Miljonprogrammet tillkom genom en storslagen politisk satsning under det expansiva 60-talet. Produktionen lades utanför städerna och vilade på funktionalism och stordriftsfördelar. Trots minutiös social ingenjörskonst hade ingen kunnat förutse att många av de hyresgäster, som befolkade miljonprogrammet till en början, inom några år skulle flytta till egna småhus. Kvar blev de socioekonomiskt svagare hyresgästerna. Dessa områden präglas idag överlag av många in och utflyttningar. I Sverige finns ett miljonprogramsområde i varje medelstor stad. Dessa områden kännetecknas av samma typ av problematik; hög arbetslöshet, höga ohälsotal och lågt valdeltagande. I den politiska debatten väcks ofta förslag om att man ska bygga om eller riva delar av miljonprogrammen. Andra menar att problemen bekämpas genom att åtgärda makroekonomiska problem i samhället i stort. Få av dessa förslag kretsar kring teorier om socialt kapital och vad det sociala kapitalet enligt vissa välkända statsvetare kan åstadkomma i samhällen. Syftet med denna uppsats är således att kvalitativt beskriva det sociala kapitalet i ett miljonprogramsområde i Linköping. Vi vill även studera huruvida det sociala kapitalet kan bidra till en demokratisk utveckling i stadsdelen. Det är vår förhoppning att våra slutsatser kan generaliseras till andra miljonprogramsområden i Sverige. Det sociala kapitalet beskrivs och analyseras utifrån tretton genomförda intervjuer med tjänstemän och föreningsrepresentanter i stadsdelen. Det görs med teoretisk hjälp av statsvetarna Robert D. Putnam och Bo Rothstein samt sociologen James S. Coleman. Vi kommer fram till att det förekommer stora variationer av socialt kapital i stadsdelen. Det finns en stor mängd av det Putnam kallar för sammanbindande socialt kapital. Samtidigt uppvisar stadsdelen en brist på det överbyggande sociala kapitalet, som på allvar skulle kunna bidra till ett demokratiskt lyft i stadsdelen. Det menar vi beror på etniska grupperingar och stora omflyttningar, som gör det irrationellt att investera i socialt kapital för den enskilde. Särskilda politiska insatser kan av de skälen motiveras i stadsdelen. / “The million programme”, an ambitious housing programme, took place in Sweden between the years 1965-1974. During this period 1006000 dwellings were built, which represents about a quarter of the contemporary housing stock in Sweden. The programme was due to a strong political will from the Social democratic party to erase the demand surplus on housing that had existed in Sweden until then. The production of the housing took place in the outskirts of the cities and was based on ideas of functionalism and scale economy. Despite extensive social engineering no one had been able to foresee that after a couple of years many of the tenants moved away from the new residential areas, choosing instead to live in single-family, detached houses. Those who were left behind were mostly families of low socioeconomic status. Most Swedish medium sized cities still have a residential area from this period. These areas are nowadays often characterized by a lot of passing tenants, high unemployment and unhealthy rate. Few of the residents visit the polls on election day. Many politicians argue that the socioeconomic problems in these areas can be improved by restorement or deconstruction of housing. Others mean that in order to solve the socioeconomic problems in these areas you have to tackle the macroeconomic problems in modern society. Few of the proposals revolve around social capital and the ideas that well-known political scientists have about the importance for wellbeing in societies. The aim of this essay is therefore to qualitatively describe the social capital in a residential area built as a part of the million programme in the town Linköping and see how it can contribute to the democratic process. Hopefully our conclusions can be generalized to other similar residential areas in Sweden. The description of the social capital consists of the tellings of county officials and representatives of local associations. The information they have provided was analyzed with the help of theorists Robert D. Putnam, Bo Rothstein and James S. Coleman. We conclude that there exist substantial variations in the social capital in the residential area that we have studied. There exists an extensive amount of what Putnam calls bonding social capital in the neighbourhood, but there is also a lack of bridging social capital that could significantly improve the democratic process in the area. This is due to ethnic groupings and great numbers of passing residents which makes investments in social capital irrational for the individual. Specific political support for these residential areas can therefore be motivated.

The voluntary based sports movement has for over a hundred years been supported by state funds and seen as an important part of the Swedish society. In the city of Linköping the ethnical and economical segregation has been increasing in recent years and the consequences are reflected in the local sports associations. In Skäggetorp, statistically the most underprivileged district in city, there is no longer any football association offering activities to children under fourteen years old, either boys or girls. Furthermore, girls with immigrant background are generally less involved in the sports movements and efforts are made from both public authorities and other actors to incite activity.This essay analyses the political rationality lying behind the planned and realized interventions and how the actors have been experiencing the processes of cooperation. The empirical material has been collected by interviews with the involved actors. The theoretical framework has been constituted by a theory of construction of problem representation along with theoretical concepts as capital and governance.Main findings consist of a difference of rationality depending on whether the activity is aimed at boys or girls or if it is conducted within the structure of sports associations. Also, associations in underprivileged urban districts are both seen as possible promotors for social change and as subjects in need of help. The system of public allowances for sports associations can only be distributed to projects even though all actors are addressing a long-term approach. This study also shows the challenges that exists within the decentralisation of public administration, governance and cooperation by different actors.

This thesis on the Swedish voluntary women’s defence organisation Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer (SLK), studies how the board and the members of SLK discussed the problems and the meaning of voluntary defence work during the 1960s and 1970s. Furthermore the thesis aims to engage with previous research and give an explanation to why people may be interested in voluntary defence. Views varied greatly within SLK: some meant that the voluntary grounds of participation gave a sense of elite status to the organisation; however others saw voluntary work as untenable, since more women at the time had both work and family obligations. Another issue was professionalisation versus socialisation. While some members wanted to see a centralisation and professionalisation of the organisation, others found it more important to safeguard the social functions and independence of the local corps unit. The results suggest that gender structures as well as individual agency create multiple reasons and meanings behind voluntary defence work.

Syfte: Denna studie ämnar beskriva och analysera organisationsformer och ledarskap inom svensk golfverksamhet. Svensk golf är speciell eftersom den både finns i ideell form inom Riksidrottsförbundets ramar, i kombination med ett aktiebolag och som rent kommersiell verksamhet. Svensk idrottsverksamhet lägger högt fokus på samhällsvärde, samtidigt som organisationer behöver hantera en komplex ekonomisk verksamhet. Oavsett verksamhetsform kan friktion uppstå och organisationer med multipla institutionella logiker behöver hantera de krav som skapas.   Metod: Studien utfördes genom intervjuer med nio klubbchefer inom tre olika organisationsformer. Klubbchefer valdes för att de antogs ha insyn i verksamheten. Urvalet var strategiskt för att få så stor bredd som möjligt beträffande verksamhetsform, geografi, ålder och kön. Analysen genomfördes tematiskt och utgår ifrån analysprocessen ”Big Q” (Braun, Clarke & Weate, 2016) för att studera intervjupersonernas livsvärld i den svenska idrottskontexten.   Analys: Med hjälp av ny-institutionell organisationsteori diskuteras utmaningar och strategier för de olika organisationerna och för klubbcheferna som leder dem. Ett organisationsschema över golfverksamhet i Sverige presenteras för att ge en beskrivning av den kontext studien analyserar. Här beskrivs klubbchefen som ”spindeln i nätet” vilket representerar den övergripande arbetsroll hen besitter, oavsett organisationsform. Vidare presenteras en tillämpbar praktisk modell för att sammanställa och jämföra organisationsformerna.   Slutsats: De konkurrerande logikerna visar sig kunna hanteras väl inom golfen i Sverige. Verksamheterna i denna studie arbetar med ett integrerat ledningsorgan som tar hänsyn till både den samhällsfrämjande logiken och den finansiella logiken. Klubbchefen är den hybrida individen som håller samman organisationen. En återkommande utmaning är dock hög arbetsbelastning på klubbchef på grund av bristfälliga resurser, både ekonomiska möjligheter och stöd från ideellt arbetande inom organisationen. Golfaren som medlem eller kund är en central fråga för framtiden. / Purpose: This study means to describe and analyze organizational forms and management in Swedish golf organizations. Swedish golf stands out because it governs in associations within the Swedish Sport Confederations framework, in combination with an incorporated company and as a commercialized business. Swedish sports prioritize societal value and simultaneously needs to manage a complex financial business. Regardless organizational form can tension arise and organizations with multiple institutional logics needs to manage the challenges created.   Method: The study conducted interviews with nine general managers in three different organizational forms. General managers were chosen because they assumed to have insight in the organization. The sample was made strategically to get a wide population regarding organizational form, location, age, and gender. The analyze process performed thematically was inspired by the strategy “Big Q” (Braun, Clarke & Weate, 2016) to study the interviewees workday in the Swedish sport context.   Analysis: With aid from new institutionalized theory discusses challenges and strategies for the differentialized organizations and for the general manager who leads them. A club structure is presented to describe the Swedish context. The general manager describes as “the spider in the web” which represents the comprehensive work role possessed, regardless organizational form. The study also presents a practical model is to summarize and compare the organizational forms.   Conclusion: The competing logics is shown to be handled well in Swedish golf organizations. The organizations in this study govern through an integrated management which considers both social value logic and the financial logic. The general manager is the hybrid individual which holds the organization together. A recurrent challenge is a high workload on the general manager created by inadequate resources, both economic resources and lack of support from voluntary workforce. The golfer as a member or a customer is a central question for the future.

Fysisk inaktivitet har under de senaste decennierna ökat i samhället medan den fysiska aktiviteten har varit nedåtgående hos barn och ungdomar. Detta kan bidra till försämrad folkhälsa. Att vara fysiskt aktiv för med sig flera positiva effekter för hälsan, både fysiska och psykiska. En idrottsförening kan ge bra möjligheter till att vara fysiskt aktiv för barn och ungdomar. En plats där de kan känna sig inkluderade i en gemenskap och minska utanförskapet. Ur ett samhällsperspektiv kan den fysiska aktiviteten och föreningslivet fungera som en skyddsfaktor, trots detta har inte alla möjligheten till att inkluderas i en förening på grund av ojämlika förutsättningar i samhället. Med detta som bakgrund är syftet med studien att undersöka hur olika aktörer i Eskilstuna kommun arbetar med inkludering inom barn- och ungdomsidrotten.  I studien tillämpades en kvalitativ metod och där ett målstyrt urval av sex olika informanter intervjuades, alla med anknytning till föreningsidrotten. Det insamlade materialet analyserades med hjälp av att intervjuerna transkriberades sedan användes en manifest innehållsanalys.  Resultatet visar på att idrottsföreningar upplever sig ha betydelse för psykiskt och fysiskt välbefinnande hos barn och ungdomar. Med god samverkan och samarbete mellan aktörer och föreningar kan det bidra till att fler barn och ungdomar kan inkluderas till idrottsföreningarna. Slutsatser är det finns flera utmaningar och förbättringsområden för att föreningsidrotten ska kunna ha potential att öppna upp för att fler barn och ungdomar ska kunna inkluderas. / In recent decades, physical inactivity has increased in society, while physical activity has been decreasing in children and young people. This has contributed to deteriorating public health. Being physically active brings with it many positive effects for health, both physical and psychological. A sports association can supply good opportunities to be physically active for children and young people, a place where they can feel included in a community and reduce exclusion. From a societal perspective, physical activity and associational life can act as a protective factor. Despite this, not everyone has the opportunity to be included in an association due to various unequal conditions in society. With this as a background, the purpose of the study is to investigate how different actors in Eskilstuna municipality work with inclusion in children's and youth sports. In the study, a qualitative method was applied and where a targeted selection of six different informants were interviewed, all with connections to club sports. The collected material was analysed with the interviews being transcribed, then a manifest content analysis was used. The results show that there are various factors such as, for example, that sports associations are important for the psychological and physical well-being of children and young people. With good collaboration and cooperation between actors and associations, it can contribute to more children and young people being included in sports associations. Conclusions are there are several challenges and areas for improvement so that club sports can have the potential to open up so that more children and young people can be included.