Double bridle is widely used in the sport dressage, and according to the FEI and the Swedish competition regulations (II) is it a requirement to use in the Grand Prix and within the championship classes. With this essay I want to investigate how riding on double bridle can affect the horse physically and mentally. The aim is also to put horseback riding in relation to the horse's welfare and the Swedish animal welfare law (2018: 1192), the FEI:s Code of Conduct and the competition rules in dressage. The essay is a qualitative literature study based on scientific articles, scientific books, the animal welfare law and websites from the horse industry. When the horse is ridden with double bridle, physical damage can occur in the mouth as sores in the soft tissue, infections in the teeth and pressure injuries. In addition, the double bridle applies a remarkable pressure to other parts of the head and to the horse's neck. The cavesson can cause pressure and abrasions when tightened too tightly and create an internal stress as it prevents the horse from opening the mouth to perform natural needs and alleviate any pain. The mental strain can occur when the horse cannot perform normal behaviors due to the double bridle and an internal stress can occur. The bits that is used for double bridle is not considered compatible with one another, and does not fit naturally in the horse's mouth. Double bridle can be considered contrary to Chapter 2: sections 1 and 9 in the Swedish Animal welfare law (2018: 1192), that say that equipment must not cause suffering and that it is forbidden to expose animals to unnecessary suffering. The double bridle may involve a risk of suffering if the horse does not have the morphological conditions to carry it. It is also contrary to the FEI Code of Conduct, where horse welfare should always be given priority over the rider's success, by being a requirement and not a choice for the rider. / Kandar används flitigt inom ridsportsgrenen dressyr, och är enligt FEI och det svenska tävlingsreglementet (II) ett krav att använda i Grand Prix och inom mästerskapsklasser. Med denna magisteruppsats vill jag undersöka hur ridning på kandar kan påverka hästen fysiskt och psykiskt. Syftet är även att sätta ridning på kandar i förhållande till hästens välfärd och djurskyddslagen (2018:1192), FEI:s uppförandekod samt tävlingsreglementet inom dressyren. Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ litteraturstudie baserad på vetenskapliga artiklar, vetenskapliga böcker, djurskyddslagen samt hemsidor från hästbranschen.  När hästen rids på kandar kan fysiska skador uppstå i munnen som sår i den mjuka vävnaden, infektioner i käktänderna samt tryckskador. Utöver det applicerar kandaret ett betydande tryck på andra delar av huvudet och på hästens nacke. Nosgrimman kan orsaka tryck och skav när den spänns för hårt samt skapa en inre stress då den förhindrar hästen från att öppna munnen för att utföra naturliga behov och lindra eventuell smärta. Den psykiska belastningen kan utspela sig när hästen inte kan utföra normala beteenden på grund av kandaret och en inre stress kan uppstå. Kandarbetten anses inte vara kompatibla med varandra och ryms naturligt inte i hästens mun. Kandar kan anses strida mot 2 kap. 1, 9 §§ djurskyddslagen (2018:1192), att utrustning inte får orsaka lidande samt att det är förbjudet att utsätta djur för onödigt lidande. Kandaret kan innebära en risk för lidande om hästen inte har de morfologiska förutsättningarna att bära det. Det strider även mot FEI:s uppförandekod där hästen välfärd alltid ska prioriteras framför ryttarens framgång, genom att vara ett krav och inte ett val för ryttaren.

據稿本複印 / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學硏究院中國語言及文學學部,1993. / 參考文獻: leaves 303-313 / 周兼善. / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1-6 / Chapter 第一節 --- 本論文之硏究緣起 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 本論文的硏究步驟與研究方法 --- p.2-6 / Chapter 第二章 --- 「寓言」釋義 --- p.7-38 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「寓言」溯源 --- p.7-10 / Chapter 第一節 --- 註釋 --- p.11 / Chapter 第二節 --- 現當代學者及重要工具辭書 對「寓言」所作的界說綜述 --- p.12-23 / Chapter 第二節 --- 註釋 --- p.24-26 / Chapter 第三節 --- 對於上述諸家及工具辭書所作的界說平議 --- p.27-37 / Chapter 第三節 --- 註釋 --- p.38 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《韓非子》書中的「歷史故事」 與「歴史人物寓言」辨析 --- p.39-90 / Chapter 第一節 --- 「歷史故事」可否演化為「 歴史人物寓言」問題探析 --- p.39-56 / Chapter 第一節 --- 註釋 --- p.57-58 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《韓非子》作者採用歷史故 事或寓言為論據之去取準則 --- p.59-60 / Chapter 第二節 --- 註釋 --- p.61 / Chapter 第三節 --- 值得注意的同源異說「「歷史 故事」與「歷史人物寓言」 --- p.62-71 / Chapter 第三節 --- 註釋 --- p.72-73 / Chapter 第四節 --- 先秦寓言以人物故事為創作主流的原因剖析 --- p.74-88 / Chapter 第四節 --- 註釋 --- p.89-90 / Chapter 第四章 --- 《韓非子》寓言故事的總目及其淵源 --- p.91-133 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《韓非子》書中的寓言故事總目 --- p.91-98 / Chapter 第一節 --- 註釋 --- p.99 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《韓非子》神話與動物寓言的淵 源及其與《莊子》寓言的關係 --- p.100-111 / Chapter 第二節 --- 註釋 --- p.112-113 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《韓非子》歴史人物寓言的淵源 --- p.114-124 / Chapter 第三節 --- 註釋 --- p.125 / Chapter 第四節 --- 僅見於《韓非子》一書的寓言故事 --- p.126-132 / Chapter 第四節 --- 註釋 --- p.133 / Chapter 第五章 --- 《韓非子》寓言在人物形象塑造 上的特色及其對寓旨的表達手法 --- p.134-175 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《韓非子》寓言在人物形象塑造上的待色 --- p.134-160 / Chapter 第一節 --- 註釋 --- p.161 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《韓非子》寓言對寓旨的表達手法 --- p.162-174 / Chapter 第二節 --- 註釋 --- p.175 / Chapter 第六章 --- 《韓非子》寓言在語言藝術上的特色 --- p.176-247 / Chapter 第一節 --- 生動雋永、質樸精煉的語言藝術特色 --- p.176-186 / Chapter 第一節 --- 註釋 --- p.187-188 / Chapter 第二節 --- 善於營造氣氛懸念、情節 出人意表的語言藝術特色 --- p.189-200 / Chapter 第二節 --- 註釋 --- p.201-202 / Chapter 第三節 --- 藉層遞、排偶句式以加強 文章氣勢的語言藝術特色 --- p.203-229 / Chapter 第三節 --- 註釋 --- p.230-235 / Chapter 第四節 --- 筆鋒帶有孤鬱怨憤感情的語言藝術特色 --- p.236-245 / Chapter 第四節 --- 註釋 --- p.246-247 / Chapter 第七章 --- 《韓非子》寓言對後世文學的影響 --- p.248-289 / Chapter 第一節 --- 《韓非子.和氏》「和氏獻璧」 後世詩文的巨大影響 --- p.248-258 / Chapter 第一節 --- 註釋 --- p.259-262 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《韓非子》書中其他寓言對後世詩文的影響 --- p.263-277 / Chapter 第二節 --- 註釋 --- p.278-281 / Chapter 第三節 --- 《韓非子》寓言對後世小說的影響 --- p.282-288 / Chapter 第三節 --- 註釋 第 --- p.289 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結語 --- p.290-302 / 附錄： / Chapter 甲、 --- 參考書目 --- p.303-310 / Chapter (一） --- 有關韓非子及《韓非子》之參考書目 --- p.303-304 / Chapter (二） --- 有關寓言研究之參考書目 --- p.304-306 / Chapter (三） --- 一般參考書目 --- p.306-309 / Chapter (四） --- 專門工具辭書及索引書目 --- p.309-310 / Chapter 乙、 --- 參考論文 --- p.311-313

In response to changeful environment in twenty-first century, organizations are constantly reviewed to improve the operation of government efficiency; while there are still having examples of mismanagement been exposed by citizens or media, which have already disappointed people for such careless errors. It is better to impute this phenomenon on the concepts of leadership and management have been reached the turning point, which needs more effective leading ways and managing techniques to react, rather than blaming leaders for lacking of leadership ability. Han Feizi, which integrates principles of Legalism, has been noted for containing the most complete and significant politics ancient codes in China. The thoughts of Han Fei are famous for substantial effects and also useful tools to consolidate monarchal status and prosper country. Using humanity as bases, Han Fei generates his philosophy, which are using laws (ªk, Fǎ) to rule a country, power(¶Õ, Shì) to officiate laws, and techniques (³N, Shù) to strengthen power. These concepts are related to each other and indispensable for one another. Hence, Han Fei's philosophy has positive meaning for constructing an effective system toward leadership management, which may provide some views and methods for present managing problems in administrative organizations. This research aims at exploring leading efficiencies of directors' in administrative organizations through their cognitions for Han Fei's philosophy and relationships between self-perception and leading efficiency. This research utilizes Questionnaire survey methods and takes directors of administrative organizations in Taiwan as objects. 400 questionnaires are dispatched to the objects by handing in person, sending e-mails or posting, and 252 returned validly. The collected information are used to test and verify each hypothesis by information pretest, validity analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, difference analysis and regression. According to the analyzed results, the seven aspects of Han Fei's philosophy, cognition of laws, cognition of techniques, cognition of power, self-perception of laws, self-perception of techniques, self-perception of power, and self-perception of rewards and punishment, all show highly positive affects toward leading efficiency. This outcome proofs the higher identification with Han Fei's philosophy, the higher leading efficiency. By Standardized Regression Coefficients, £] coefficients of aspects in Han Fei's philosophy are positive, which means these aspects make remarkable forecasts for leading efficiency. The results in this research provide not only suggestions in leadership management for directors in administrative organizations but also hints for follow-up researches in Han Fei's philosophy. Hope that this research could bring the leadership managements of directors' into full play and enhance the leading efficiencies of administrative organizations.

一、韓非是戰國時代有名的攻治思想家，集先秦法家之大成，其學有足述者。韓非子 一書乃我國古代政治學名著。本文討論韓非政治學說：共分七章，約八萬餘言。第一 章至第三章為韓非行狀、時代背、景思想淵源及其學說之基礎，第四章至七章為韓非 學說之主要內容，最後附以結論，以簡單說明其學說對後代政治之影響。 二、第一章分為兩節。第一節敘述韓子之身世行並附兩點討論，以說明其為法術之士 而泰使件秦之目的及其人格。思想乃環境之產品，而政治思想必有其時代使命，故第 二節由戰國大勢、韓國的處境與政情及當時流行的思想，以說明其學說之時代背景。 三、第二章討論韓非思想之淵。源戰國是我國學術思想上之黃金時代，諸子並起，百 家爭鳴，而以儒墨道法四大學派最有勢力。在此千巖競秀、萬壑爭流的奔放時代，思 想界相互激盪，勢所難免。法家學說較晚出，韓非集法家之大成，其思想之精神與內 容，總不免含有其他學派的影響。本章第一節討論韓子學說之人物淵源，分為從政之 法家與學理之法家二目；第二節為學派淵源，分為儒道墨三家，以說明其學說淵源由 自。 四、第三章討論韓非學說之基礎，分為歷史哲學與人性論兩節。其歷史哲學的精義， 只是『論世之事，因為之傋』八個字。其目的在攻擊儒墨復古守舊的主張，而提倡變 古維新。他的人性論在說明人性之『好利惡害』，以建立其用刑賞的法治主義。 五、第四章勢論。韓子學說中的勢，乃是近代政治學中的主權。韓非主張法治，勢乃 行法的混籍，在其學說中佔有非常重要的地位。不過他主張主權在君，這種主張發揮 到極端，便造成了君主專制。 六、第五章法論，乃韓非學說之中心。共分六節，第一節至第五節討論法之意義、作 用、立法原則、行法之態度與方法及法治之目的。第六節兩點討論，在指出韓非法治 學說中立法權不能獨立與缺乏監督之力量的兩缺點。 七、第六章術論在說明韓非所言的各種治術。術乃行法之手段。全章分為六節，第一 節至第五節敘述術之內容，第六節為結論，討論術治之得失。 八、第七章刑賞與農戰，乃韓非法治主義之兩項具體政策依韓非的主張、推行法治有 賴刑賞，富國強兵有賴農戰。刑賞是手段，富強是目的。 九、結論旨在簡單說明韓非學說對於後代政治之影響。本文所曾指陳者，約有二端： 第一為集權專制，第二為漢代宰相制度。前者包括君主之至尊無上與思想上之排他獨 占兩點，後者著重於宰相之簡選。最後並說明法家思想，尤其是韓非學說盛極而衰， 在秦漢以後失去顯學之地位，不能與儒家相抗衡之原因。

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余兆權. / 論文(碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院歷史學部,1995. / 參考文獻: leaves 91-97. / Yu Zhaoquan. / 論文提要 --- p.III / Chapter 笫一章 --- 緒綸 --- p.1-14 / Chapter 笫一´節´ؤؤ --- 研究緣起與目的 --- p.1-2 / Chapter 笫二´節´ؤؤ --- 研究範圍與方法 --- p.2-7 / Chapter 笫三´節´ؤؤ --- 商鞅及韓非其人其書簡介 --- p.8-14 / Chapter 笫二章 --- 從《商君書》看商鞅的歷史觀 --- p.15-32 / Chapter 第一´節´ؤؤ --- 歷史三世¨®Ơ與歷史演化觀 --- p.15-19 / Chapter 笫二´節´ؤؤ --- 歷史發展根源論與國家起源論 --- p.20-22 / Chapter 第三´節´ؤؤ --- 尊古而不法古的先王觀 --- p.22-27 / Chapter 笫四´節´ؤؤ --- 因時制宜的變古觀 --- p.27-29 / Chapter 笫五´節´ؤؤ --- 利用歷史為政治工具的歷史功用論 --- p.29-31 / Chapter 笫六´節´ؤؤ --- 小結 --- p.31-32 / Chapter 笫三章 --- 從《韓非子》看韓非的歷史觀 --- p.33-58 / Chapter 笫一´節´ؤؤ --- 歷史分期¨®Ơ與歷史演化觀 --- p.33:36 / Chapter 笫二´節´ؤؤ --- 歷史發展的社會、經濟根源論 --- p.37-40 / Chapter 笫三´節´ؤؤ --- 尊古而不法古的先王觀 --- p.40-45 / Chapter 笫四´節´ؤؤ --- 因時制宜的變古觀 --- p.45-48 / Chapter 笫五´節´ؤؤ --- 反天命而重人事的聖王史觀 --- p.49-52 / Chapter 笫六´節´ؤؤ --- 制用的史學思想 --- p.53-56 / Chapter 第七´節´ؤؤ --- 小結 --- p.57-58 / Chapter 笫四章 --- 先秦法家歷史觀的特色及其研議 --- p.59-71 / Chapter 笫一´節´ؤؤ --- 先秦法家歷史觀的特色 --- p.59-63 / Chapter 第二´節´ؤؤ --- 先秦法家歷史觀研議 --- p.63-71 / Chapter 笫五章 --- 結 論 --- p.72-74 / 各章註釋 --- p.75-90 / 参考書目 --- p.91-97

長久以來，以「解放人類」為訴求目標與口號的馬克思主義，一直以其濃厚的烏托邦 色彩困惑人心。本論文撰寫的目的，正是針對這個問題，以馬克思共產主義理論的誕 生地一「巴黎手稿」為中心，展開對馬克思所謂「解放」，即自由概念的分析。本論 文共分為五章 第一章 馬克思對黑格爾和費爾巴哈的揩判 旨在說明馬克思從對黑格爾和費爾巴哈的批判中，建立了他的研究方法，而恩格斯認 為馬克思所建立的「歷史唯物主義」，在此也已有了基本雛型 第二章 馬克思對人的看法 馬克思認為人通勞動建立人與自然、人與社會的關係。勞動是人生命的表現，一旦它 不能使人的禾能、潛力得到發揮，這時就產生了異化。 第三章 異化勞動 就在說明馬克思如何解析人在資本主義社會當中，包括工人程資本家在內被異化的處 境，其根源正是來自於私有財產與分工。因此揚棄異化必須廢除私有財產與分工，才 能使人從社會的桎梏中獲得解放。馬克思認為資本主義社會已經為人類揚棄異化提供 了現實性的條件，但是，在獲致自由的途徑中，人還必須克服理論與實踐脫離的問題 第四章的內容，就在呈現馬克思如何整合理論與實踐，從而使他的共產主義主張或自 由概念有了不同於前人的內涵。最，第五章，承續前幾章討論內容，就馬克思在「手 稿」中呈現的自由概念的特質，做出結論並加以批評。

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Chinese

x, 276 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The late-Qing tanci "A Pair of Male Phoenixes Flying Together" (Feng shuangfei ; preface dated 1899) is unusual for its depiction of a wide variety of gender issues and sexual relationships. Because the 52-chapter work is credibly attributed to the female poet Cheng Huiying, who is known to have written the poetry collection Beichuang yin 'gao , the tanci gives scholars a unique opportunity to see how a gentry woman thought of the gender roles and sexual politics of the late Qing. My dissertation contains two major sections. Chapters I and II look at Cheng Huiying and her work as part of the `talented women" ( cainü ) culture. These two chapters demonstrate how Cheng Huiying deliberately establishes herself as a unique female writing subject and advocates women's agency in determining their own marriage arrangements. one of women's biggest concerns in premodern China. Chapters III to VI put Feng shuangfei into the larger context of male-authored fiction and examine how it adopts and rewrites the conventions and motifs common to xiaoshuo fiction from a female writer's perspective. I first argue that Feng shuangfei can be considered a serious literary work due to its sophisticated structural design and characterization, although tanci are usually considered as more popular literature. I then evaluate how the female author of this tanci subtly reinvents three gendered motifs that commonly appear in male-authored xiaoshuo fiction. The three motifs are male same-sex eroticism and homosociality, female same-sex desires, and the stereotypes of shrew and ideal wife. Through subtle twists in the plot, the tanci suggests the possibility of the expression of female subjectivity and agency within patriarchal Confucian society even while it follows and supports the normative Confucian order. The perspectives on gender norms and sexual practices offered in this tanci both display how a gentry woman thought about these issues in late imperial China and suggest how the rapid and vast social and ideological changes occurring during the turn of the century opened new spaces for Cheng Huiying to imagine increased agency and autonomy for women within the domestic sphere. / Committee in charge: Maram Epstein, Chairperson, East Asian Languages & Literature; Yugen Wang, Member, East Asian Languages & Literature; Tze-lan Sang, Member, East Asian Languages & Literature; Ina Asim, Outside Member, History

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Chinese