aos 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias pós inóculo (d.p.i.), e fragmentos dos pulmões, fígado e baço foram processados para exame micológico direto, cultura em Mycosel, contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC), e para exame histopatológico, através das colorações de hematoxilina e eosina, reticulina de Gomori, tricrômico de Masson, metenamina prata de Gomori-Grocott. Sangue foi coletado do plexo venoso orbital para realização de ELISA e dosagem de IgG e IgM específicos anti-P. brasiliensis. Outro grupo, contendo oito animais de cada espécie, foi usado para observação da sobrevida pós-infecção. A mortalidade foi maior em C. callosus, com todas as mortes ocorrendo até os 118 d.p.i. Os níveis de IgM mostraram tendência a elevação nos três grupos avaliados. Os camundongos B10.A e Calomys callosus mostraram tendência a elevação dos níveis de IgG, observada durante o período experimental. Lesões granulomatosas foram observadas nos órgãos analisados dos três grupos de animais testados, constituídos por células gigantes tipo Langhans, células epitelióides, macrófagos, linfócitos, plasmócitos, eosinófilos e necrose. Nos pulmões os granulomas foram mais precocemente observados em Calomys callosus (15 d.p.i.), evoluindo com maior presença de necrose no final do experimento. O fígado mostrou granulomas já aos sete d.p.i. em todos os animais, sendo mais necrosante em Calomys callosus. Padrão semelhante foi observado também para o baço. Em todos os órgãos analisados, as lesões granulomatosas foram mais extensas em Calomys callosus no pulmão e no baço, ocupando aos 90 d.p.i. respectivamente, 90% e 70% dos parênquimas examinados, sendo mais reduzida no fígado. Em relação à avaliação da deposição diferencial de colágeno, observou-se que as lesões em Calomys callosus e B10.A tiveram predominantemente deposição de colágeno tipo III. No fígado e baço dos animais B10.A identificou-se deposição crescente de colágeno tipo I, sem entretanto superar os níveis observados para o colágeno tipo III, até o final do experimento. Nos camundongos A/Sn os níveis de colágeno depositados foram mais baixos, comparativamente aos outros animais, não sendo aparentemente identificados nas lesões pulmonares, mostrando tendência a aumento de deposição de colágeno tipo I, nos períodos finais do experimento, verificado no fígado. Calomys callosus apresentaram maior número de UFC nos três órgãos estudados, especialmente nos pulmões. As proporções de fungos viáveis identificadas nos diferentes órgãos de Calomys callosus foram maiores que aquelas observadas nos outros animais, tendendo a aumento no fígado e pulmões, com o transcorrer da infecção, ocorrendo o mesmo em relação aos brotamentos fúngicos. Conclusões: A infecção experimental produzida pela inoculação de 0,6 x 105 leveduras de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, cepa virulenta Pb18 produziu a doença no C. callosus, que sob o ponto de vista clínico-patológico foi mais grave e disseminada do que a observada nos modelos murinos de susceptibilidade e de resistência, sobretudo nos pulmões. Calomys callosus pode ser considerado como modelo animal alternativo no estudo da paracoccidioidomicose infecção. / Doutor em Imunologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas
52

Reinfecção experimental de camundongos Balb/c por cepas geneticamente distintas de Toxoplasma gondii / Experimental reinfection of Balb/c mice by genetically distinct strains of Toxoplasma gondii

Talita Caroline Coelho dos Santos 08 January 2018 (has links)
A infecção por Toxoplasma gondii, em hospedeiros imunocompetentes, resulta no desenvolvimento de anticorpos específicos e resposta imune celular que, frequentemente, induzem imunidade protetora e duradoura, prevenindo reinfecção. Entretanto, casos de toxoplasmose congênita em mulheres imunocompetentes em fase crônica de infecção indicam a possibilidade de reinfecção em humanos. Em modelos experimentais, reinfecção por T.gondii já foi descrita em casos de infecção por cepa de genótipo distinto ao da infecção primária e por cepas recombinantes, porém os estudos envolvendo genótipos clonais, em modelo murino, restringem-se à utilização de cepas do genótipo II na infecção primária, com desafio subsequente por cepas do mesmo genótipo, ou dos genótipos I e III, com ausência de informações sobre as cepas do tipo III, que correspondem ao genótipo de maior frequência e distribuição mundial. Procuramos explorar vários modelos de infecção sequencial com cepas clonais dos tipos I, II e III, buscando dados mais consistentes para compreensão dos seguintes questionamentos: (i) A infecção primária por um genótipo de T.gondii é capaz de proteger o hospedeiro da reinfecção por genótipo distinto? (ii) A imunidade induzida pela infecção primária pode prevenir a progressão da infecção causada pela cepa secundária, impedindo doença aguda e mortalidade dos animais? (iii) A imunidade da infecção primária previne a colonização do cérebro por cistos teciduais da cepa secundária? Nossos dados mostram que a imunidade induzida pela infecção primária por cepas clonais de T.gondii não protege o hospedeiro da reinfecção por cepa de genótipo distinto, já que foram detectados anticorpos contra as cepas das infecções primária e secundária em todos os modelos propostos. Somente a imunidade induzida pela infecção primária por cepa do tipo III foi capaz de prevenir a progressão da infecção secundária causada pelas cepas do tipo I e do tipo II, impedindo a mortalidade e colonização do cérebro dos animais por cistos teciduais da cepa secundária. Esses achados são extremamente importantes para auxiliar estudos vacinais e terapêuticos da toxoplasmose. / Toxoplasma gondii infection in immunocompetent hosts results in the development of specific antibodies and cellular immune responses that often induce protective and lifelong immunity, preventing reinfection. However, cases of congenital toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent women at a chronic phase of infection indicate the possibility of reinfection in humans. In experimental models, reinfection by T.gondii has been described in cases of infection by genotype distinct from that of primary infection and by recombinant strains, but studies involving clonal genotypes in the murine model are restricted to the use of type II genotype in primary infection, with subsequent challenge by strains of the same genotype, or genotypes I and III, without information about type III strains, which correspond to the genotype with the highest frequency and worldwide distribution. We explore several models of sequential infection with clonal strains of types I, II and III, looking for more consistent data to understand the following questions: (i) Primary infection by a T.gondii genotype is able to protect the host from reinfection by different genotype? (ii) Does the immunity induced by the primary infection prevent the progression of infection caused by the secondary strain, preventing acute disease and animal mortality? (iii) Does the immunity of primary infection prevent colonization of the brain by tissue cysts of the secondary strain? Our data show that the immunity induced by primary infection by T.gondii clonal strains does not protect the host from reinfection by a distinct genotype strain, since antibodies against the strains of primary and secondary infections were detected in all proposed models. Only the immunity induced by the primary infection by type III strain was able to prevent the progression of the secondary infection caused by type I and type II strains, preventing the mortality and colonization of the brains of the animals by tissue cysts of the secondary strain. These findings are extremely important to support vaccine and therapeutic studies of toxoplasmosis.
53

Padronização de uma Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR) para detecção do herpesvírus equino tipo 1 em tecidos incluídos em parafina / Standardization of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Equine Herpesvirus type 1 detection in Paraffin-Embeded Tissues

Camila Oliveira do Prado 26 September 2011 (has links)
O Herpesvírus equino tipo -1 (EHV-1) pertence ao gênero Varicellovírus da subfamília Alphaherpesvirinae pertencente à Família Herpesviridae. É um vírus envelopado, de DNA linear fita dupla, composto por 76 genes distintos. O EHV-1 é responsável por grandes prejuízos econômicos na equinocultura mundial. Responsável por doença neonatal fatal, mieloencefalopatia, rinopneumonite e abortamento, encontra-se amplamente distribuído pela população equina do território nacional. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de padronizar uma reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) para detecção do EHV-1 em tecidos incluídos em parafina a fim de permitir estudos retrospectivos em arquivos de amostras histopatológicas. Assim, foram inoculados experimentalmente 12 camundongos com 21 dias de idade da linhagem CH3/Rockfeller com três diferentes isolados de EHV-1, dois provenientes da Argentina e um do Brasil. Esses animais foram observados por quatro dias e, após sacrifício por sobre dose de uma associação de ketamina e xilazina, foram submetidos à necropsia e colhidos o pulmão e sistema nervoso central (SNC). Os órgãos colhidos foram divididos em duas partes aproximadamente iguais: uma mantida a -20ºC até processamento e a outra fixada em formalina 10% tamponada e posteriormente incluída em parafina. A extração foi realizada com nove fragmentos contínuos de 4µm cada, a partir do protocolo de extração com proteinase K/ fenol/ clorofórmio. Foi realizada avaliação da sensibilidade analítica da PCR com oito diluições na base 10 para os três isolados utilizados. A amplificação do DNA viral foi realizada utilizando primers direcionados para a ORF64. A fim de descartar a eventual presença de inibidores da reação de PCR e assegurar a adequada extração de DNA, foram incluídos primers direcionados para o gene da beta-actina. A PCR mostrou-se capaz de amplificar DNA viral alvo numa diluição de até 10-5, sendo positiva entre 10-1 a 10-2 DICT50/25µL. Com a PCR padronizada, foi possível detectar o DNA do EHV-1 em: a) 100% (12/12) das amostras de pulmão congeladas e 100% (12/12) das amostras de pulmão incluídas em parafina; b) em 91% (11/12) das amostras de SNC congeladas e 41% (5/12) das amostras de SNC incluídas em parafina. A aplicação da PCR padronizada em uma coleção de amostras incluídas em parafina do Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica do IB/SP, colhidas de cinco casos de abortamento em equinos, revelou que o DNA do EHV-1 foi detectado em: a) um caso em que originalmente foi possível isolar o EHV-1; b) em 4/4 amostras que revelaram-se originalmente negativas. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que a PCR padronizada teve bom desempenho na detecção de DNA viral em amostras incluídas em parafina de animais experimentalmente infectados e, provavelmente, uma sensibilidade diagnóstica mais elevada que os métodos utilizados para o diagnóstico do EHV-1 na coleção de amostras de equino testada. / The equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) belongs to Varicellovírus genus, Alphaherpesvirinae subfamíly of the Herpesviridae Famíly. It is an enveloped virus, double stranded linear DNA, composed of 76 distinct genes. The EHV-1 is responsible for great losses in horsebread world. Responsible for neonatal death, mieloencephalopaty, rinopneumonite and abortion, it is widely distributed into brasilian equine population. The purpose of this study was to standardize a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for EHV-1detection in paraffin- embedded tissues allowing retrospective studies based on the collection histopatological samples. Thus, 12 mice (CH3/Rockfeller) with 21 days of age were inoculated with 3 different isolates of EHV-1, 2 from Argentina and one from Brazil. These mice were observed for 4 days and, after sacrifice by overdose of a combination of ketamine and xylazina, it were subjected to necropsy and collected the lung and central nervous system (SNC). The collected tissues were divided into 2 approximately equal parts: 1one stored at -20ºC until processing, and another set at 10% buffering formalin and later paraffin-embedded. The extraction was performed with continuous 9 fragments of 4µm each, using the extration protocol with proteinase K/ fenol/ clorofórmio. The assessment of analytical sensitivity of PCR were determined using 8 dilutions for all 3 virus isolates. The viral DNA amplification was performed using primers targeted to ORF64. In order to rule out the possible presence of PCR inhibitors and to ensure adequate extraction of DNA, primers directed to the gene for beta-actin were included It was possible to amplify viral DNA until 10-5 dilution, corresponding to 10-1 to 10-2 DICT50/25µL. With the standardized PCR, it was possible to detect the EHV-1 DNA in: a) 100% (12/12) of lung frozen sample and 100% (12/12) of the paraffin-embedded lung; b) 91% (11/12) of the frozen CNS and 41% (5/12) CNS paraffin-embedded. Moreover, the standardized PCR was tested in a collection of paraffin-embedded specimens from Pathological Anatomy Laboratory od Biological Institute Sao Paulo State, taken 5 cases of the abortion in horses. It were possible to detect EHV-1 DNA in: a) 1 sample from a case in that originally was possible to isolate the EHV-1, b) 4/4 sample originally negative diagnosed. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that the standardized PCR performed well for detection viral DNA in paraffin-embedded tissues of experimentally infected animals, and probably a higher diagnostic sensitivity than the methods used for diagnosis of EHV-1 in the collection samples tissues tested for equine.
54

Contribution des anophèles à la transmission de Plasmodium falciparum et de Plasmodium vivax à Madagascar. Mise en place d'une plateforme expérimentale pour l'étude de leur compétence vectorielle / Contribution of anopheles to the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in Madagascar. Establishment of an experimental platform for the study of their vectorial competence

Goupeyou Youmsi, Jessy Marlène 05 October 2018 (has links)
Le paludisme demeure un problème de santé majeur en Afrique subsaharienne. Le nombre limité d'antipaludiques, l’apparition de résistances et l’absence d’un vaccin efficace, font de la lutte anti-vectorielle (LAV) la principale stratégie préventive de cette maladie. Les méthodes actuelles de LAV visant à limiter ou à interrompre le développement du parasite chez le moustique vecteur, il est donc nécessaire d’améliorer notre compréhension des interactions entre le vecteur Anopheles, son environnement et le parasite Plasmodium. A Madagascar, Anopheles gambiae s.l. et Anopheles funestus sont les vecteurs majeurs de Plasmodium falciparum et de Plasmodium vivax. Anopheles mascarensis, espèce endémique, peut également être un vecteur important. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif premier de ma thèse a été d’approfondir les connaissances sur An. mascarensis à travers une revue. Les données collectées plaident davantage qu’An. mascarensis est un complexe d'espèces et permettent de poser les bases pour une analyse moléculaire ciblée. En parallèle, j’ai contribué à la mise en place de la première plateforme expérimentale de Madagascar pour infecter des anophèles par P. falciparum et P. vivax, afin d’évaluer leur compétence vectorielle. Enfin, en associant entomologie et immuno-parasitologie, nous avons analysé la contribution des vecteurs à la transmission du paludisme dans deux villages adjacents. L’ensemble des travaux réalisés durant de ma thèse contribue à une meilleure connaissance de la diversité de la transmission du paludisme à Madagascar. De plus, la mise en place de la plateforme expérimentale d’infection permettra l’analyse de la compétence des populations d’anophèles vecteurs. / Malaria remains a major health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. The limited number of antimalarial drugs, the emergence of resistances and the lack of an effective vaccine, make vector control the main preventive strategy for this disease. Current methods of vector control aim at limiting or interrupting parasite development in the vector mosquito. It is therefore necessary to improve our understanding on interactions between the Anopheles vector, its environment and the parasite Plasmodium. In Madagascar, Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus are the major vectors of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Anopheles mascarensis, an endemic species, may also be an important vector. In this context, the main objective of my PhD was to deepen the knowledge on An. mascarensis through a review. The data collected indicate that An. mascarensis is a complex of sibling species. I could thus provide the foundation for targeted molecular analysis. In parallel, in order to evaluate their vector competence, I contributed in a major way to the establishment of the first experimental platform of Madagascar to infect anopheline mosquitoes by P. falciparum and P. vivax. Finally, combining entomology and immuno-parasitology, we analysed the contribution of vectors to malaria transmission in two neighbouring villages. All the work done during my PhD contributes to a better knowledge of the diversity of malaria transmission in Madagascar, especially on the effective contribution of the different vector species. In addition, the establishment of the experimental platform for infections will further allow the analysis of the competence of vector Anopheles populations.
55

Untersuchung verschiedener in Sachsen angewandter Impfstrategien zur Vorbeugung der Salmonella Enteritidis-Infektion in Legehennenbeständen

Käser, Cornelia 03 July 2012 (has links)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde einerseits der Verlauf der Schutzwirkung der zurzeit in Sachsens Legehennenbeständen überwiegend angewandten Impfschemata gegen Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) untersucht. Andererseits wurden die Impfschemata, die ausschließlich modifizierte Lebendimpfstoffe (MLV) umfassen, und Impfschemata, die aus einer Kombination von MLV und Inaktivatimpfstoffen (KV) bestehen, auf Unterschiede in der Wirksamkeit geprüft. Um die Wirksamkeit der Impfschemata im Verlauf der Legeperiode und im Vergleich miteinander untersuchen zu können, wurden zu drei verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Legeperiode (39., 54. und 69. Lebenswoche (LW)) Infektionsversuche mit einem Nalidixinsäure-resistenten SE-Stamm durchgeführt. Es wurden insgesamt 180 Legehennen verwendet, die in fünf verschiedenen Herkunftsbetrieben etwa gleicher Größe aufgezogen und geimpft worden waren. In jedem der Herkunftsbetriebe wurde eines von fünf Impfschemata (A bis E) angewendet. Die Impfschemata A und C beinhalteten ausschließlich MLV, die Impfschemata B, D und E eine Kombination aus MLV und KV. Zu den genannten Zeitpunkten (39., 54. und 69. LW) wurden jeweils zwölf Tiere aus den Betrieben in den Infektionsstall des Instituts für Tierhygiene und Öffentliches Veterinärwesen verbracht und eingestallt. Nach der Adaptionsphase von einer Woche und der Prüfung der Tiere auf Salmonellenfreiheit wurde jedes Tier mit 1,0 x109 KbE SE oral infiziert. Zwei und sieben Tage post infectionem (p.inf). wurden jeweils sechs Hennen euthanasiert und seziert. Caeca, Leber-, Ovar- und Oviduktproben wurden entnommen und gemäß anerkannter quantitativer und qualitativer Untersuchungsmethoden auf den Infektionsstamm untersucht. Zur Kontrolle der Erregerausscheidung wurden ein, drei und fünf Tage p.inf. Kloakentupferproben von jedem Tier entnommen und entsprechend auf SE untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen variierten in Abhängigkeit von Versuchs- und Sektions- bzw. Kloakentupferentnahmezeitpunkt, untersuchtem Organ sowie quantitativer und qualitativer Untersuchung. Die ausschließlich mit MLV geimpften Gruppen A und C wiesen im Vergleich zu den Gruppen D und E, die mit demselben MLV und zusätzlich mit einem KV geimpft worden waren, in den Kloakentupfer- und Caecumproben in der Regel qualitativ und quantitativ weniger Salmonellen auf. Der Salmonellennachweis in den Leberproben und den vereinzelt besiedelten Reproduktionsorganen variierte nur geringfügig zwischen den Impfgruppen. Da die Tiere der vier Impfgruppen aus jeweils anderen Herkunftsbetrieben stammten, sind haltungsbedingte Unterschiede anzunehmen. Das äußere Erscheinungsbild (Befiederung, Bemuskelung, makroskopische pathologische Veränderungen) und das Sozialverhalten der Tiere variierten, was mit Unterschieden in der Immunität einhergehen kann. Bei den Tieren der Gruppe A bzw. C waren in der 69. LW und in 54. LW, respektive, ein ausgeprägtes kannibalistisches Verhalten und dessen Konsequenzen (reduzierte Wasser- und Futteraufnahme der gepickten Tiere, Hackverletzungen) zu beobachten. Tendenziell waren die Tiere der Gruppen B bis E in der 54. LW stärker mit SE belastet als in der 39. und 69. LW. Ein Einfluss der unter Umständen erhöhten Umgebungstemperaturen in den Betrieben sowie des hohen Leistungsstresses während der mittleren Phase der Legeperiode auf die Immunität der 54 LW alten Tiere, die im August 2010 infiziert wurden, ist nicht auszuschließen. Auch eine sich ausbildende Altersresistenz könnte die bessere Salmonellenabwehr der 69 LW alten Tiere erklären. Tiere der Gruppe A waren jedoch in der 69. LW am stärksten mit SE belastet, was auf ein Nachlassen der durch die Impfung induzierten Immunität und möglicherweise auf den im Vergleich zu den jüngeren Tieren allgemein schwächeren Zustand der Tiere zurückzuführen ist. Die Ergebnisse einer Kontrollgruppe zur Beurteilung der von der Impfung unabhängigen Faktoren fehlen. Da in den sächsischen Legehennenhaltungen aufgrund der hohen Tierzahlen entsprechend der Hühner-Salmonellen Verordnung (Impfpflicht für Betriebe mit mehr als 350 Tieren) gegen SE geimpft wird, hätten zur Bildung einer ungeimpften Kontrollgruppe Tiere aus kleineren Betrieben oder Zuchttierhaltungen mit völlig anderen Haltungsstrukturen verwendet werden müssen. Damit wären die wissenschaftlichen Ansprüche an eine Kontrollgruppe jedoch nicht erfüllt worden. Entsprechend der Ergebnisse und Umstände dieser Studie scheint eine Zusatzimpfung mit einem KV im Vergleich zu einer Impfung mit ausschließlich MLV keinen Vorteil im Schutz vor SE zu bieten. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Immunität der gemäß der Impfschemata B bis E geimpften Legehennen gegen SE am Ende der Legeperiode nicht nachlässt. Die Impfung allein kann den Erreger nicht eliminieren und muss daher stets in ein verantwortungsvolles und vielseitiges Bekämpfungsprogramm integriert werden.
56

PATHOGENITÄTSVERGLEICH VON SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM DT104 - WILDTYP UND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM - DELETIONSMUTANTEN (sseD::aphT & invC::aphT) IN PERSISTENT INFIZIERTEN SCHWEINEN: PATHOGENITÄTSVERGLEICH VON SALMONELLATYPHIMURIUM DT104 - WILDTYP UND SALMONELLATYPHIMURIUM - DELETIONSMUTANTEN (sseD::aphT &invC::aphT) IN PERSISTENT INFIZIERTEN SCHWEINEN

Sigmarsson, Haukur Lindberg 10 July 2012 (has links)
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Haukur Lindberg Sigmarsson PATHOGENITÄTSVERGLEICH VON SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM DT104 - WILDTYP UND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM - DELETIONSMUTANTEN (sseD::aphT & invC::aphT) IN PERSISTENT INFIZIERTEN SCHWEINEN Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium DT104 ist ein gram-negatives Bakterium. Es weist keine Wirtsspezifität auf und gilt als Zoonoseerreger. Jährlich erkranken daran allein in Deutschland mehrere Tausend Menschen unter dem Bild einer schwerwiegenden Diarrhö mit zum Teil tödlichem Ausgang. Das Schwein gilt als eines der Reservoire für S. Typhimurium DT104 des Menschen. S. Typhimurium DT104 gelangt über vom Schwein stammende Produkte in den menschlichen Verzehr. Die Kontrolle von S. Typhimurium DT104 einschließlich effektiver Eradikationsmassnahmen in unseren Schweinebeständen ist deshalb von entscheidender Bedeutung, um den Eintrag dieses Bakteriums in die menschliche Nahrungskette wenn möglich zu eliminieren. Dafür ist das Verständnis über S. Typhimurium DT104 einschließlich der Kenntnis seine Pathogenitätseigenschaften notwendig. Ziel dieser Arbeit waren Untersuchungen zur Pathogenität von S. Typhimurium DT104. Dabei wurden der Wildstamm mit zwei seiner Deletionsmutanten (sseD::aphT und invC::aphT) verglichen. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten im Infektionsversuch an insgesamt 25 sechs Wochen alten männlichen Schweinen, die in einem vollklimatisierten Versuchsstall gehalten wurden. Den Tieren wurde im Anschluss an eine einwöchige Akklimatisierungsphase eines der nachfolgenden Stämme von S. Typhimurium DT104 oral in einer Konzentration von 1 x 1011 KBE verabreicht: Wildtyp (n = 8 Schweine), Deletionsmutante seeD::aphT (n = 8) und Deletionsmutante invC::aphT (n = 9). Bei den Mutanten handelt es sich um Varianten von S. Typhimurium DT104, die an den entsprechenden Abschnitten des Bakteriumgenoms (d.h. sseD-Gen bzw. invC-Gen) deletiert wurden. SseD regelt die Überlebensfähigkeit von S. Typhimurium in Makrophagen, invC dessen Invasionsvermögen. Im Mäusemodel war die Pathogenität beider Mutanten deutlich vermindert. Nach der Infektion schloss sich ein 20 tägiger Beobachtungszeitraum an, während dessen nachfolgend genannte Parameter erfasst bzw. Proben genommen wurden: klinische Symptome (Allgemeinbefinden, Erbrechen, Durchfall, Futteraufnahme, Atmung, Temperatur); Blutentnahme für Erstellung des weißen Blutbildes; Kotentnahme zum Nachweis der Ausscheidung von S. Typhimurium. Einen Tag nach Ende der Beobachtung wurden die Tiere getötet und Proben von insgesamt 15 Organen (unter anderem Tonsille; Colon und Caecum sowie dazugehörige Lymphknoten; Leber; Milz; Muskulatur) genommen. Kot sowie Gewebeproben wurden kulturell und wenn positiv auch mittels PCR untersucht. Alle mit dem Wildtyp infizierten Schweine wurden mehr oder weniger stark krank. Häufig zeigten erkrankte Schweine zeitgleich mehrere Krankheitssymptome (z. B. Erbrechen und Durchfall). Die Erkrankung hielt über mehrere Tage an. Im Vergleich dazu waren die Krankheitssymptome der Tiere, die mit Mutanten infiziert wurden, mild. Nur wenige Tiere erkrankten und dann auch nur kurzzeitig. Gewöhnlich war nur einer der erfassten Parameter verändert. Typische Veränderungen im weißen Blutbild waren nur bei Wildtyp-infizierten Tieren zu beobachten, während Tiere beider Mutanten kaum auf die Infektion reagierten. Alle 25 infizierten Tiere schieden S. Typhimurium mit dem Kot während der ersten Woche post inocculationem aus. Danach wurden in allen drei Gruppen etwa gleichviel intermittierende Ausscheider beobachtet. Zwischen 65 und 67 % der Gewebeproben der mit dem Wildtyp und mit der sseD::aphT-Mutante infizierten Tiere waren sowohl in der Kultur als auch mittels PCR S. Typhimurium positiv, während dieser Anteil nach Infektion mit invC::aphT nur 49 % betrug. Alle Tiere waren in Mandibularlymphknoten und im Colon positiv, während S. Typhimurium nur selten in Muskulatur und Leber nachzuweisen war. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit bestätigen, dass Infektionen mit dem Wildtyp von S. Typhimurium zu einer schweren Erkrankung führen können. Gleichzeitig konnte gezeigt werden, dass beide in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Mutanten weniger krankmachend sind. Es muss davon ausgegangen werden, dass die Deletionen in den sseD bzw. invC-Bereichen tatsächlich zu Veränderungen bestimmter Eigenschaften geführt haben, die Teil der Pathogenitätsmechanismen für das Schwein sind. Im Unterschied zur Maus war sseD beim Schwein allerdings invasiv. Es kann vermutet werden, dass die durch sseD kodierten Pathogenitätseigenschaften von S. Typhimurium bei der Maus anders als beim Schwein wirken und somit unterschiedliche Bedeutung haben. Da die invC::aphT-Mutante jedoch und wie erwartet wesentlich schwächer als Wildtyp und sseD::aphT invadierte ist davon auszugehen, dass die Deletion im invC Bereich das Invasionsvermögen der Mutante beim Schwein ähnlich wie bei der Maus verringerte.
57

Caractérisation du risque associé au virus de l'hépatite E chez le porc

Simard, Geneviève 12 1900 (has links)
No description available.
58

Virus Schmallenberg : Pathogenèse de l’infection chez les ruminants domestiques et circulation chez les ruminants sauvages / Schmallenberg virus : Pathogenesis of the infection in domestic ruminants and circulation in wild ruminants

Laloy, Eve 29 September 2015 (has links)
Le virus Schmallenberg (SBV) appartient au genre Orthobunyavirus, au sein de la famille des Bunyaviridae. Ce nouveau virus, découvert en 2011 au nord-ouest de l’Europe, affecte les ruminants domestiques. Il est responsable de signes cliniques discrets chez les adultes et de malformations congénitales chez les nouveau-nés. Ces travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans les projets d’étude de la pathogenèse de l’infection à SBV et de l’épidémiologie de la maladie, dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche européen sur le virus. Ce manuscrit inclut de nouvelles données, telles les cinétiques de la virémie et de la séroconversion chez les ovins et caprins, après infection expérimentale par SBV. La possibilité d’infection par SBV par voie vaginale est démontrée expérimentalement chez la chèvre. Après infection expérimentale de chèvres gestantes entre 28 et 42 jours de gestation, une mortalité fœtale ou des lésions du système nerveux central des fœtus peuvent survenir. Enfin, la sensibilité de plusieurs espèces de ruminants sauvages et exotiques de parcs zoologiques vis-à-vis de SBV est démontrée pour la première fois. / Schmallenberg virus (SBV) belongs to the genus Orthobunyavirus in the family Bunyaviridae. This new virus was discovered in 2011 in Northwestern Europe in domestic ruminants. Infection by SBV is associated with mild clinical signs in adult and congenital malformations in the progeny. In the scope of the European research program on SBV in the pathogenesis and epidemiology areas, the works included in this thesis provide new data about SBV infection in livestock and wild and exotic ruminants. The kinetics of viremia and seroconversion after experimental SBV infection are described in sheep and goats. This manuscript includes evidence of SBV infection via vaginal route in goats. Experimental SBV infection in pregnant goats between 28 and 42 days of gestation can lead to death or central nervous system lesions in fetuses. Evidence of susceptibility to SBV in several species of wild and exotic ruminants kept in zoos is described for the first time.
59

Vibrio tubiashii en France : description d’isolats pathogènes affectant des mollusques et étude de leurs mécanismes de virulence / Vibrio tubiashii in France : description of pathogenic isolates affecting molluscs and study of their virulence mechanisms

Mersni-Achour, Rachida 20 May 2014 (has links)
L’ostréiculture constitue l'une des principales composantes de l’aquaculture. Cependant, ce secteur est confronté à des épisodes de mortalités anormales survenant aussi bien en écloseries que dans le milieu naturel, affectant les huîtres diploïdes et triploïdes et à différents stades de leur vie. Pendant les épisodes de mortalité des mollusques bivalves en France, des bactéries, initialement classées dans le groupe de V. harveyi, ont été régulièrement isolées à coté des virus de type herpès, V. splendidus ou de V. aestuarianus. Afin d'affiner l’affiliation taxonomique de ces isolats, une caractérisation génotypique et phénotypique a été réalisée. Les isolats bactériens, initialement classés dans le groupe de V. harveyi, se sont révélés génétiquement plus proches de souches du groupe V. tubiashii, reconnues comme agents pathogènes affectant larves et juvéniles de mollusques aux Etats-Unis et en Angleterre. Des outils de diagnostic ont été élaborés pour évaluer la propagation de cette espèce lors des périodes de mortalité depuis 2007, supportant cette première description de V. tubiashii en France. La virulence des isolats et la toxicité de leurs produits extracellulaires (ECPs) ont été confirmés par infections expérimentales sur des larves et des juvéniles de C. gigas. Les essais in vitro ont révélé la capacité des ECPs de V. tubiashii à perturber des fonctions immunitaires hémocytaires probablement via la dégradation de certaines protéines structurales. Finalement, des analyses protéomiques et transcriptomiques ont révélé la conjonction de multiples facteurs de virulence, y compris les métalloprotéases dans la virulence des souches françaises de V. tubiashii. / The oyster farming constitutes one of the major components of the global aquaculture. However, this sector is facing abnormal mortalities outbreaks that affect diploid and triploid oyster at their different life stages, in the hatcheries and in the field. During bivalve molluscs mortality events in France, bacteria initially classified into Harveyi group, were regularly isolated along with herpes virus, V. splendidus or V. aestuarianus. In order to fine tune the taxonomic affiliation of those isolates, a genotypic and phenotypic approach was used. The bacterial isolates, initially misclassified into the Harveyi clade, were shown to be genetically closed to V. tubiashii strains already recognized as the main causative agents of larvae and juvenile mollusc mortalities in America and in England. A diagnostic tool was developed to evaluate its spread in mortality events since 2007, supporting this first description of V. tubiashii in France. Moreover, the virulence of isolates and the toxicity of their extracellular products (ECPs) were confirmed on C. gigas larvae and juveniles by experimental infections. Using in vitro assays, French V. tubiashii ECPs revealed their ability to alter some hemocytes immune defense probably through the degradation of matrix structural proteins. Finally, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed the conjunction of multiples virulence factors including metalloproteases in the virulence of the French V. tubiashii strains.
60

Inventory, dynamics and impact of the trematodes parasites in bivalves with high economic importance / nventaire, dynamique et impact des parasites trématodes sur des bivalves à forte importance économique / Inventário, dinâmica e impacto dos parasitas trematodes em bivalves de elevada importância económica

Magalhães, Luísa Virgínia de Sousa 29 October 2018 (has links)
Parmi les agents qui modulent la dynamique des populations, le parasitisme est important mais souvent négligé. Il est urgent non seulement d’inventorier les différentes espèces de parasites, mais aussi de comprendre la sensibilité des hôtes à l’infection (notamment des bivalves) et étudier les interactions entre les parasites et les autres facteurs environnementaux. Par conséquent, cette thèse avait comme objectif principal de caractériser et de quantifier les communautés de trématodes (les plus abondants et répandus des macroparasites de bivalves dans les eaux côtières) qui infectent Cerastoderma edule (coque) et Donax trunculus (telline), deux des bivalves les plus importants au Portugal et en France d’un point de vue écologique et économique.Dans un premier temps, la dynamique des populations de bivalves a été étudiée en tenant compte de la relation entre la température et la période de recrutement et des effets en retour du recrutement sur la biomasse adulte. Pour cela, une base de données a été analysée couvrant 17 ans d’observations mensuelles d’une population de coques dans une réserve nationale (Banc d’Arguin, Arcachon, France). Ces observations à long terme ont montré que la durabilité d’une population de coques dépend du succès du recrutement. Pour les coques, le succès du recrutement a été montré comme étant en partie, mais pas totalement, dépendant de la température. Ainsi, la durée de vie d’une cohorte pourrait être estimée plus tôt, grâce à des indices se produisant en amont du recrutement. Suite à ces résultats, le rôle du parasitisme dans la dynamique des populations de bivalves a été étudié.Premièrement, en raison de leur forte pathogénicité pour les bivalves, une attention particulière a été accordée aux parasites Bucephalus minimus et Bacciger bacciger qui utilisent C. edule et D. trunculus, respectivement, comme premier hôte intermédiaire (où se développe le stade parasitaire sporocyste). [...]Deuxièmement, cette étude s’est concentrée sur l’infection des bivalves par les métacercaires, c’est-à-dire lorsqu’ils servent de second hôte intermédiaire dans le cycle de vie du parasite. […]Enfin, la sensibilité des bivalves à l’infection parasitaire a été évaluée expérimentalement lorsqu’ils sont confrontés à des facteurs liés au changement climatique (salinité, température et pH) et à la contamination (arsenic). Les résultats ont montré que l’exposition de l’hôte à des conditions de stress liées à des scénarios de changement global peut modifier le succès de l’infection parasitaire et altérer les réponse biochimiques de l’hôte.Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse ont amélioré la connaissance des effets de différentes variables sur les bivalves, soulignant le rôle crucial du parasitisme. S’ils sont appliqués, ces nouveaux concepts peuvent promouvoir la gestion durable des bivalves, une ressource marine importante, en augmentant son potentiel de production et donc son potentiel économique. / Among population dynamics drivers, parasitism is significant but often neglected. Beyond inventory of the various parasites, it is urgent to understand the susceptibility of hosts, namely bivalves, to infection, and to investigate the interaction among parasites and other environmental conditions.In this way, the present study aimed to characterize and quantify the trematode macroparasites, the most abundant and prevalent in coastal waters, infecting Cerastoderma edule and Donax trunculus, which are among the most ecologically important and economically explored bivalve species in Portugal and France.The first step was to study bivalve population dynamics, evaluating the relationship between temperature and recruitment timing and the reciprocal effects of recruitment on adult biomass. For this, a large database spanning 17 years of monthly observations of a cockle population inhabiting a national protected area (Banc d’Arguin, Arcachon, France) was analysed. Long-term observations showed that the sustainability of a cockle population is recruitment-success dependent. In cockles, recruitment success showed to be partly, but not only, dependent on temperature. Hence, the sustainability of a cohort could be set earlier, i.e. by processes happening before recruitment. Following this clue, the role of parasitism on the bivalve host population dynamics was explored.Firstly, due to high pathogenicity for bivalves, special attention was given to the parasites Bucephalus minimus and Bacciger bacciger which use C. edule and D. trunculus, respectively, as first intermediate hosts (where their sporocysts parasitic stage develops). […]Then, the study focused on metacercariae infection in its bivalve second intermediate host, a relationship that is usually reported as less deleterious. […]Lastly, the susceptibility of bivalves to parasites infection when challenged by climate change related factors (salinity, temperature and pH) and contamination (Arsenic) was experimentally assessed. Main results showed that hosts exposure to stressful conditions related to global change scenarios can modify the parasite infection success and induced host biochemical response alterations.The findings presented in this thesis improved the knowledge on the effects of different constraints on bivalves, highlighting the crucial role of parasitism. If applied, these new insights can promote the sustainable management of bivalves, such an important marine resource, with greater production and economic potential. / Entre os agentes que modulam a dinâmica populacional, o parasitismo é significativo masmuitas vezes negligenciado. É urgente não só inventariar as várias espécies de parasitas, bem comocompreender a suscetibilidade dos hospedeiros à infeção (nomeadamente os bivalves) e investigar ainteração entre os parasitas e outras condições ambientais. Pelo que, esta tese teve como objetivoprincipal caracterizar e quantificar os macroparasitas trematodes (os mais abundantes e prevalentesem águas costeiras) que infetam Cerastoderma edule (berbigão) e Donax trunculus (conquilha), doisdos bivalves mais importantes em Portugal e França tanto do ponto de vista ecológico comoeconómico.Primeiramente, a dinâmica populacional dos bivalves foi estudada, tendo em conta a relaçãoentre a temperatura e o período de recrutamento e os efeitos recíprocos do recrutamento nabiomassa de adultos. Para isso, foi analisada uma base de dados abrangendo 17 anos deobservações mensais de uma população de berbigões que habitam uma área nacional protegida(Banc d’Arguin, Arcachon, França). Estas observações de longa duração mostraram que asustentabilidade de uma população de berbigão é dependente do sucesso do recrutamento. Emberbigões, o sucesso do recrutamento mostrou ser em parte, mas não totalmente, dependente datemperatura. Por esta razão, a sustentabilidade de uma coorte pode estar a ser estabelecida maiscedo, isto é, por processos que acontecem antes do recrutamento. Seguindo esta pista, o verdadeiropapel do parasitismo na dinâmica populacional dos bivalves foi mais explorado.De seguida e devido à elevada patogenicidade para os bivalves, foi dada especial atençãoaos parasitas Bucephalus minimus e Bacciger bacciger que usam C. edule e D. trunculus,respetivamente, como primeiros hospedeiros intermediários (onde o estádio parasítico esporocisto sedesenvolve). […].Depois, este estudo focou-se na infeção dos bivalves por metacercariae, ou seja, quandoservem de segundos hospedeiros intermediários no ciclo de vida do parasita. […]Por fim, foi experimentalmente avaliada a suscetibilidade dos bivalves à infeção por parasitasquando desafiados por fatores relacionados com as alterações climáticas (salinidade, temperatura epH) e contaminação (Arsénio). Os resultados mostraram que a exposição dos hospedeiros acondições de stress relacionadas com cenários de alterações globais podem modificar o sucesso dainfeção parasitária e induzir alterações na resposta bioquímica do hospedeiro.As descobertas apresentadas nesta tese melhoraram o conhecimento dos efeitos dediferentes variáveis nos bivalves, salientando o papel crucial do parasitismo. Se aplicados, estesnovos pontos de vista podem promover a gestão sustentável dos bivalves, um recurso marinho tãoimportante, aumentando o seu potencial de produção e económico.

Page generated in 0.5179 seconds