This study examines the European council and its connection to CFSP and the European identity. It will give a perspective of the change in common foreign-security policy from the Maastricht Treaty to the Lissabon treaty. The study will reproduce a perspective through time and describe the main ideas in CFSP and make a connection to how it created a European identity. The empirical material will conclude the European council results. To give more perspective, an idea analysis will be operating to capture the ideas of the various materials describing European identity and the CFSP. Henceforth using the empirical material to conclude a result for the analysis. For the analysis to be complete subjects such as normative power and actorness will have a part in the work in CFSP. Social constructivism as a theory will help to understand the power that European identity has in international cooperation. To conclude this, abstract the study will structure a difference in the work of the CFSP and its strategy to promoted democracy, and peace.

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Jusque dans les années 1960, le village de Saint-Élie était surtout connu pour ses lacs et son calvaire. Or, avec le mouvement de sécularisation et plus tard la fermeture des usines, Saint-Élie a subi un exode démographique. Puis, en 2007, les résidents ont commencé à observer des changements positifs, le village s’est mis à reprendre vie, des visiteurs ont peu à peu envahi l’espace et des commerces ont surgi un peu partout. C’est qu’un jeune conteur du nom de Fred Pellerin l’a fait sortir de l’ombre grâce à son univers de contes et de légendes. Dans ses histoires, celui qui a été nommé ambassadeur de SaintÉlie, prend en considération la géographie et la topographie des lieux et les protagonistes, les légendes qui habitent ces histoires sont nommées, ont existé. La communauté s’y est donc reconnue sans peine, elle s’est approprié ce patrimoine particulier qu’elle transmet désormais aux visiteurs au moyen d’une visite guidée, à pied ou en charrette. Pellerin a mis son village sur la map et aujourd’hui le nom de celui-ci résonne jusque dans les communautés francophones du Canada, des Maritimes au Yukon, et jusqu’en Europe francophone. Comme ces « curieux » partis à la découverte d’un village non imaginaire, nous avons voulu saisir de près ce qui se passe à Saint-Élie-de-Caxton depuis une quinzaine d’années. Pour ce faire, nous avons eu recours à deux stratégies de recherche : une revue de presse et une enquête de terrain. La revue de presse, qui s’est étalée de 1996 à 2016, a permis de répertorier les articles qui traitent du village de Saint-Élie-de-Caxton, du conteur et de sa carrière afin d’en dégager le discours médiatique. L’enquête de terrain, constituée d’entrevues et d’observations ayant nécessité plusieurs séjours à Saint-Élie, a permis de recueillir le témoignage des résidents, anciens comme nouveaux, sur le mouvement de mise en tourisme, de revitalisation et de mise en patrimoine en cours au village. Ainsi, à travers ces deux grands axes discursifs, nous avons pu découvrir et repérer de nombreux indices et marqueurs de ce qui nous semble être un processus de patrimonialisation à l’oeuvre à Saint-Élie-de-Caxton. L’originalité de notre recherche réside dans cette occasion unique pour l’ethnologue de « suivre » le déroulement d’un phénomène de patrimonialisation étape par étape, au cours de son élaboration. Nous avons cherché à comprendre qui sont les différents agents et acteurs de cette mise en patrimoine et quel rôle précis ils ont joué dans la mise en tourisme du village qui a mené à une importante revitalisation. Nous nous sommes également attachée à saisir les enjeux qui entourent cette mise en patrimoine, comme la folklorisation et la muséification. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressée aux conséquences engendrées par la présence de nombreux visiteurs, aux aspects économiques et aux changements dans le « décor » du paysage caxtonien. La patrimonialisation étant un processus complexe et changeant, qui varie dans le temps et en fonction des acteurs sociaux, chaque cas est donc différent, autonome, unique; nous avons voulu comprendre ce que celui à l’oeuvre à Saint-Élie-de-Caxton avait justement de particulier pour faire de ce village « ordinaire » une attraction touristique prisée. / Up until the 1960s, the village of Saint-Élie was mostly known for its lakes and its calvary. However, over the years, Saint-Élie suffered a demographic exodus brought about by the secularization movement, and, later on, by factories shuting down. Then in 2007, residents started noticing positive changes: the village began to liven up, visitors gradually invading the space and shops popping up all around. That was all thanks to a young storyteller, Fred Pellerin, who brought the village into light by using it as the backdrop to his world of tales and legends. In the sories told by the man who was named ambassador of Saint-Élie, the geography and topography refer to real world places and the protagonists, the legends, are real people that have actually existed. Hence the community has easily recognized itself in these stories and made this special heritage its own, now now transmiting it to visitors through guided tours, either on foot or by cart. Pellerin made his village famous and its name now resonates throughout the Francophone communities of Canada, from the Maritimes to the Yukon, and all the way to European Francophone communities. Just as these flocking tourists, who came to discover this non-imaginary village, we wanted to take a closer look at what has been happening in Saint-Élie-de-Caxton for the last fifteen years. Two research strategies were used top do so: a press review and a field survey. The press review, which ran from 1996 to 2016, allowed us to identify the media discourse of articles covering the village of Saint-Élie-de-Caxton, the storyteller, and the latter's career. The field survey consisted of interviews and observations that required several stays in Saint-Élie in order to gather testimonies, from long time residents as well as from newcommers, about the ongoing transformation of the village into a heritage tourist attraction as well as its revitalization. Thus, through these two major discursive axes, we have been able to uncover and identify numerous clues and markers that lead us to think a patrimonialization process may be at work in Saint-Élie-de-Caxton. The originality of our research lies in this unique opportunity for the ethnologist to "follow" the unfolding of a patrimonialization phenomenon step by step, during its development. We sought to understand who are the different agents and actors of this heritage development and what precise role they have played in the village's tourism development which led to a major revitalization. We have also endeavored to grasp the issues surrounding this heritage development, such as folklorization and museification. We were also interested in the consequences of this increase in visitor presence, the economic aspects and the changes in the Caxton landscape. Patrimonialization being a complex and changing process which varies in time and according to social actors, each case is different, autonomous, unique. Our goal was to understand how the process at work in Saint-Éliede- Caxton distinguishes itself from other such processes and has managed to turn this "ordinary" village into a popular tourist attraction.

This thesis studies the Supreme Court decision, Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944) and its historical context, using a narrative perspective and reviewing aspects of narrative viewpoints with reference to legal studies in order to introduce the present study as a method of assessing narratives in legal settings. The study reviews the Supreme Court decision to reveal its arguments and focuses on the context of the case through the presentation of the public story, the institutional story, and the ethnic Japanese story, which are analyzed using Walter Fisher's narrative perspective. The study concludes that the narrative paradigm is useful for assessing stories in the law because it enables the critic to examine both the emotional and logical reasoning that determine the outcomes of the cases.

Bound Together elucidates how gay and lesbian leather communities, in the years between 1966 and 1984, contested and expanded fungible notions of sex, community, and history, mostly through material and visual cultural systems: dress codes such as the hanky code, architectural spaces (bars, bathhouses, private clubs), garments, posters, advertisements, newsletters, films, and performances. In examining visual and material cultures, procedures of archival research, as well as the physical states of key archives associated with historic gay and lesbian leather communities, this dissertation opens out a discussion of a set of visual documents and terms rarely considered within the discipline of art history, or academia at large. Through rigorous rhetorical experimentation Bound Together seeks to propose new ways of writing histories. Long and short chapters are interpolated, telescoping between historical leather communities and key works of contemporary art which reformat 1970s documents and visual sources. Jean Luc-Nancy’s conception of “being-with,” a state of coterminous existence that lies at the foundation of being and subjecthood, provides an ideal framework for coming to terms with the challenges of writing leather histories. Nancy’s notion is one that privileges mutual and relational difference. The structure of Bound Together works similarly, building a set of differential modes of viewing, analyzing and writing. In this way I wish to, in the words of Tilottama Rajan, use “history as the condition for an internal distanciation and for self-reflection on what we do,” and to furthermore present alternatives to a discipline’s often “routinized, even commodified […] repeatable techniques.” / text

This thesis considers the nature of primary, intermediate and district high school buildings designed by the Building Department of the Canterbury Education Board from its consolidation in 1916 until its termination in 1989. Before 1916, the influence of British models on the CEB’s predecessors had been dominant, while after that date, Board architects were more likely to attempt vernacular solutions that were relevant to the geographic situation of the Canterbury district, the secular nature of New Zealand education and changing ideas of the relative importance of the key architectural drivers of design i.e. function and form. One development, unique to Canterbury, was that for a short period, from 1924-29, a local pressure group, the Open Air Schools’ League became so powerful that it virtually dictated the CEB’s design policy until the Board architects George Penlington and John Alexander Bigg reassumed control by inflecting the open-air model into the much acclaimed veranda block. The extent to which Board architects had the freedom to express themselves within a framework of funding control exercised by the Department of Education was further circumscribed by successive building codes that, at their most directive, required national standardisation under the 1951 Dominion Basic Plan and to a slightly lesser extent under the1956 code and associated White Lines regime. Following World War 2, the use of prefabricated structures had prompted the recognition that better designed relocatable rooms could hold the key to a more flexible and effective allocation of resources in an environment increasingly subject to rapid demographic change. By the end of the period, the exploitation of new construction technologies and modern materials led to the dominance of the relocatable CEBUS buildings in Canterbury schoolyards. A concurrent development was the response of architects A. Frederick (Fred) McCook and John Sinclair Arthur to the Department’s call to design more flexible spaces, i.e. open planning, to facilitate a change in pedagogical method. Other issues raised in this study are the CEB’s solutions to the challenges of building on the West Coast, and the recurring need to ensure structural integrity in a region where there was a continuous risk of seismic activity.

The purpose of this study was to examine the incentives behind Sweden’s decision to engage in the Afghanistan conflict. The method used to fulfil the purpose of the study is content analysis. The material that has been used in the study is various books and articles concerning Sweden in Afghanistan, Swedish foreign policy and perspectives in political science. The study is multi-theoretical and thus the analysis explains the incentives from a liberal, a realist and a constructivist point of view. The conclusion of the study is that identity has a great part in explaining the incentives for Sweden to engage in Afghanistan, especially because of the transformation in strategy and foreign policy that has taken place since the end of the cold war. Other factors, such as peace building and national interests also are incentives supported by the material used in the study. Yet, perhaps they are first and foremost connected by the constructivist idea of identity.

Based on the previous studies, the hypothesis of this research is that the higher the level of gender equality in a state, the higher level of its peacefulness. It is a quantitative study using linear regression analysis with three variables, namely Global Peace Index (GPI) as a dependent variable, Gender Inequality Index (GII) as an independent variable and Human Development Index (HDI) as a control variable. The data of 139 states from year 2013 were submitted into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The result shows a significant and positive linear relationship between gender inequality and a high level of conflict, which confirms the hypothesis. However, HDI shows to be less reliable as a control variable due to issues with multicollinearity (heavily related independent variables). Further studies should replace the HDI with another control variable.